第13讲-非谓语动词之过去分词(原卷版)(人教版2019)

第13讲非谓语动词之过去分词知识点复习+习题跟踪训练【知识讲解】一、过去分词作定语1．过去分词作定语时的位置(1)前置定语一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在所修饰词之前。Thepollutedwaterwastoblameforthespreadofcholera.被污染的水造成了霍乱的传播。[名师点津]①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。Therearefewtigersleft.Itistimeforthedepartmentsconcernedtotakemeasurestoprotectthemfromdyingout.剩余的老虎不多了，是相关部门采取措施保护它们免遭灭绝的时候了。②如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no与body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等，单个分词放在被修饰词的后面。Isthereanythingunsolved？还有没有未解决的问题？Heisoneofthoseinvited.他是那些被邀请的人之一。(2)后置定语过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。LastTuesdayinamountainousarea，therewereatotalof173sheepkilledalmostimmediately(＝whichwerekilledalmostimmediately)whenlightningstruck.上周二在一个山区，有173只羊在被闪电击中时即刻死亡。2．过去分词作定语时的意义(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。Heisateacherrespectedbyall.他是一位人人尊敬的老师。(teacher和respect之间是逻辑上的被动关系)Thehighbuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.去年建的那座高楼是我们的图书馆。(built表示被动和完成)(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，它不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。Thegroundiscoveredwiththefallenleavesinautumn.秋天，地面被落叶覆盖。3．过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别意义形式语态时态过去分词被动完成现在分词主动进行Asweallknow，Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。Thevisitorcamefromadevelopedcountry.这位游客来自一个发达国家。4．过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(beingdone)与动词不定式的被动语态(tobedone)作定语的区别意义形式语态时态done被动完成beingdone被动进行tobedone被动尚未发生Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourclassroombuilding.去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。Thebuildingbeingbuiltnowisourclassroombuilding.现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。Thebuildingtobebuiltnextmonthisourclassroombuilding.下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。二、过去分词作状语过去分词或过去分词短语作状语，表示被动/完成的动作，相当于一个状语从句，修饰谓语，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语，与句子的主语之间是动宾关系。１、表示时间，作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。从太空上看，地球是蓝色的．Whenitisseenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.=Seenfromthespace,theearthlooksblue.２、表示条件，作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句。这类句子的谓语动词往往用将来时或情态动词。留在冰箱里，这些蔬菜会保持新鲜的．Iftheyarekeptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.=Keptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.３、表示原因，作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。被这故事所感动，孩子们哭了起来．Astheyweredeeplymoved,thechildrenbegantocry.=Deeplymovedbythestory,thechildrenbegantocry.４、表示让步，作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。尽管被敌人打败，他还是拒绝泄露秘密．Althoughhewasbeatenbytheenemy,herefusedtoletoutthesecret.=Beatenbytheenemy,herefusedtoletoutthesecret.５、表示行为方式或伴随情况，相当于并列复合句。她走出了房子，她的小女孩跟在后面Shewalkedoutofthehouse,andshewasfollowedbyherlittledaughter.=Shewalkedoutofthehouse,followedbyherlittledaughter.【注意1】过去分词作状语时，从句的逻辑主语，一般与主句的主语保持一致,其前面可以带有相应的连词。连词+主语+谓语+(宾语)，主语+谓语+(宾语)→（连词）+非谓语+(宾语)，主语+谓语+(宾语)Whenyouaregivenamedicalexamination,youshouldkeepcalm.=(When)givenamedicalexamination,youshouldkeepcalm.主语一致：区别Seeingfromthehill,youwillfindthecitylookslikeabiggarden.Seenfromthehill,thecitylookslikeabiggarden.过去分词作状语的位置：过去分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，则要放在句首；如果它表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后，则要放在句尾。逗号隔开。Greatlymovedbythehero,shedecidedtostudyhard.(表示时间,原因,条件,让步等的分词短语多放句首)Tomwenthome,findingthedoorlocked.(表示结果，伴随的分词短语多放在句尾)【注意2】过去分词的独立结构过去分词作状语时，如果不能和主句中的主语保持一致，该过去分词必须有自己的逻辑主语，担任独立主格结构。过去分词独立结构多用于书面语中，常用作：状语，用来表示时间，条件，原因，伴随情况等。△ 连词+主语+谓语+(宾语)，主语+谓语+(宾语)→主语+非谓语+(宾语)，主语+谓语+(宾语)Herushedintotheroom,andhisfacewascoveredwithsweat.=Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.(独立主格表伴随,保留其逻辑主语hisface)Asalltheirsavingsweregone,thecouplestartedlookingforjobs.=Alltheirsavingsgone,thecouplestartedlookingforjobs.(独立主格表原因，保留其逻辑主语alltheirsavings)Whenthiswasdone,wewenthome.=Thisdone,wewenthome.(独立主格表时间，保留其逻辑主语this)△分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时,需要独立主格结构或with复合结构来替代。(此时,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)with+宾语+过去分词完成作业后，孩子们出去踢足球了。状语从句：Aftertheirhomeworkwasfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.Afterthechildrenfinishedtheirhomework,theywentouttoplayfootball.介词+动名词：Afterfinishingtheirhomework,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.现在分词完成形式：Havingfinishedtheirhomework,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.独立主格结构：Theirhomeworkfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.With的复合结构：Withtheirhomeworkfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(宾语和宾补之间是被动关系)区别：Givenherinterestinchildren,teachingseemstherightjobforher.(given作介词,考虑到;鉴于)Giventhatthepatientshavesomedisabilities,weshouldtryourbesttohelpthem.(giventhat作连词，考虑到)Providedthatthepriceisright,wecanbuyeverythingyouproduce.(providedthat作连词，只要，如果)注：在语言的发展过程中，有一些过去分词(短语)在使用的过程中成为了固定结构，当使用这些固定结构时，不需要分析它们与主语的关系(也就是其逻辑主语并不一定要与主句的主语一致)，就可以直接使用，如：providedthat...(只要，如果)，giventhat...(考虑到)。口诀：分词作状语，主语是问题；逗号前后两动作，共用一主语；主语找出后，再来判关系；主动-ing，被动用-ed;havingdone/havingbeendone表先后三、过去分词作宾补能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类：1.表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,feel,notice,think等。(1)IheardthesongsunginEnglish.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。(2)Hefoundhishometowngreatlychanged.他发现他的家乡变化很大。2.表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have,make,get,keep,leave等。(3)I'llhavemyhaircuttomorrow.明天我要理发。(4)Hegothistoothpulledoutyesterday.他昨天把牙拔了。(5)Don'tleavethosethingsundone.要把那些事情做完。3.表示“希望”、“要求”意义的动词。如：like,order,want,wish等。(6)Iwouldlikethismattersettledatonce.我希望此事立刻得到解决。(7)Iwishmyhomeworkfinishedbeforefiveo'clock.我希望5点前完成我的作业。过去分词作宾补表示的意义。1.过去分词作宾补表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动作。如例句(1)，过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard；例句(2)，过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found。2.过去分词作宾补时，过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。如例句(4)，动宾关系是pullouthistooth；例句(6)，动宾关系是settlethismatter。过去分词作宾补时，要注意几种情况。1.使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。第一，过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。如：Hehadhismoneystolen.他的钱给偷了。（被别人偷去了）第二，过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历。如：Hehadhislegbroken.他的腿断了。（自己的经历）2.过去分词在原句中作宾补时，如果原句变为被动语态，那么过去分词就在新句中作主补了。如：Thebigfireisreportedcontrolled.据报道这场大火已经得到控制。Themeetingroomwasfoundthouroughlycleanedandeverythingarrangedingoodorder.人们发现会议室被彻底打扫了，一切都布置得井井有条。四、过去分词作表语（1）过去分词作表语时，总是在连系动词之后，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态或感受。分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成动宾关系。连系动词包括：①状态动词be;②持续系动词：keep,leave，remain,stay,lie,stand等；③像系动词seem,appear,look等；④感官系动词：feel,smell,sound,taste等；⑤变化系动词：become,grow,turn,fall，get,go，come，run等；⑥终止系动词：prove，turnout等。e.g.Everyoneisveryinspiredathisspeech.Hegotlostintheforest.（2）过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别:“be+过去分词”作表语时，表示状态，是系表结构，此时分词已经形容词化；“be+过去分词”表示动作时，是被动语态（主语为动作承受者），且常常带有时间状语,方式状语,或引出逻辑主语的“by”短语。Thedoorislocked(系表).ButIdon’tknowwhenitwaslocked(被动).Thebookiswellwritten(系表).Thebookwaswrittenbyafamousactor(被动)。（3）那些形容词特征明显的过去分词常常可以用作表语，例如:amused愉快的，delighted高兴的，disappointed失望的，worried担忧的，interested感兴趣的，tired疲劳的，pleased高兴的，satisfied满意的，excited兴奋的，surprised吃惊的，broken破碎的，closed关闭的，crowded拥挤的，experienced有经验的，lost丢失的，gone遗失的，married已婚的（4）表示“感觉状态”的v-ing和v-ed作表语时和定语时,在用法上是有区别的。