第2册参考答案

Unit1TheEndocrineSystemTextALabeling1.pinealgland 2.pituitarygland 3.thyroidgland 4.thymus5.adrenalgland 6.pancreas 7.ovary(female) 8.testes(male)ReviewQuestions1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.A7.C8.C9.B10.BMatching1.g2.i3.e4.b5.a6.j7.c8.d9.f10.hApplyingTheorytoPractice1.ThedoctormightexplainthatGHadministrationwouldcausehissontogrowtaller.Hemightalsoexplainthathemightdevelopunwantedchangesinhisskeletalstructureconsistentwithacromegaly.Othersideeffectsarealsopossible.Examplesincludeabnormaljointformationanddiabetesmellitus.2.InsufficientvitaminDresultsininsufficientCa2+absorptionbytheintestine.Asaresult,bloodCa2+levelsbegintofall.InresponsetothelowbloodCa2+levels,PTHissecretedfromtheparathyroidglands.PTHactsprimarilyonbone,causingbonetobebrokendownandCa2+tobereleasedintothebloodtomaintainbloodCa2+levelswithinthenormalrange.Inadults,somuchCa2+caneventuallyberemovedfrombonesthattheybecomesoft,fragile,andeasilybroken.Inadults,theconditioniscalledosteomalacia,andinchildren,theconditioniscalledrickets.Thebonesofchildrencanbecomebentanddeformed.3.LargedosesofcortisonecandamagetheadrenalcortexbecausecortisoneinhibitsACTHsecretionfromtheanteriorpituitarygland.ACTHisrequiredtokeeptheadrenalcortexfromundergoingatrophy.ProlongeduseoflargedosesofcortisonecancausetheadrenalglandtoatrophysomuchthatitcannotrecoverifACTHsecretiondoesincreaseagain.MedicalTerminologyWordPartsMeaningExamplesaden(o)-glandadenopathy腺病adenocarcinoma腺癌sialadenitis涎腺炎crin(o)-secreteapocrine顶浆分泌的endocrinologist内分泌学家exocrine外分泌的secret(o)-secretesecretodermatosis皮肤分泌异常antisecretory抗分泌物hypersecretion分泌过多hormon(o)-hormonehormonagogue催激素剂hormonopoiesis激素生成hormonotherapy激素疗法pituit(o)-pituitaryglandpituitarism垂体功能障碍pituitectomy垂体切除术hyperpituitarism垂体功能亢进thyr(o)-thyroidglandthyroglobulin甲状腺球蛋白thyrotoxicosis甲状腺毒症hypoparathyroidism甲状旁腺功能减退thym(o)-thymusglandthymectomy胸腺切除术euthymism胸腺功能正常prothymocyte前胸腺细胞pancre(o)-pancreat(o)-pancreaspancreatectomy胰切除术pancreatolysis胰组织破坏peripancreatitis胰周炎insul(o)-islandpancreaticisletinsulinase胰岛素酶insulinoma胰岛素瘤gonad(o)-sexglandgonadoblastoma成性腺细胞瘤gonadotropin促性腺[激]素ovari(o)-ovaryovariohysterectomy卵巢子宫切除术ovariorrhaphy卵巢缝合术hyperovarianism卵巢功能亢进test(o)-testistestectomy睾丸切除术testitis睾丸炎testosterone睾酮iod(o)-iodi-iodineiodimetry碘量法triiodothyronine三碘甲状腺素tetraiodothyronine四碘甲状腺素andr(o)-maleandrogen雄激素andrology男科学androsterone雄[甾]酮estr(o)-femaleestradiol雌二醇estrogen雌激素gluc(o)-sugarglucagon高血糖素glucocorticoid糖皮质激素glucolysis糖酵解glyc(o)-sugarglycogenolysis糖原分解hyperglycemia高血糖triglyceride甘油三酯trop(o)-actinguponstimulatingadrenocorticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素gonadotropin促性腺激素somatotropin[促]生长激素troph(o)-nourishmentdevelopmentdystrophy营养不良hypertrophy肥大myatrophy肌萎缩ster(o)-steroidcorticosteroid皮质类固醇hypercholersterolemia高胆固醇血症aldosterone醛固酮myx(o)-mucusmyxadenitis黏液腺炎myxedema黏液水肿myxosarcoma黏液肉瘤QuizonMedicalTerminologyTask11.thyrotoxicosis 2.pancreatectomy 3.hypogonadism 4.estrogenic5.hypophysectomy/pituitectomy 6.hyperglycemia 7.thyroiditis8.endocrinologist 