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《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》

专题阅读理解D篇(新课标II卷)原卷版

(答案解析+专家评价+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)

目录

一、原题呈现P1

二、答案解析P3

三、专家评价P3

四,题源网站P3

五、词汇变式P5

(一)考纲词汇词形转换P5

(二)考纲词汇识词知意P5

(三)高频短语厚积薄发P6

(四)核心考点单句填空P7

(五)长难句分析P7

(六)全文翻译P8

六、三年真题P8

(-)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P8

(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9

(=)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P10

七、满分策略(阅读理解说明文满分策略)PH

八、话题变式P13

变式一:阅读理解说明文人工智能话题高考真题5篇P13

变式二:阅读理解说明文人工智能话题名校好题8篇P19

一、原题呈现

阅读理解D篇关键词:说明文;人与社会;应对AI革命;人工智能安全保障;人工智能发展趋势

GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithour

Al-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.This

absorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcoming

AIrevolution(变革).

Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代码)thatpowers

AIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades5professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintothe

understandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingfora

guidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAL

AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,moving

fromthecurrentgenerationof"narrow-AI95toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcome

ArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow-several

decadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificial

intelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.

CampbelfspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sothey

areonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint“inhistoryand

mustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAl

topanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanour

downfall.

AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.

32.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands^^inparagraph2probablymean?

A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.

B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.

C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.

D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.

33.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?

A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes.

B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.

C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions.

D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.

34.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?

A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.

B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.

C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.

D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.

35.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?

A.TorecommendabookonAI.

B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.

C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI.

D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.

二'答案解析

【文章结构】通读全文可知,第一段介绍了新书《人工智能设计》;第二段介绍了本书作者的背景;第三到

四段概述了书中的主要论点和观点,及其意义;第五段进行总结,再次强烈推荐这本书。由此可知,作者

写这篇文章的目的是为了推荐一本有关AI的书。

三,专家评价

坚持提倡五育并举,引导学生德智体美劳全面发展

高考英语命题通过选取有关体育、美育和劳动教育的语篇,引导学生坚持五育并举,实现身心健

康成长和德智体美劳全面发展。试卷阅读A篇介绍了卡洛秋季徒步节的健身徒步活动,引导学生走近

大自然,开展体育运动,文中提及多项注意事项,于潜移默化之中强调了运动安全的重要性。阅读B

篇介绍了旧金山湾区快速交通系统(BART)为了提升乘客体验而推出的一个短篇小说打印亭项目,引

导学生在电子设备盛行的当今不要忘记还有纸质阅读这一阅读方式可供选择,也强调了利用零散时间

来进行阅读和学习的好习惯。阅读C篇讲述巴比伦微型农场通过室内自动化种植系统极大地缩短了农

产品从农场到餐桌的距离,并实现了自动化管理和零排放的环保种植。阅读D篇介绍了Catriona

Campbell的新书《AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence^,引导学生思考人类与

人工智能共存的未来,强调了全球监管人工智能研究和使用的重要性问题。这两篇难度较大的文章都

从科技发展视角引导学生思考科技如何更好地服务于人类以及人类理性使用科技的问题。在美育方面,

试题的写作第一节应用文写作任务中,设置情境为在公园上的一节美术课,引导学生回归自然之美,

到自然中寻求人类艺术创作不竭的灵感源泉。这些文本都释放了强烈的信号,弓I导学生实现德智体美

劳全面发展。【中国考试•教育部教育考试院】

四'题源网站

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了CatrionaCampbell所著AlbyDesign:APlanfarLivingwith

AH浜ch/历⑹〃ge九”一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景,强

调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展,以防潜在危机。

【文章出处】选自BlackpoolGazette网站名为Must-readoftheweek:AIbyDesign:APlanForLivingWith

ArtificialIntelligencebyCatrionaCampbell的文章。

https:〃www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/must-read/must-read-of-the-week-ai-by-design-a-plan-for-living-with-artificial-intenigence-by-catriona-campbell-3696983

【百科知识】《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》是CatrionaCampbell撰写的一部重要著作,引领