一般来说表示“令人感到…的”都是动词-ing形式;表示“感到…”都是用动词-ed形式。常见的有：interesting令人感到有兴趣的；有趣的;astonishing令人吃惊的exciting令人兴奋的interested感到有兴趣的astonished感到吃惊的excited感到兴奋的frightening令人害怕的puzzling令人迷惑的satisfying令人满意的frightened感到害怕的puzzled感到迷惑的satisfied感到满意的moving令人感动的pleasing令人高兴的worrying令人担心的moved受到感动的pleased感到高兴的worried感到担心的试比较：Thenewsyoutoldmeisverydisappointing.Iwasdisappointedatthenewsyoutoldme.e)注意：修饰人的音容笑貌(voice,look,smile,expression)，并说明本人感到…的内心感觉的，用v-ed.e.g.Shehasapleasedlookonherface.（她感到高兴，呈现出高兴的面容，而不是令人满意的面容）Theteachergaveusasatisfiedsmile.(老师感到满意，呈现出满意的微笑，而不是令人满意的微笑)【真题演练】1．(2022全国甲卷)InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperation___________(hold)inBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.2．（2022年全国乙卷）"Itcanhelptobuildacommunitywitha________（share）futureformankind,"hesaid.3．(2021年北京卷)Therehavebeenadramaticriseinthenumberofextremeweathereventsoverthepast20years,________(cause)largelybyrisingglobaltemperatures,accordingtoanewreportfromtheUnitedNations.4．(2020年北京卷)Apieceofstone__________(find)onaDutchbeachsuggeststhatourextincthumanrelatives,knownasNeanderthals,wereclevererthanpreviouslythought.5．Livinginrooms________（equip）withairconditioners,manypeopledon'tevenfeelthechangesintheseason.6．________(paint)byLeonardodaVinciintheyears1503-1506,theMonaLisaisamysteriousmasterpiece.7．____________(lose)indeepthought,hisheadhitagainstatree.8．_________(adapt)fromMama'sBankAccount,theshortstorydescribesamother'sloveforherchildren.9．________（bury）inthesandwasanancientvillage.10．When________(ask)aboutthesecretofhissuccess,StevenSpielbergsaidthatheowedmuchofhissuccessandhappinesstohiswifeandchildren.11．________(give)moreattention,theaccidentcouldhavebeenavoided.12．________(shock)bythebadnews,shebrokeintotears.13．________(see)fromthetopofthehill,theschoollookslikeabiggarden.（所给词的适当形式填空)14．Stevearrivedandsatinthefrontrow,________（surround）byhisfamily.15．________(affect)byahighfever,hecontinuedwithhiswork.16．________（bite）bytheoldman'sdog,heisafraidtoapproachhishouse.17．________(leave)aloneathome,Jennydidn’tfeelafraidatall.18．________(criticise)bytheteacher,thegirlwasveryupset.19．Time,________(use)correctly,ismoneyinthebank.20．________(follow)byhisstudents,theteacherwentintothelab.21．Witheverything________(arrange)forhisfamily,hewenttothefronttoprepareforsettingupaman-madesatellite.22．________(decorate)withbeautifulChristmasgifts,thetreelooksmorebeautiful.23．Thehospital________(attach)tothemedicalcollegenearbyisbeingbuilt.24．Amajorsearchisunderwaytofindthe________(escape)prisoners.25．Ifyouhavesomething________(want),Iwillbuyitforyou.26．________(occupy)inlookingafterherthreechildren,shehasnoleisureactivities.27．Wespenthoursreading,________(seat)onthestore’soldbutcomfortablefurniture.28．Withtheattention________(focus)onthetask,theyhadnotimetogototheparty.

29．________(base)ondifferentconditions,differentruleshavebeenmadeinthisschool.30．Thereport________(publish)todaysayspoorcountrieswillexperiencemoreflooding,decliningfoodproductionandmorediseases.31．Harryatetwocookiesandkepthiseyes________（fix）onmineuntilIgavehimhalf.32．Rescuersfoundvictims________(trap)severalfeetunderground.33．MydoctorsaidIshouldhavemyeyes________(test)every2years.34．Heneededtohavesomepaperwork__________(deliver)acrossthecountrythenextday.35．MrSmithsuggestedagoodwaytohaveherwrittenEnglish__________(improve)inashortperiod.36．Hebelongstoateam________(make)upof15members.37．________(inspire)bytheteachersfromsmallvillages,ZhangTianappliedforandbecameavolunteerteacher.38．________（compare）withotherpeople,youareluckyenough.39．________(accompany)byhisdog,theoldmaniswalkinginthepark.40．Thedog,________(train)properly,willbemadeagood