2019届高考英语大一轮复习-Unit-4-Astronomy-the-science-of-the-stars讲义-新人教版必修

英语人教版精准高考必修三第一部分Unit4

Astronomy：thescienceofthestars1主干知识2考点探究3课堂达标4复习练案主干知识Ⅰ.单词分类巧记A．阅读词汇——认一认1．fundamentaladj._________________

2．religionn．_________________

3．dissolvevt.&vi._________________

4．acidn．_________________ 5．multiplyvi.&vt._________________

6．gravityn．_________________

7．extinctadj._________________

8．exhaustvt._________________________

基本的；基础的

宗教；宗教信仰

溶解；解散

酸

乘；增加

万有引力；重力

灭绝的；绝种的

用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽

B．高频词汇——写一写1．__________

n．大气层；气氛2．__________

adj.太阳的；日光的3．__________

adv.因此；于是4．__________

adj.温和的；文雅的5．__________

n．气候6．__________

vi.&vt.碰撞；坠落7．__________

n．&vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力8．__________

vi.&vt.(使)浮动；(使)漂浮n．漂浮物9．__________

n．系统；体系；制度10．__________

n．学说；理论atmospheresolarthusgentleclimatecrashpullfloatsystemtheoryC．核心词汇——链一链1．__________globe

n．球体；地球仪；地球→__________global

adj.全球性的；全世界的2．__________violent

adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→__________violence

n．暴力→__________violently

adv.暴力地；猛烈地3．__________unlike

prep.不同；不像→__________like

vt.喜欢prep.像→__________dislike

vt.不喜欢；讨厌→__________likely

adj.可能的4．__________harmful

adj.有害的→__________harm

n．&vt.伤害→__________harmless

adj.无害的5．__________exist

vi.存在；生存→__________existence

n．存在；生存6．__________puzzle

vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难n．谜；难题→__________puzzled

adj.感到困惑的→__________puzzling

adj.令人困惑的D．写作词汇——用一用1．Thisobjectgivesoff__________harmful

gases.Theymaydo__________harm

toourhealth.Youmustmaketheobject__________harmless

beforeyouuseit.(harm)2．Air__________exists

everywhereandits__________existence

makesitpossibleforustoliveon.(exist)3．Inmyopinion,a__________global

tourmeanstravelingallaroundthe__________globe

.(globe)4．Larrywasin__________violent

pain.Asaresult,hebehaved__________violently

andtreatedeverythingwith__________violence

.(violent)5．__________Like

hisbrotherJohn,Jimisalsofondofmusic.But__________unlike

John,Jim__________dislikes

physicsatall.(like)Ⅱ.短语语境速记A．常考短语默写1．_________________及时；终于

2._________________下蛋3．_________________产生；分娩

4.__________________轮到某人；接着5．_________________阻止；制止

intimelayeggsgivebirthtoinone'sturnprevent...from6.__________________挡住(光线)7．_________________感到高兴；感到振奋8．_________________既然9．_________________突发；爆发10．_________________密切注意；当心；提防blockoutcheerupnowthatbreakoutwatchoutforB．短语语境填空1．Oncehehasmadeuphismind,noonecan________him_________carryingouttheplan.2．Youmustgetthere__________eveniftheweathershouldchange.3．__________theproblemhasbeenidentified,appropriateactioncanbetaken.4．Idohopeshecan__________andacceptthechallengeoflifebravely!prevent

from

intime

Nowthat

cheerup

5．Beforethewar___________，

manypeopleputawaypossessionstheycouldnottakewiththeminsafeplaces.6．Mum,youhadmedothecleaningyesterday,sotodayTom，__________，

shoulddothewashing!7．Theotherdaymypetcat____________anewlittlecat.8．Toensuregoodsleep,sheboughtaheavycurtainto__________thelight.brokeout

inhisturn

gavebirthto

blockout

Ⅲ.词语高效积累1．与“太空”有关的高频单词集锦①astronomyn．天文学

②astronomern．天文学家③astronautn．宇航员

④gravityn．万有引力⑤satelliten．卫星

⑥planetn．行星⑦orbitn．轨道

⑧spaceshipn．宇宙飞船⑨universen．宇宙

⑩launchvt.发射⑪explorevt.探索；勘探 ⑫solaradj.太阳的⑬shuttlen．航天飞机 ⑭globen．地球；球体2．表示“性格良好”的形容词荟萃①gentle温和的

