2022年高考英语阅读理解技巧 专题04阅读主旨大意探究（含解析）

主旨大意专题探究

高考阅读理解专题之主旨大意的解题技巧

主旨大意解题策略

(1)主旨大意题。考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文

章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。

(2)它既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大。

(3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文

章的字里行间进行推断。

考查特点

一、把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式

(l)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?

(2)Themainidea/Thegeneralidea/Themainthemeofthispassageis.

(3)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison.

(4)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?

(5)What'sthemainpointthewriteristr/ingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

(6)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?

(7)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.

二、掌握主旨大意题的考查角度

(1)主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；

(2)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。

三、选项特征

最佳选项

L涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。

2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。

3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。

干扰选项

1.过于笼统，不知所云：所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。

2.以偏概全，主次不分：所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选

项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。

3.移花接木，偷换概念：所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选

错答案。

4.无中生有，生搬硬套：所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选

项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

四、段落大意题(同样适用于选标题)解题技巧

1.寻找主题句。有的文章主题句在段首或段尾。这类文章一般段内层次较为分明,绝大部分遵守:一般一具体

模式，即:先概拈说明,然后具体解释，写作手法某本是:因果解释;比较或对比;举例等。类似我们通常所说的先总

后分，但先分后总的结构也较为常见。偶尔主题句有时会出现在段落的中间。要把握住段落的逻辑结构，就要

特别关注段内的过渡词，如:however,but,and,also,forexample,inconclusion,on(hecontra^等。

2.抓住关键词。有些段落没有明显的主题句，这时可通过略读把注意力集中在关键词上。关键词都是实词，如

名词、动词、形容词、副词或数词等。请记住，关键词不要超过四个。最后，对所收集到的关键词进行加工,

概括息结。

3.根据结构特点。由于文章的结构不同，主题句出现的位置通常有三种情况：

(1)采用归纳法撰写的段落，表述的事例在前，概括性的观点居后，主题句则位于段末。

(2)运用演绎法撰写的段落,先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首。

(3)如果作者采用由事例——观点——事例的写作方式，则主题句出现在段落的中间。

(4)如果文章没有明显的主题句，则根据内容的提示，通过逻辑推理，概括出段落大意。在找出主题句的基础上,

对各段落主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。

五、全文大意题解题技巧

全文大意题考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具有提纲挚领的能力。做这类题时，要求考生能理解全文细节,

然后运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结。

1.寻找主题句。主题句通常出现在文章第一段或最后一段，有些文章的主题句需要归纳总结每段的段落大意。

2.串联关键词或高频词。把每一段的关键词串联起来，往往形成一个完整的情节链。或者选项形式为一两个

单词或一个短语时,贯穿全文始终的单词或短语(即高频词)应是正确选项。也有的文章有小标题，考生可以把

这些小标题作为关键词去概括全文大意。

六、寻找主题句的通用方法：

1.转折连接词。尤其是在第二段、第三段中，含有转折连接词的句子大部分都是主题句。例如:however,but,

while

2.出现在新使用法或表示”应该、有必要"的应当性情态动词，以及动词(短语)后的内容,大部分都是主题句。此

类词有:must,haveto,should,oughtto,hadbetter,need,befbrced/boundto,itisimportant/necessary/essential

3.表示举例的连接词之前的部分，大多是主题句。表示举例的连接词:forexample,suchas,forinstance,as

follows

七、选标题的两个注意

标题能高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题的文字,往往短小精悍，言简意败。它既可以是单词、短语，也可以是

简短句子，甚至可以是疑问词加不定式结构或名词加同位语结构。除有介绍功能外，不少标题情感浓烈，可以表

示鼓励、劝告、建议、批评、讽刺、赞美、表扬等感情，教育意义强，感染度高。

1.标题需要一定的概括度。所选标题必须能概括全文中心内容。

2.标题尽可能的切合、新颖。所谓切合,即能和文章的高频词对应;所谓新颖，即用简洁的语言和一些修辞手法

(例如双关)来表达主题。

3.标题一般都包含高频词。即反复出现的词,应该包含在标题里。

2016（新课标I）D

Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhen

apersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,

orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybem

adetofilleverygap（l旬I隙）withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitas

necessaryfbrunderstandingaperson'sneeds.

ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassome

traditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingand

suddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied（暗示）isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaid

beforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.

Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorin

relationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamourtsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmay

usesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayuse

silencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhim

orher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelder

orapersoninauthority.

Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthe

personalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandcultural

constructionofsilencesothatapatient'ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.A

nursewhounderstandsthehealing（治愈）valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatients

fromtheirownandfromothercultures.

35.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?

A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilent

C.SilencetoNativeAmericansD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold

2016全国课标卷nc

Readingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.Theychoosebookstoread

andthenmeettodiscussthem.Now,thewebsiteBookCturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabook

group.

Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesan

identificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwill

haveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit.

BrucePederson,themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing,says,"Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethe

peopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth."

Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses,intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbook

willgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.

Peoplewhofindabookcanalsoleaveajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E-mailsarethensent

totheBookCrosserstokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.BrucePedersonsaystheidea

isforpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.

BookCrossingispartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogethacktothe"real"andnotthevirtual（虚拟）.

Thesitenowhasmorethanonemillionmembersinmorethanonehundredthirty-fivecountries.

12.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.OnlineReading:AVirtualTour

B.ElectronicBooks:ANewTrend

C.ABookGroupBringsTraditionBack

D.AWebsiteLinksPeoplethroughBooks

2016年全国卷inD

Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassic

rulesfbrtheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadand

monitored（监控）indifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople'se-mailsandonline

posts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.

"The'ifitbleeds'ruleworksfbrmassmedia,saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityof

Pennsylvania."Theywantyoureyeballsanddon'tcarehowyou'refeeling.Butv/henyoushareastorywithyour

friends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon'twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner."

Researchersanalyzingword-of-mouthcommunication—e-mails,Webpostsandreviews,face-to-face

conversations——foundthatittendedtobemorepositivethannegative"肖极的），3utthatdidn'tnecessarilymean

peoplepreferredpositivenews.Waspositivenewssharedmoreoftensimplybecausepeopleexperiencedmore

goodthingsthanbadthings?Totestforthatpossibility,Dr.Bergerlookedathowpeoplespreadaparticularsetof

newsstories:thousandsofaniclesonTheNewYorkTimes'website.HeandaPenncolleagueanalyzedthe"most

e-mailed"listforsixmonths.Oneofhisfirstfindingswasthatarticlesinthesciencesectionweremuchmore

likelytomakethelistthannon-sciencearticles.HefoundthatscienceamazedTimes,readersandmadethemwant

tosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.

Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeanger

oranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.Theyneededtobearoused（激发）onewayortheother,and

theypreferredgoodnewstobad.Themorepositiveanarticle,themorelikelyitwastobeshared,asDr.Berger

explainsinhisnewbook,"Contagious:WhyThingsCatchOn."

35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.SadStoriesTravelFarandWide.

B.OnlineNewsAttractsMorePeople.

C.ReadingHabitsChangewiththeTimes.

D.GoodNewsBeatsBadonSocialNetworks.

2016浙江卷D

Twothingschangedmylife:mymotherandawhiteplasticbikebasket.Ihavethoughtlongandhardaboutit

andit'strue.Iwouldbeadifferentpersonifmymomhadn'tturnedasillybicycleaccessoryintoalifelessonI

carrywithmetoday.