9.hypertrophy 10.somatotropinTask21.adenocarcinomaadeno/carcin/oma腺癌2.secretodermatosissecreto/dermat/osis皮肤分泌异常3.hormonopoiesishormone/poies/is激素生成4.hypoparathyroidismhypo/para/thyr/oid/ism甲状旁腺功能减退5.prothymocytepro/thymo/cyt/e前胸腺细胞6.pancreatolysispancreato/lys/is胰组织破坏7.peripancreatitisperi/pancreat/itis胰周炎8.gonadoblastomagonado/blast/oma成性腺细胞瘤9.ovariohysterectomyovario/hyster/ec/tom/y卵巢子宫切除术10.triiodothyroninetri/iodo/thyr/on/ine三碘甲状腺素11.estradiolestra/di/ol雌二醇12.myatrophymy/a/troph/y肌萎缩13.myxosarcomamyxo/sarc/oma黏液肉瘤14.adrenocorticotropinadreno/cortico/trop/in促肾上腺皮质激素15.tetraiodothyroninetetra/iodo/thyr/on/ine四碘甲状腺素TextBReviewQuestions1.B2.C3.A4.D5.A6.D7.B8.C9.B10.ACaseStudy1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.B7.A8.B9.A10.BTextCComprehensionQuestions1.TheprimaryculpritsfordiabetesepidemicintheUnitedStatesarepoorglycemiccontroloverthelongtermandothermajorriskfactors,suchashypertension,cigarettesmoking,obesity,andelevatedlevelsofcholesterolorbloodlipids.2.TheNewYorkCityBoardofHealthapprovedanovelresponsetothediabetesepidemic:mandatoryelectronicreportingofglycosylatedhemoglobinvaluesbylaboratoriestothecity'sDepartmentofHealthandMentalHygiene.3.Friedensayspublichealthofficialshavebeen“asleepattheswitch”whenitcomestochronicdiseases.Hisviewisthat“localhealthdepartmentsgenerallydoagoodjobofmonitoringandcontrollingconditionsthatkilledpeopleintheUnitedStates100yearsago.Yetnoncommunicablediseases,whichaccountedforlessthan20percentofU.S.deathsin1900,nowaccountforabout80percentofdeaths.Ourlocalpublichealthinfrastructurehasnotkeptpacewiththistransition.”4.Theglycosylatedhemoglobinvalueistheprimarytargetforglycemiccontrol.5.TheAmericanDiabetesAssociationrecommendsthatthebloodtestbeperformedatleasttwiceayearinpatientswhohavestableglycemiccontrolandquarterlyinpatientswhosetreatmenthaschangedorwhosegoalsarenotbeingmet.6.Theprimaryproblemsremainedinthediseaseregistryistheconcernaboutprivacyandconfidentiality.

Unit2TheNervousSystemTextAReviewQuestions1.A2.B3.C4.D5.D6.A7.B8.B9.D10.DLabeling1.nucleus2.collateralaxon3.presynapticterminal4.Schwanncell5.axon6.cellbody7.dendritesMatching1.j2.e3.g4.d5.a6.b7.i8.h9.f10.cMedicalTerminologyWordPartsMeaningExamplesnerv(o)-neur(o)-nerveinnervation神经支配neuroglioma神经胶质瘤perineural神经周的myel(o)-bonemarrowspinalcordmyeloencephalitis脑脊髓炎myelofibrosis骨髓纤维化promyelocyte前髓细胞ax(o)-axi(o)-axonaxolysis轴突分解polyaxonic多轴突的subaxial轴下的cephal(o)-headcephalocentesis头颅穿刺术cephalosporin头孢菌素encephal(o)-brainencephalitis脑炎encephalomyelitis脑脊髓炎encephalomeningitis脑膜炎cerebell(o)-littlebraincerebellumcerebellar小脑的cerebellitis小脑炎cerebr(o)-largebraincerebrumcerebroma脑瘤cerebromalacia脑软化cerebrovascular脑血管的intracerebral脑内的cortic(o)-cortexcorticoadrenal肾上腺皮质的subcortical皮质下的，皮层下的medull(o)-medullamedullectomy髓质切除术medulloepithelioma髓上皮瘤mening(o)-meningesmeningocele脑脊膜膨出meningococcemia脑膜炎球菌血症extrameningeal脑脊膜外的gangli(o)-gangliongangliectomy神经结切除术ganglioglioneuroma神经节胶质神经瘤gli(o)-gliaglial胶质的gliosarcoma胶质肉瘤thalam(o)-thalamusthalamotomy丘脑切开术hypothalamus下丘脑pont(o)-ponsponticular小桥的cerebropontile大脑脑桥的poli(o)-greymatterpolioencephalitis脑灰质炎poliovirus脊髓灰质炎病毒sympath(o)-sympathysympathia交感作用；感应；同情sympathicopathy交感神经系统病cept-receivebiceptor双受体motoceptor运动感受器gnos-knowledgediagnosis诊断prognosis预后kin(o)-kines(o)-kinet(o)-movementkinase激酶kinesiotherapy运动疗法dyskinetic运动障碍的esthesi(o)-feelingsensationakinesthesia运动觉缺失bradyesthesia感觉迟钝anesthesia感觉缺失，麻醉sthen(o)-strengthsthenometry体力测量法asthenia无力，衰弱myasthenia肌无力，肌衰弱phren(o)-diaphragmmindphrenalgia膈痛paraphrenitis膈周炎schizophrenia精神分裂症psych(o)-mindpsychiatrist精神病学家antipsychotic抗精神病药pleg(i)-paralysisbronchoplegia支气管麻痹quadriplegia四肢麻痹hemiplegia偏瘫schiz(o)-splittingschizophrenia精神分裂症schizotonia肌张力分裂somn(o)-somni-sleepinsomnia失眠hypersomnia睡眠过度hypn(o)-inducedsleephypnotherapy催眠疗法hypnoanesthesia催眠麻醉法man-maniamacromania夸大妄想narcomania麻醉剂狂QuizonMedicalTerminologyTask11.c2.b3.h4.e5.d6.g7.f8.i9.j10.aTask21.B2.A3.D4.C5.A6.ATextBReviewQuestions1.B2.A3.D4.A5.A6.D7.D8.A9.D10.CTrueorfalse1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.F9.F10.TCaseStudyessentialhypertension:elevatedbloodpressure,oftenforindividualseighteenyearsofageandolder,asystolicpressuregreaterthan140mmHgand/oradiastolicpressuregreaterthan90mmHg,thatdevelopswithoutanapparentcausehypercholesterolemia:elevatedconcentrationsofcholesterolintheblood,usuallygreaterthan220mg/100mLblood,however,theamountofcholesterolpresentinhighdensitylipoproteinsandlowdensitylipoproteinsmustalsobetakenintoaccountafebrile:withoutafeverstroke:alsoknownasacerebrovascularaccident;damagetothecerebrumduetothesuddenblockageofbloodflowtothebrainduetobloodvesselrupture,bleedingintothebrain,orathrombusorembolusinacerebralbloodvesselthrombosis:formationordevelopmentofabloodclotorthrombusdysarthia:difficultyspeakinghemiparesis:paralysisaffectingonlyonesideofthebodystenosis:anabnormalnarrowingorconstrictionofapassageororificeThesymptomsthatindicatedastrokearerelatedtothedepressedfunctionofthenervoussystemduetoalackofbloodflowtothebrain.Thesesymptomsincludedtheweaknessontherightsideofhisbody,thelackoffeelingonhisrightside,slurredspeech,decreasedstrengthoftherightextremities,diminishedgagreflex,diminisheddeeprighttendonreflexes,andrightfacialdroop.TheheadachesthatAlberthadpreviouslybeenexperiencingwerealsoindicativeofpossibletransientischemicattacks,wherethereisatemporarylossofbloodflowtocertainbrainregions,thatmayprecedeastroke.TheriskfactorsthatwouldpredisposeAlbertforastrokeincludehypertension,hypercholesterolemia,andapositivefamilyhistory(hisparentsbothdiedofstrokes).ThefactthatAlberthasstoppedtakinghisantihypertensivemedicationwouldincreasetheriskduetohypertension.Hypertensionputshimatriskforbloodvesselrupture,whilehypercholesterolemiacanleadtodecreasedbloodflowandthepossibilityofbloodvesselocclusion.Thesymptomsweremostprobablylocalizedtoasinglesideofthebodybecauseofthelocationofthebloodvesselocclusionorrupture.Sincethemajorityofthedescendingnervetractsdecussate,therightsideofthebodywouldbe"controlled"bytheleftsideofthebrainandviceversa.ThefactthatAlbert'ssymptomswerelocalizedtotherightsideofthebodyindicatesthattheleftsideofthebrainisbeingaffected.Thetypeandlocationofthesymptomscanbeusedtodiagnosethelocationofthestrokeduetothefactthatspecificbrainregionsareinvolvedintheregulationofspecificfunctions.Forexample,themotorcortexislocatedinthefrontallobejustinfrontofthecentralsulcus.Damagetothisbrainregionwouldhavethegreatesteffectonmotorfunction.Damagetotheoccipitallobewouldhaveagreatereffectonvisionthanonotherfunctions.Inaddition,sincethecranialnervesarelocatedinspecificregionsofthebrain,changesintheafferentand/orefferentfunctionassociatedwithagivencranialnervecanbeindicativeofdamagetothatcranialnerveand/orthebrainregionassociatedwiththatcranialnerve.Stenosisofthecarotidarterieswoulddecreasetheflowofbloodtothebrain.Theinternalcarotidarteriesenterthecranialcavityandarethemajorbloodvesselssupplyingthebrainwithblood.Ifthecarotidarteriesarenarrowedorconstricted,thebrainwouldbemoresusceptibletobothtransientischemicattacksandstrokes.InAlbert'scase,thestenosismaybeduetohypercholesterolemia.AspirinisprescribedasatreatmentforAlbert'sconditiontominimizethedevelopmentofthrombi.Aspirinactstoblocktheproductionofprostaglandins,adiversegroupofcompoundsderivedfromarachadonicacid.Includedinthisgrouparethethromboxanes.Thromboxanesareinvolvedinstimulatingplateletsduringtheprocessofbloodclotting.Byminimizingtheamountofplateletstimulationtherisksfordevelopingathrombusaredecreased

Unit3TheUrinarySystemTextAReviewQuestions1.C2.B3.A4.B5.D6.A7.D8.C9.D10.AMatching1.d2.g3.j4.i5.h6.a7.c8.e9.b10.fMedicalTerminologyWordPartsMeaningExamplesur(o)-urineuremia尿毒症urogravimeter尿比重计hypercalciuria高钙尿ureter(o)-ureterureterography输尿管造影术ureterolithotomy输尿管切开取石术ureterostenosis输尿管狭窄urethr(o)-urethraurethralgia尿道痛urethrorrhagia尿道出血urethroscopy尿道镜检查meat(o)-meatusmeatoscopy尿道口镜检查meatotomy尿道口切开术cyst(o)-bladdercystitis膀胱炎cystocele膀胱突出症cholecystectomy胆囊切除术vesic(o)-bladdervesicocele膀胱突出vesiculitis精囊炎vesiculotomy囊切开术ren(o)-kidneycircumrenal肾周的renculus肾小叶renopathy肾病nephr(o)-kidneynephrolith肾结石nephrology肾脏学nephrorrhagia肾出血cortic(o)-cortexadrenocorticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素corticosteroid皮质类固醇cortisol皮质醇，氢化可的松medull(o)-medullamedullary髓质的，骨髓的medullectomy髓质切除术glom-glomer(o)-ballglomerular肾小球的glomerulitis肾小球炎glomerulonephritis肾小球性肾炎pyel(o)-pelvispyelonephritis肾盂肾炎pyelolithotomy肾盂石切除术pyelogram肾盂造影照片calc(o)-calci(o)-calciumcalcitonin降钙素calcinosis钙质沉着症hypercalcemia高血钙症lith(o)-stonecalculuslithotripsy碎石术lithogenesis结石形成lithotomy切石术azot(o)-nitrogenazothermia氮血热azotemia氮血症azotenesis氮质过多症py(o)-puspyogenic生脓的，化脓的pyorrhea脓漏，脓溢pyuria脓尿noct(o)-nocti-nightnocturia夜尿症，遗尿症nocturnal夜间的olig(o)-fewlittlescantyoligotrophy营养不足oligomenorrhea月经过少oliguria少尿poly-manymuchpolymyositis多肌炎polyphagia贪食症polydipsia烦渴ptos(o)-droopgastroptosis胃下垂nephroptosis肾下垂hepatoptosis肝下垂pex(o)-fixnephropexy肾固定术hysteropexy子宫固定术ket(o)-ketoneketamine克他命，氯胺酮ketosis酮病ketoacidosis酮酸中毒albumin(o)-albumin(protein)albuminuria蛋白尿albuminemia白蛋白血症albuminoid类蛋白，蛋白质的QuizonMedicalTerminology1.C2.D3.B4.B5.C6.B7.D8.D9.A10.BApplyingTheorytoPracticeThesodiumchlorideincreasedtheconcentration(osmolarity)ofhisbloodwithoutaffectingthevolumeofblood.TheincreasedconcentrationofhisbloodstimulatedADHsecretionfromtheposteriorpituitarygland.TheADHcausedthekidneytoproduceasmallvolumeofconcentratedurine.TextBTrueorFalse1.F2.T3.T4.F5.T6.F7.F8.T9.F10.TBlankFilling1.Edema2.stagnation3.dysuria4.dyspnea5.intravenous6.arteriosclerosis7.catheter8.metaboliteMatching1.b2.c3.d4.e5.aApplyingTheorytoPracticeThefemaleurinarybladderismoreaccessibletobacteriafromtheexteriorbecausetheurethraofafemaleismuchshorterthanthatofthemale.Forthisreasonurinarybladderinfectionsaremorecommoninfemalesthaninmales.CaseStudy1.C2.B3.C4.B5.A6.B

Unit4TheReproductiveSystemTextAReviewQuestions1.D2.D3.C4.B5.A6.B7.A8.B9.C10.A11.A12.BTrueorfalse1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.F9.T10.TMatchingTask11.j2.c3.f4.h5.d6.b7.g8.e9.a10.iTask21.i2.c3.b4.e5.f6.g7.j8.h9.d10.aMedicalTerminologyWordpartsMeaningExamplestest(o)-testistesticletestitis睾丸炎testalgia睾丸痛orch(o)-orchi(o)-testis(malegonad)cryptorchidism隐睾epiorchium睾丸外膜synorchidism睾丸粘连sperm(o)-spermat(o)-spermi(o)-spermantispermatotoxin抗精子毒素spermatorrhea遗精spherospermia球状精子，无尾精子balan(o)-headofthepenisbalanitis龟头炎balanorrhagia龟头脓溢vas(o)-vasi-vesselductvasoligation输精管结扎术vasovasostomy输精管输精管吻合术andr(o)-maleandropathy男性病androsterone雄酮ovari(o)-ovaryovarium卵巢transovarial经卵巢的oophor(o)-ovaryoophorocystectomy卵巢囊肿切除术perioophoritis卵巢周围炎uter(o)-uteruswombuterotonic子宫收缩药uterotubography子宫输卵管造影术postuterine子宫后的metr(o)-uteruswombmetrorrhagia子宫不规则出血endometriosis子宫内膜异位症hyster(o)-uteruswombhysteromyoma子宫肌瘤hysteroscope宫腔镜cervic(o)-cervixneckcervicectomy宫颈切除术endocervicitis宫颈内膜炎oo-eggovumoogenesis卵子发生oosome卵小体ov(o)-ovi-eggovumoviparity卵生ovoglobulin卵球蛋白salping(o)-Fallopiantubesalpingolysis输卵管粘连分离术salpingotomy输卵管切开术colp(o)-vaginacolpitis阴道炎colposcopy阴道镜检查men(o)-menstruationmenorrhea行经menarche月经初潮mamm(o)-mammi-breastmammitis乳腺炎mammotropin催乳激素，催乳素mast(o)-breastmastadenoma乳腺瘤mastocarcinoma乳房癌lact(o)-milklactase乳糖酶delactation断乳，停乳galact(o)-milkgalactase半乳糖酶galactoma乳腺囊肿，积乳囊肿omphal(o)-navelomphalocele脐膨出omphaloncus脐瘤gravid(o)-pregnancygravidocardiac妊娠心脏病的primigravida初孕妇par(a)-laborbirthdeliveryprimipara初产妇multipara经产妇oviparity卵生part(o)-laborbirthdeliverypostpartum产后parturition分娩prepartal分娩前的toc(o)-laborbirthdeliveryoxytocin催产素dystocia难产eutocia顺产nat(o)-givebirthtoneonate新生儿natality出生率perinatology围产医学QuizonMedicalTerminology1.D2.B3.D4.D5.C6.A7.C8.D9.A10.BTextBReviewQuestions1.A2.D3.A4.C5.B6.A7.D8.A9.D10.BQuizonTerminology1.\o"Nucleolus"menorrhagia 2.\o"Cellnucleus"vaginitis 3.\o"Ribosome"leucorrhea 4.\o"Vesicle(biology)"Paptest 5.mammography6.\o"Golgiapparatus"cervicitis 7.\o"Cytoskeleton"endometriosis 8.conization 9.\o"Mitochondrion"PID 10.\o"Vacuole"dysmenorrheaTrueorfalse1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F10.FTextCReviewQuestions1.C2.D3.A4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D10.ACaseStudy1.Benignprostatichypertrophy.2.Digitalrectalexamination,urodynamictesting,endoscopy,PSAtoruleoutprostatecancer,andultrasoundoftheprostate.