②easy­going随和的③outgoing外向的

④frank直率的⑤generous慷慨的

⑥upright正直的3．un­前缀高频形容词全接触①like→unlike不像的②able→unable不能……的③acceptable→unacceptable不能接受的④believable→unbelievable不可相信的⑤certain→uncertain不确定的⑥clear→unclear不清楚的⑦comfortable→uncomfortable不舒服的⑧fair→unfair不公平的4．birth用法小结givebirthto生，引起，产生

atbirth在出生时bybirth在血统上

frombirth出生以来5．“小心；当心”高频短语becareful小心

watchoutfor小心；当心lookout当心

takecare小心Ⅳ.佳句填空完形1．_______wasnotimmediatelyobviousthatwaterwastobefundamental__________thedevelopmentoflife.水会对生命的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不太明显。2．Whatitwas__________(become)wasuncertain__________between4.5and3.8billionyearsago__________thedustsettledintoasolidglobe.它会变成什么，当时还没有人知道，直到38至45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球体。It

to

tobecome

until

when

3．Whatiseven________________(important)isthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearon_______surface.更为重要的是，地球冷却了下来，地球的表面就开始出现了水。4．So_________lifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyears_________(come)willdependonwhetherthisproblemcan__________(solve)．所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。moreimportant

its

whether

tocome

besolved

5．Icheeredupimmediatelyand__________(float)weightlesslyaroundinourspaceshipcabin__________(watch)theearthbecomesmallerandthemoon__________(large)．我立刻高兴起来，由于失重，我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。floated

watching

larger

Ⅴ.语法过关演练主语从句1．__________heconsideredagreatproposalwasturneddownbythebossatthemeeting.解析：考查主语从句。句意：他认为很好的一个提议在会议上被老板否定了。空处引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语，不指人，故填what。What

2．__________isknowntoallisthattheDiaoyuIslandshavebelongedtoChinasinceancienttimes.解析：考查名词性从句。句意：钓鱼岛自古就属于中国，这是大家都知道的。what引导的是主语从句，并在主语从句中作主语。3．—WhathasmadeJohnlooklikelackingsleep?—__________hehadtoprepareforthecomingexamandstayeduplastnight.解析：考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，答语是回答上面句子中的主语“What”的，故此句是一个主语从句，缺少引导词，而引导词在从句中不充当成分，故用“That”。What

That

4．Itremainstobeseen__________thisplanispracticalenoughtokeeptheprojectgoing.解析：考查主语从句。句意：这个计划是否足够实用，以使这个项目继续下去还有待观察。it是形式主语，真正的主语是whether引导的从句。whether“是否”，符合句意。5．Itmakeshislifequitedifferent__________hehasreceivedhighereducationabroad.解析：考查主语从句。本句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是“thathehasreceivedhighereducationabroad”。whether

that

考点探究1．harmfuladj.有害的；伤害的归纳拓展(1)beharmfultosb.对某人有害(2)harmn．&vt.损伤；伤害dosb.harm(＝doharmtosb.)对某人有害domoreharmthangood弊大于利There's(no)harmin(sb.'s)doingsth.(某人)做某事(没)有害处meannoharm没有恶意(3)harmlessadj.无害的高频单词用所给词的适当形式填空/介词填空。①Incontemporaryculture,physicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosocially__________(harm)tobetolerated.在当代的文化中，愤怒的肢体表达被普遍认为对社会有太多坏处而不能被容忍。harmful