Mymotherandfatherwereunitedintheirwayofraisingchildren,butitmostlyfelltomymothertoactually

carryitout.Lookingback,Ihonestlydon'tknowhowshedidit.Managingthelamilybudgetmusthavebeena

veryhardtask,butshemadeitlookeffortless.Ifwecomplainedaboutnothavingwhatanotherkiddid,we'dhear

somethinglike,"Idon'tcarewhatso-and-sogotforhisbirthday,youarenotgettingaTVinyourroom/acarfor

yourbirthday/alavishsweet-16party."Wehadtoeamourallowance（零用钱）bydoingchoresaroundthehouse.I

canstillrememberhowlongittooktopolishthelegsofourcoffeetable.Mybrotherscannodoubtremember

hoursspentcleaningthehouse.LikethetwolittlegirlsgrowingupattheWhiteHouse,wemadeourownbeds（no

oneleftthehouseuntilthatwasdone）andpickedupafterourselves.Wehadtokeeptrackofourbelongings,andif

somethingwaslost,itwasnotreplaced.

Itwassummerand,oneday,mymotherdrovemetothebikeshoptogetatirefixed—andthereitwasinthe

window.White,shiny,plasticanddecoratedwithflowers,thebasketwinkedatmeandIknew—Iknew—Ihad

tohaveit.

“It'sbeautiful,1'mymothersaidwhenIpointeditouttoher."Whataneatbasket."

Itriedtoholdoffatfirst.Iplayeditcoolfbrashortwhile.ButthenIguessIcouldn'tstanditanylonger:

"Mom,pleasecanIplease,pleasegetit?Fildoextrachoresforaslongasyousay.Fildoanything,butIneedthat

basket.Ilovethatbasket.Please,Mom.Please?"

Iwasdesperate.

"Youknow/'shesaid,gentlyrubbingmybackwhilewebothstaredatwhatIbelievedwasthecoolestthing

ever,"Ifyousaveupyoucouldbuythisyourself."

"BythetimeImakeenoughit'llbegone!"

"MaybeRogerherecouldholditforyou,"shesmiledatRoger,thebikeguy.

"Hecan'tholditfbrthatlong,Mom.Someoneelsewillbuyit.Please,Mom,please?"

"Theremightbeanotherway,"shesaid.

Andsoourpayingplanunfolded.Mymotherboughtthebeautifulbasketandputitsafelyinsomehiding

placeIcouldn'tfind.EachweekIeagerlycountedmygrowingsavingsincreasedbyextraworkhereandthere

(washingthecar,helpingmymothermakedinner,deliveringorcollectingthingsonmybikethatalready

lookecnakedwithoutthebasketinfront).Andthen,weekslater,Icounted,re-countedandjumpedforjoy.Oh,

happyday!Imadeit!Ifinallyhadtheexactamountwe'dagreedupon

Dayslatertheunthinkablehappened.AneighborhoodgirlI'dplayedwithmillionsoftimesappearedwiththe

exactsamebasketfixedtohershiny,newbikethatalreadyhadallthebellsandwhistles.Irodehardandfasthome

totellmymotheraboutthisdisaster.Thishorribleturnofevents.

AndthencamethelessonI'vetakenwithmethroughmylife:'*Honey,yourbasketisextra-special,"Mom

said,gentlywipingawaymyhottears."Yourbasketisspecialbecauseyoupaidtbrityourself."

60.Whatisthelifelessontheauthorlearnedfromhermother?

A.Savemoneyforarainyday.B.Goodadviceisbeyondallprice.

C.Earnyourbreadwithyoursweat.D.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.

2016天津卷D

Failureisprobablythemostexhaustingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoretiringthannot

succeeding.

Weexperiencethistirednessintwoways:asstart-upfatigue（疲惫）andperformancefatigue.Intheformer

case,wekeepputtingoffataskbecauseitiseithertooboringortoodifficult.Andthelongerwedelayit,themore

tiredwefeel.

Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evenifnotactuallyphysical,notsomethinginourmusclesandbones.The

solutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst.

Yearsago,Iwasaskedtowrite102essaysonthegreatideasofsomefamousauthors.Applyingmyownrule,

Ideterminedtowritetheminalphabeticalorder（按字母顺序），neverlettingmyselfleaveoutatoughidea.AndI

alwaysstartedtheday'sworkwiththedifficulttaskofessay-writing.Experienceprovedthattheruleworks.

Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle.Thoughwillingtogetstarted,wecannotseemtodothejob

right.Itsdifficultiesappearsogreatthat,howeverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.Insuchasituation,Iwork

ashardasIcan—thenlettheunconscioustakeover.

WhenplanningEncyclopediaBritannica《大英百科全书》,Ihadtocreateatableofcontentsbasedonthe

topicsofitsarticles.Nothinglikethishadeverbeendonebefore,anddayafterdayIkeptcomingupwithsolutions,

butnoneofthemworked.Myfatiguebecamealmostunbearable.

Oneday,mentallyexhausted,Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproblemcouldnotbesolved.Itriedto

convincemyselfthatthetroublewaswiththeproblemitself,notwithme.Relieved,Isatbackinaneasychairand

fellasleep.

Anhourlater,Iwokeupsuddenlywiththesolutionclearlyinmind.Intheweeksthatfollowed,thesolution

whichhadcomeupinmyunconsciousmindprovedcorrectateverystep.ThoughIworkedashardasbefore,Ifelt

nofatigue.Successwasnowasexcitingasfailurehadbeendepressing.

Humanbeings,Ibelievemusttrytosucceed.Success,then,meansneverfeelingtired.

55.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.SuccessIsBuiltuponFailure

B.HowtoHandlePerformanceFatigue

C.GettingoverFatigue:AWaytoSuccess

D.Fatigue:AnEarlySignofHealthProblems

2016四川卷D

Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthosewantingagoodnight'ssleep.But

nowastudyhasfounditreallydoeshelppeoplenodoff—ifitismilkedfromacowatnight.

Researchershavediscoveredthat"nightmilk"containsmoremelatonin（褪黑激素）,whichhasbeenprovento

helppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.

Thestudy,byresearchersfromSeoul,SouthKorea,involvedmicebeingfedwithdriedmilkpowdermade

fromcowsmilkedbothduringthedayandatnight.

Thosegivennightmilk,whichcontained10timestheamountofmelatonin,werelessactiveandlessanxious

thanthosefedwiththemilkcollectedduringdaytime,accordingtothestudypublishedin

TheJournalofMedicinalFood.

Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepandcausedthemicetosleeplonger.

Whiletheeffectofcowsmilkharvestedatdifferenttimehasnotbeentestedonhumansuptonow,taking

melatonindrugshasbeensuggestedtothosewhoarestrugglingtofallasleepatnight.

Previousstudieshavealsoindicatedthatmilkcanbeexcellentfbrhelpingsleepbecauseofthecalciumcontent,

whichhelpspeopletorelax.

Milkisalsosugar-freeandadditive-freewithnutritionistsrecommendingskimmedmilkasthebestchoice

beforebedasitistheleastfattening.Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime,thegreaterburdenyouwillputon

yourbodyatnight.

3.Whatcanbeasuitabletitlefbrthetext?

A.NightMilkandSleepB.Fat,SugarandHealth

C.AnExperimentonMiceD.MilkDrinkingandHealth

2016上海卷C

Enough"meaninglessdrivel”.That'sthemessagefromagroupofmembersoftheUKgovernmentwho

havebeenexamininghowsocialmediafirmslikeLinkedlngatherandusesocialmediadata.

TheHouseofCommonsScienceandTechnologyCommittee'sreport,releasedlastweek,hasblamedfirmsfbr

makingpeoplesignuptolongincomprehensiblelegalcontractsandcallsfbraninternationalstandardorkitemark

（认证标记）toidentifysitesthathavecleartermsandconditions.

"Thetermandconditionsstatementthatweallcarelesslyagreetoismeaninglessdriveltoanyone,"says

AndrewMiller,thechairofthecommittee.Instead,hesays,firmsshouldprovideaplain-Englishversionoftheir

terms.Thesimplifiedversionwouldbecheckedbyathirdpartyandawardedakitemarkifitisanaccurate

reflectionoftheoriginal.