Unit5TheIntegumentarySystemTextAReviewQuestions1.lunula2.collagen3.melanin4.basallayer5.stratumcorneum6.sebum7.nailmatrix8.keratin9.cuticle10.SudoriferousglandsMatching1.c2.i3.e4.g5.d6.b7.f8.a9.j10.hMedicalTerminologyWordpartsMeaningExamplescut-cuti-skinsubcutaneous皮下的cutisector取皮器cuticle皮肤，表皮derm(o)-dermat(o)-skinepidermis表皮dermatosclerosis硬皮病dermabrasion磨皮法onych(o)-nailonychomycosis甲癣，甲真菌病onycholysis甲剥离paronychia甲沟炎pil(o)-hairhairfolliclepilosebaceous毛[囊]皮脂腺的pilosis多毛pilosomycin毛发霉素trich(o)-hairtrichomycosis毛发菌病trichology毛发学atrichosis无毛症lip(o)-fatlipocyte脂肪细胞liposuction吸脂术hyperlipoproteinemia高脂蛋白血症adip(o)-fatadipocyte脂肪细胞adipofibroma脂肪纤维瘤adipogenesis脂肪形成seb(o)-sebi-sebumsebaceousgland皮脂腺seborrhea皮脂溢hidr(o)-idr(o)-sweathidradenitis汗腺炎anidrosis无汗[症]chromathidrosis色汗症kerat(o)-hard,hornytissuecorneakeratin角质，角蛋白keratinization角化keratomalacia角膜软化keratoplasty角膜移植术，角膜成形术melan(o)-blackmelanin黑色素melanocyte黑素细胞melanotropin促黑素leuc(o)-leuk(o)-whiteleucopenia白细胞减少leukemia白血病leukorrhea白带alb(o)-albi-albu-whitealbino白化病患者albinism白化病albinuria乳糜尿，白尿erythr(o)-rederythrochloropsia红绿视症，青黄色盲erythropoiesis红细胞生成erythromycin红霉素rub(e)-redbilirubin胆红素rubella风疹rubeola麻疹xanth(o)-yellowxanthochromic黄色的xanthocyanopsia红绿色盲，青黄视症xanthoderma皮肤变黄cyan(o)-bluecyanosis发绀，青紫cyanopsia蓝视症acrocyanosis肢端发绀chlor(o)-greenchlorinehydrochloricacid盐酸erythrochloropsia红绿视症hyperchlorhydria胃酸过多[症]coll(o)-colla-colloidgluecollagen胶原collagenase胶原酶myc(o)-fungusdermatomycosis皮肤真菌病erythromycin红霉素caus(o)-burnburningcausalgia灼性神经痛caustic腐蚀剂cauter(o)-heatburncauterant腐蚀剂electrocautery电烙术ichthy(o)-scalydry(fish-like)ichthyosis鱼鳞癣ichthyotoxicology鱼毒学squam(o)-scale-likesquamousepithelium鳞状上皮squamotemporal颞鳞的QuizonMedicalTerminology1.毛囊皮脂腺的2.皮真菌病3.角化症（皮肤的角质生长）4.皮肤炎5.黑瘤6.白血球,白细胞7.甲真菌病8.黄瘤9.皮下组织10.脂肪瘤ApplyingTheorytoPracticeTheintegumentarysystemperformsmanyprotectivefunctions.Theintactskinplaysanimportantroleinpreventingwaterlossbecauseitslipidsactasabarriertothediffusionofwater.Theskinpreventstheentryofmicroorganismsandotherforeignsubstancesintothebody.Secretionsfromskinglandsalsoproduceanenvironmentunsuitableforsomemicroorganisms.Thestratifiedsquamousepitheliumoftheskinprotectsunderlyingstructuresagainstabrasion.Melaninabsorbsultravioletlightandprotectsunderlyingstructuresformitsdamagingeffects.Hairprovidesprotectioninseveralways:thehairontheheadactsasaheatinsulator,eyebrowskeepsweatoutoftheeyes,eyelashesprotecttheeyesfromforeignobjects,andhairinthenoseandearspreventstheentryofdustandothermaterials.Thenailsprotecttheendsofthedigitsfromdamageandcanbeusedindefense.Asthebodyages,theskinismoreeasilydamagedbecausetheepidermisthinsandtheamountofcollageninthedermisdecreases.Skininfectionsaremorelikelyandrepairoftheskinoccursmoreslowly.Adecreaseinthenumberofelasticfibersinthedermisandlossoffatfromthehypodermiscausetheskintosagandwrinkle.Adecreaseintheactivityofsweatglandsandadecreaseinthebloodsupplytothedermisresultinapoorabilitytoregulatebodytemperature.Theskinbecomesdrierassebaceousglandactivitydecreases.Thenumberofmelanocytesgenerallydecreases,butinsomeareas,thenumberofmelanocytesincreasestoproduceagespots.Notethatagespotsaredifferentfromfreckles,whicharecausedbyincreasedmelaninproduction.Grayorwhitehairalsoresultsbecauseofadecreaseinoralackofmelaninproduction.Skinthatisexposedtosunlightshowssignsofagingmorerapidlythannonexposedskin,soavoidingoverexposuretosunlightandusingsunblockersisadvisable.Theskinhasreceptorsintheepidermisanddermisthatcandetectpain,heat,cold,andpressure.Howeverhairdoesnothaveanervesupplyandmovementofthehaircanonlybedetectedbysensoryreceptorsaroundthehairfollicle.Thisalsoexplainswhypullingonhaircanbequitepainful.TextBReviewQuestions1.C2.D3.A4.C5.A6.A7.D8.D9.C10.BTrueorFalse1.F2.T3.F4.F5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T10.FApplyingTheorytoPractice1.Onewayonhowtopreventacneistoadaptastrictskincareregimen.Youshouldalwayswashyourfaceusingmildfacialfoamtoensurethatallofthedust,dirt,andexcessoilareremovedfromyourskin.Also,exfoliateyourskinregularlytoremoveanydeadskincellsandotherforeignsubstancesthatcouldleadtoirritation.Whenusingcleansers,makesureyouavoidalcohol-andoil-basedcleansersbecausetheycanresulttoskindryness,makingyourskinmorepronetodevelopingacne.Drinkinglotsofwaterisanotheroneofthegreatwayswhichyoucaneasilypreventacnefromoccurring.Drinkinglotsofwaterwillkeepyourskinashydratedasitneedstobe.Itwillalsohelpreducethetoxinsinyourbodywhichmaybetoblameforyourbreakouts.Stressisalsoknowntobeoneofthecausesofacne.Bykeepingyourstressundercontrol,throughmethodssuchasexercisingandgettinginvolvedinactivities,youalsomaybeabletokeepyouracneundercontrol.Althoughthebodiesofmanypeopletendtodiffer,oneofthemainreasonsthatacneoccursisbecauseofpeople'sdiets.Whetheryouareeatingtoomuchgreaseortoomanysweets,thesecanbothbethemaincauseofyouracne.Bycuttingbackonbothofthesethingsandeatinghealthierfoodssuchasfruitsandvegetables,youmaybeabletopreventyouracnefromoccurring.Incasetheacneisalreadythere,youcantryusingantibioticsforacnebecausethisisproventobeeffectiveinprovidingquickremedy.Oralantibioticsforacnehelpstofightthebacteriathatiscausingtheacnetoappearonyourskin.Theseantibioticsincludeerythromycin,tetracycline,doxycycline,clindamycin,anderythromycin.Makesuretovisityourdermatologistfirstbeforeintakingtheseantibioticssotheycanprescribewhatisbestforyourskintypeandacneproblem.Becauseacneisalsoassociatedwithexcessiveandrogenlevels,andoralcontraceptivescanreducetheamountofandrogenthatisavailable,takingcontraceptivedrugsisalsosuggestedbysomedoctorsasaneffectivewaytotreatacne.Justhowthisworksdependsonthespecifichormonecombinationinaparticularoralcontraceptive.2.a)psoriasisb)malignantmelanomac)rubeolad)cuticle,paronychiae)urticaria