②Thesedays,breakingtrafficrulesandlitteringarenotuncommon,causingseriousharm______lifeandtheenvironment.这些天，违反交通规则和乱扔垃圾的现象很常见，对生活和环境造成了严重的破坏。③Ifyouwanttosolvetheprobleminthisway,thereisnoharm_______callinghim.如果你想以这种方式来解决问题，你不妨给他打个电话。to

in

2．existvi.存在；生存；存活；继续存在归纳拓展(1)Thereexists/existed...某地有……；存在……existon(liveon)sth.靠某物生存existby靠……方式为生existin存在于……之中existas作为……而存在；以……形态存在(2)existencen.存在；生存comeintoexistence开始存在；成立bring...intoexistence使……发生(产生)inexistence现存的；现有的(3)existentadj.存在的；现存的完成句子。①Theycan't__________themoneyhe'searning.他们靠他挣的那点钱无法维持生活。②______________hugeanimalsontheearthalongtimeago.很久以前地球上存在着体形庞大的动物。③Ithasbeen______________formorethan500years.它已经存在500多年了。④Nowadays,therearestillmanypeoplewonderingwhentheearth______________________.现在仍有很多人想知道，地球是何时产生的。exist

on

There

existed

in

existence

came

into

existence

3．puzzlen．迷；难题vi&

vt.(使)迷惑；(使)为难归纳拓展(1)puzzleabout/over苦苦思索；仔细琢磨puzzlesth.out

琢磨出……的答案；开动脑筋bepuzzledby被……迷惑(2)beinapuzzleaboutsth.对某事感到不解setapuzzleforsb.(＝setsb.apuzzle)出个谜语让某人猜beinapuzzle不知如何是好(3)puzzledadj.感到困惑的puzzlingadj.令人困惑的用所给词的适当形式填空/介词填空。①Tenyson'scarefortheelderlywoman__________(puzzle)theflowerseller.Tenyson对老妇人的照顾使得卖花的人很迷惑。②Thepolicearestillpuzzling____________howtheaccidentcouldhavehappened.警察仍在苦思这起事故是怎么发生的。puzzled

about/over

③Wherethemissingplanehasgonestillremainsapuzzle______us.失联飞机去了哪儿对我们来说仍是个谜。④Therewasa__________(puzzle)lookonthelittlegirl'sfacebecausea__________(puzzle)problem__________(puzzle)her.在这个小女孩的脸上带着迷惑的表情，因为一道令人迷惑的问题让她感到困惑。to

puzzled

puzzling

puzzled

4．pulln．&

vt.拉(力)；托；牵引力归纳拓展pullthrough康复；痊愈pulldown拉下(窗帘等)；拆毁；拆掉(房屋等)pullout拔出；(列车等)出站；启程pullin(列车等)驶进；到站；(船)靠岸pullsb.through(使)渡过危机(难关)pull...up把……往上拽；停止pullover(机动车辆等)停靠(在路边)完成句子。①Ipulled______mymobilephonetoreadatextmessagefrommymom.我拿出手机读妈妈发的短信。②Hishousewaspulled__________byfire.他的房子被大火烧毁了。③Hepulled________hiscoatandjoinedusinthework.他脱去上衣，便和我们一起干了起来。④Thepolicecarsignaledtoustopull________.警车发出信号，要我们驶向路边停靠。out

down

off

in

1．prevent/stop/keep...from...阻止/防止……做/发生归纳拓展在主动语态的句子中，stop和prevent后的from可省略，但keep后的不可省略；在被动语态中，这三个短语中的from均不可省略。比较：protect...from...保护……不受……(伤害)重点短语完成句子。①Theheavyrain_________________________________onwithourwork.大雨阻止了我们继续工作。②Apossiblewar________finally___________________________breakingoutwiththeireffort.一场可能的战争最终由于他们的努力而避免了。③Thefarmers__________wheat__________heavyrainwithrainclothes.农民们用雨布遮住小麦以防被大雨浇坏。prevented/stopped/kept

us

from

going

was

prevented/stopped/kept

from

protect

from

2．intime及时；终于归纳拓展ontime准时

allthetime一直；始终atonetime曾经；一度

atatime每次；逐一attimes有时；间或

atalltimes随时；总是fromtimetotime有时；偶尔

innotime立刻；马上atnotime绝不timeandtimeagain一次又一次；一再takeone'stime别着急；慢慢来keepupwiththetime与时俱进用time的相关短语完成下列句子。①Theysenttheemailtomejust__________beforeIleft.②__________willIgiveupcompletingtheproject.③Theboylaughedandcried_________________.④_____________hewasaddictedtoplayingwebgames,butnowhedevoteshimselftowriting,whichdelightshisparents.⑤Don'ttrytodoeverythingatonce；takeitabit__________.⑥Wearrivedinthesummer,just__________toenjoythemidnightsun.intime

Atnotime

atthesametime

Atonetime

atatime

intime

3．nowthat由于；既然归纳拓展since与nowthat(既然)引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句之前；because(因为)引导的原因状语从句通常放在主句之后；as引导的原因状语从句一般位于主句前，也可位于主句后。此外，并列连词for也可表示原因，引导的原因分句只能放在另一个分句之后。完成句子。①________________(既然)youarewillingtotakeachance,thengoahead!②________________(既然)everybodyishere,let'sbeginourmeeting.③Itis__________(因为)helackedenoughconfidencethathesufferedfromfailure.④Hemustbeagoodstudent,______(因为)he'salwayscarefulwithhislessons.Nowthat(＝Since)

Nowthat(＝Since)

because

for

4．inone'sturn轮到某人；接着归纳拓展inturn依次；轮流；反之；反过来byturns轮流；交替地taketurnstodosth.轮流做某事Itisone'sturntodosth.轮到某人做某事takeone'sturn轮到某人ontheturn正在转变；正在变化outofturn不合时宜地；鲁莽地takeaturn转变介、副词填空/用所给词的适当形式填空。①Nowotherstudentswerecomingtohimforcoachingandthey,_______turn,werewinningcontests.现在其他学生都来向他请教，相应地，他们也逐赢得比赛。②Ithinkit'smyturn__________(drive)thekidstoschoolthisweek.我想这周该轮到我开车送孩子们上学了。③Itturned______thatthisyoungmanwasnoneotherthantheoldman'sson.结果证明这个年轻人正是那位老人的儿子。in

to

drive

out

5．cheerup感到高兴；感到振奋归纳拓展cheersb.up

使某人振作起来cheersb.on(比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励某人；为某人加油Cheers!(用于祝酒)干杯！用所给词的适当形式填空/完成句子。①Uponarrivingattheclassroom,theauthor____________(cheer)upbyawarmwelcome.一走进教室，作者因为热烈的欢迎而高兴起来。②Sowewentovertotheflowersellerandaskedherifwecouldbuyaflowerforthelady______________.所以我们朝卖花的人走去，问她我们是否可以为那位女士买一朵花来让她振作起来。③Iproposeatoasttoourfriendshipandcooperation.__________(cheer)!我提议为我们的友情与互助，干杯！was

cheered

to

cheer

her

up

Cheers

重点句型1．Sowhetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.本句中的两个whether分别引导主语从句和宾语从句。归纳拓展whether与if引导名词性从句时的区别：(1)whether可以直接与ornot连用，if不可以。(2)引导位于句首的主语从句，用whether，不用if。(3)引导表语从句和同位语从句，用whether，不用if。(4)动词不定式之前用whether，不用if。(5)介词之后的宾语从句用whether，不用if。根据括号内汉语意思完成句子。①__________________________________(明天我们是否去野营)dependsontheweather.②Wehaven'tsettledtheproblemof____________________________________(他是否有必要去国外学习)．③Iwonder___________________(你能否帮我)．Whetherwe'llgocampingtomorrow

whetheritisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad

ifyoucanhelpme

2．ButwhenItriedtostepforward,IfoundIwascarriedtwiceasfarasontheearthandfellover.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。本句中的twiceas...as...表示“是……的几倍”，该