Itisnotyetclearwhowouldadministerthescheme,buttheUKgovernmentislookingatintroducingitona

voluntarybasis."weneed（othinkthroughhowwcmake（hatworkinpractice,"saysMiller.

Wouldwepayanymoreattentiontoakitemark?"Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketo

think（heywould,"saysNigelShadbollattheUniversityofSouthampton,UK,v/hostudiesopendata."Wedo

knowpeopleworryalotabouttheinappropriateuseoftheirinformation."Butwhatwouldhappeninpracticeis

anothermatter,hesays.

Otherorganisationssuchasbanksaskcustomerstosignlongcontractstheymaynotreadorunderstand,but

Millerbelievessocialmediarequiresspecialattentionbecauseitissonew."Wcstilldon'tknowhowsignificant

thelong-termimpactisgoingtobeofunwisethingsthatkidsputonsocialmediathatcomebackandbitethemin

20years,time,"hesays.

Shadbolt,whogaveevidencetothecommittee,saystheproblemisthatwedon'tknowhowcompanieswilluse

ourdatabecausetheirbusinessmodelsandusesofdataarestillevolving.Largecollectionsofpersonal

inforrr.ationhavebecomevaluableonlyrecently,hesays.

Theshockandangerwhenasocialmediafirmdoessomethingwithdatathatpeopledon'texpect,evenifusers

haveapparentlypermission,showthatthecurrentsituationisn'tworking.Ifproperlyadministered,akitemarkon

termsandconditionscouldhelppeopleknowwhatexactlytheyaresigningupto.Althoughtheywouldstillhaveto

actuallyreadthem.

77.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.Saynotosocialmedia?

B.Newsecurityrulesinoperation?

C.Acceptwithoutreading?

D.Administrationmatters!

2016江苏卷B

Chimps（黑猩猩）willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.But

beyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct（本能）tohelponeanother.Chimpsin

thewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren,whoare

ablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.

Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon'tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinone

plateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreatereffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighborinthenextcage,he

willpullatrandom—hejustdoesn'tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.

Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,（heydesiretohelpothers,

toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohas

studiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18

monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.

Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturally

possessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestarted

totraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenare

rewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive（认知的）

skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthan

thechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.

Thecoreofwhatchildren'smindshaveandchimps'don'tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partof

thisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwant

tobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa"we”,agroupthatintendstoworktowardashared

goal.

6O.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildren

B.waystotrainchildren,ssharedintentionality

C.cooperationasadistinctivehumannature

D.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren

2016江苏卷D

Notsolongago,mostpeopledidn'tknewwhoShelly-AnnFraser-Prycewasgoingtobecome.Shewasjustan

averagehighathlete.TherewaseveryindicationthatshewasjustanotherJamaicanteenagerwithoutmuchofa

future.However,onepersonwantedtochangethis.StephenFrancisobservedtheneightecn-year-oldShelly-Annat

atrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningsoftruegreatness.Hertimeswerenotexactly

impressive,butevenso,hesensedtherewassomethingtryingtogetout,somethingtheothercoacheshad

overlookedwhentheyhadassessedherandfoundherlacking.HedecidedtoofferShelly-Annaplaceinhisvery

stricttrainingsessions.Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults,andafewyearslateratJamaica'sOlympic

trialsinearly2008,Shelly-Ann,whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld,beatJamaica'sunchallenged

queenofthesprint(短跑).

"Wheredidshecomefrom?"askedanastonishedsprintingworld,beforeconcludingthatshemustbeoneof

thoseone-hitwondersthatspringupfromtimetotime,onlytodisappearagainwithoutsigns.ButShelly-Annwas

toprovethatshewasanythingbutaone-hitwonder.AttheBeijingOlympicsshesweptawayanydoubtsabouther

abilitytoperformconsistentlybybecomingthefirstJamaicanwomanevertowinthe100metresOlympicgold.

ShediditagainoneyearonattheWorldChampionshipsinBerlin,becomingworldchampionwithatimeof10.73

—thefourthfastesttimeever.

Shelly-Annisalittlewomanwithabigsmile.Shehasamentaltoughnessthatdidnotcomeaboutbychance.

Herjourneytobecomingthefastestwomanonearthhasbeenanythingbutsmoothandeffortless.Shegrewupin

oneofJamaica'stoughestinner-citycommunitiesknownasWaterhouse,whereshelivedinaone-roomapartment,

sleepingfourinabedwithhermotherand(wobrothers.Waterhouse,oneof(hepoorestcommunitiesinJamaica,is

areallyviolentandoverpopulatedplace.SeveralofShelly-Ann'sfriendsandfamilywerecaughtupinthekillings;

oneofhercousinswasshotdeadonlyafewstreetsawayfromwhereshelived.Sometimesherfamilydidn'thave

enoughtoeat.Sheranattheschoolchampionshipsbarefootedbecauseshecouldn'taffordshoes.Hermother

Maxime,oneofafamilyoffourteen,hadbeenanathleteherselfasayounggirlbut,likesomanyothergirlsin

Waterhouse,hadtostopaftershehadherfirstbaby.Maxime'searlyentryintotheadultworldwithits

responsibilitiesgaveherthedeterminationtoensurethatherkidswouldnotendupinWaterhouse'sroundaboutof

poverty.OneofthefirstthingsMaximeusedtodowithShelly-Annwastakinghertothetrack,andshewasready

tosacrificeeverything.

Itdidn'ttakelongfbrShelly-AnntorealizethatsportscouldbeherwayoutofWaterhouse.Onasummer

eveninginBeijingin2008,allthoselong,hardhoursofworkandcommitmentfinallyborefruit.Thebarefootkid

whojustafewyearspreviouslyhadbeenlivinginpoverty,surroundedbycriminalsandviolence,hadwrittena

newchapterinthehistoryofsports.

ButShelly-Ann'svictorywasfargreaterthanthat.ThenightshewonOlympicgoldinBeijing,theroutine

murdersinWarehouseandthedrugwarsintheneighbouringstreetsstopped.Thedarkcloudaboveoneofthe

world'stoughestcriminalneighborhoodssimplydisappearedforafewdays."Ihavesomuchfireburning

formycountry,''Shellysaid.Sheplanstostartafoundationforhomelesschildrenandwantstobuilda

communitycentreinWarehouse.ShehopestoinspiretheJamaicanstolaydowntheirweapons.Sheintendsto

fighttomakeitawoman'saswellasaman'sworld.

AsMuhammadAliputsit,"Championsaren'tmadeingyms.Championsaremadefromsomethingtheyhave

deepinsidethem.Adesire,adream,avision."OneofthethingsShelly-Anncanbeproudofisherunderstanding

ofthistruth.

70.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.TheMakingofaGreatAthleteB.TheDreamforChampionship

C.TheKeytoHighPerformanceD.ThePowerofFullResponsibility

2016北京卷A

December15,2014

DearAlfred,

Iwanttotellyouhowimportantyourhelpistomy.life.

Growingup,IhadpeopletellingmeIwastooslow,though,withanIQof150+at17,Tmanythingbutstupid.

ThefactwasthatIwasfoundtohaveADHD（注意力缺陷多动障碍）.Anxiousallthetime.Iwasunabletokeep

focusedformorethananhouratatime.

However,whensomethingdidinterestme,Icouldbecomeabsorbed.Inhighschool,Ibecamecuriousabout

thecomputer,andbuiltmyfirstwebsite.Moreover,IcompletedtheseniorcourseofComputerBasics,plusfive

relevantpre-collegecourses.

WhileIwasexploringmycuriosity,mydiseasegotworse.Iwantedtogotocollegeafterhighschool,but

couldn't.So,IwaskillingmytimeathomeuntilJune2012whenIdiscoveredtheonlinecomputercoursesofyour

trainingcenter.

Sinc