Unit6SpecialSensesTextAReviewQuestions1.B2.A3.B4.C5.A6.B7.C8.A9.D10.CBlankFilling1.opticdisc2.accommodation3.macula4.foveacentralis5.refraction6.anteriorchamber7.cones8.rodsMatching1.e2.g3.h4.j5.f6.i7.b8.c9.a10.dLabeling1.conjunctiva2.cornea3.anteriorcompartment4.iris5.pupil6.lens7.suspensoryligaments8.ciliarybody9.sclera10.choroid11.retina12.vitreoushumor13.opticnerve14.posteriorcompartmentTranslation1.当我们眨眼的时候，眼睛就会不断地沉浸在位于眼睛侧面的泪腺分泌的液体中。2.巩膜帮助保持眼睛的形状，保护眼睛内部结构，连接眼睛外部肌肉。3.聚集在视网膜上的光能引起视杆细胞和视锥发生化学变化，从而促使神经冲动通过视神经从眼睛传递到大脑。4.内耳由几个膜衬通道组成，这些通道位于颞骨深处。5.耳蜗包括一些特殊的被称之为外淋巴和内淋巴的听觉液体，通过这些液体，震动得以传递。MedicalterminologyWordpartsMeaningExamplesocul(o)-eyeintraocular眼内的oculist眼科医师ophthalm(o)-eyeophthalmologist眼科学家ophthalmoplegia眼肌麻痹exophthalmos眼球突出ops(o)-opsi(o)-visionopsiometer视力计achromatopsia全色盲chloropsia绿视症opt(o)-visionoptesthesia视觉optometrist验光师cili(o)-hairciliary睫毛的ciliectomy睫状体切除术corne(o)-corneacorneal角膜的corneitis角膜炎pupill(o)-pupilpupillary瞳孔的pupillatonia瞳孔反应消失pupillostatometer瞳孔距离剂retin(o)-retinaretinopapillitis视网膜视乳头炎retinopathy视网膜病retinosis视网膜变性scler(o)-hardening;scleraatherosclerosis粥样硬化dermatosclerosis硬皮病sclerectome巩膜刀sclerocentesis巩膜穿刺术irid(o)-irisiridokeratitis虹膜角膜炎iridoparalysis虹膜麻痹scleriridotomy巩膜虹膜切开术kerat(o)-corneakeratectomy角膜切除术keratoplasty角膜成形术keratoconjunctivitis角膜结膜炎presby-oldagepresbycardia老年心脏病presbyacusia老年（性）聋presbyopia老视lens(o)-lent(o)-lenslensectomy晶状体摘除术lentitis晶状体炎lacrim(o)-tearslacrimal泪的lacrimation流泪lacrimator催泪剂dacry(o)-tearsdacryoadenitis泪腺炎dacryocystoptosis泪囊脱垂dacryostenosis泪管狭窄conjunctiv(o)-conjunctivaconjunctivitis结膜炎conjunctivoplasty结膜成形术blephar(o)-eyelidblepharitis睑炎blepharoptosis（上）睑下垂blepharospasm睑痉挛ot(o)-earotitis耳炎otorhinolaryngology耳鼻咽喉科学otoscopy耳镜检查aur(o)-auri-earhearingaurinasal耳鼻的auriphone助听器postaurale耳郭后点ac(o)u(o)-ac(o)us-hearingacouesthesia听觉anacousia聋hyperacusis听觉过敏audi(o)-hearingaudiometrician测听专家audiometry测听法dysaudia听力障碍tympan(o)-eardrumtympanocentesis鼓膜穿刺术tympanoplasty鼓室成形术tympanosclerosis鼓膜硬化（症）labyrinth(o)-labyrinthlabyrinthectomy迷路切除术endolabyrinthitis迷路内膜炎cochle(o)-cochleacochleitis耳蜗炎retrocochlear耳蜗后的Quizonmedicalterminology1.A2.C3.B4.D5.D6.A7.B8.CWordFormation1.blepharitis2.conjunctivitis3.dacryoadenitis4.iritis5.keratitis6.scleritis7.retinitis8.blepharoptosis9.lacrimal10.intraocularTextBReviewQuestions1.B2.C3.A4.D5.B6.A7.D8.B9.D10.C11.A12.D13.CApplyingTheorytoPractice Acataractcloudsthelenssothatlightcannotentertheeyetoproduceanimageontheretina.Removalofthelensletslightin,butitisnolongerproperlyfocused.Withouttherefractingabilityofthelens,lightraysdonotconvergeenoughandthefoca