读者深入探索人工智能及其对未来的重要性。Campbell运用行为心理学,探索技术、经济学,结合真实生

活和历史案例,预测了人工智能未来的五种应用场景。她通过推理小说的形式,描述了AI超越人类能力

后可能出现的未来。本书解释了如何设计AI的未来,使其不仅不会导致我们的衰落,而且有助于我们实

现新的文艺复兴。

=TheGaZeHe彳Newsyoucantrustsince1873

NewsYourAreaBlackpoolFCFood&DrinkHomes&GardensRetro

BREAKINGouthgate'shugesalaryrevealed•Broadcasterdiesaged68•

MustRead

Must-readoftheweek:AIbyDesign:A

PlanForLivingWithArtificial

IntelligencebyCatrionaCampbell

AdFeaturebySWNSMediaGroup,工

Published17thMay2022,10:48BST

Thisarticlecontainsaffiliatelinks.Wemayearnasmallcommissiononitemspurchasedthrough

thisarticle,butthatdoesnotaffectoureditorialjudgement.

AIbyDesignbyCatrionaCampbell,oneoftheUK'sleadingexpertsinhuman-

computerinteractionanddesign,isanessentialandauthoritativeoverviewof

thedazzlingfutureofartificialintelligenceandawake-upcalltotheworldto

jointogethertocontrolthedevelopmentofAIforthebenefit-and,possibly,

preservation-ofhumanity.

ByGwynethRees

五、词汇变式

一、考纲词汇词形转换

1.astonishvt.使吃惊f______adj令人惊讶的(astonish+-ing);

2.absorbvt.吸引f_____adj吸引人的(absorb+-ing);

3.practicen.练习,实践—_____adj实用的(practice+-al);

4.thankfulvt.感激的f_____adv幸运地,庆幸地(thank+-ful+-ly);

5.headn.头脑f_____adj深奥的,复杂难懂的(head+-y

6.understandvt.理解f_____adj可理解的(understand+-able);

7.accessn.接近;进入f_____adj容易理解的(access+-ible);

8.informvt.通知—_____adj提供有用信息的(inform+-ative);

9.currentadj.当前的f___________adv当前(current+-ly);

10.structuren.结构f_____adj有条理的(structure+-d);

11.educatevt.教育—_____adj受过教目的(educate+-d);

12.academicadj.学术的f_____adj非学术上的(un-+academic);

13.existvi.存在f_____adj现行的(exist+-ing);

14.definevt.下定义,限制f_____n定义(define+-ition);

二、考纲词汇识词知意

1.givenprep______(give+-en);

2.transformV___(trans-+form);

3.complicatedadj________(complicate+-d);

4.professionaladj__________(profession+-al)n专业人士;

5.generationn___(generate+-ion);

6.humanityn_(human+-ity);

7.roadmapn_(road+map);

8.forthcomingadj_____(forth+coming);

9.sidelineV___(side+line);

10.extinction-leveladj____(extinction+level);

11.downfalln___(down+fall);

12.ill-intentionedadj_____(ill+intention+-ed);

13.down-to-earthadj_____(down+to+earth)

14.potentialn

15.poseV

16.processV

17.powerV

18.academicn

19.capableadj

20.dominantadj

21.essentialadj

22.pointH_

23.competentadj

24.featuren

25.prioradj

26.clarifyY

27.honory

28.outstandingadi

三、高频短语厚积薄发

1.takeaction

2.artificialintelligence

3.comein

4.addressthechallenges

5.translate...into...

6.froma...angle

7.makefor

8.bytheclose

9.setouttodosth

10.raiseawarenessof

11.keepcontrolof

12.riskdoingsth

13.wakeup

14.beresponsiblefor

15.onthesame

16.panout

17.globalregulation

18.enablesbtodosth

19.bepackedwith

20.step-by-stepinstruction

21.beintendedforsb/sth

22.urgesbtodosth

23.makejointeffortstodosth

24.keepsthundercontrol

25.giveabriefaccountof

26.atippingpoint

27.inthewronghands

28.Itisessentialthat...shoulddo...一

四、核心考点单句填空

1.(give)theastonishingpotentialofAI(transform)ourlives,weallneedtotakeaction

(deal)withourAl-poweredfuture.

2.AndthisisAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.

3.This(absorb)newbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmap(address)the

challenges(pose)bytheforthcomingAIrevolution(变革).

4.Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessthecomputercode(代码)

thatpowersAIbut,(thankful),Campbellhasmorethantwodecades5professionalexperience

translatingtheheadytheunderstandable.

5.Shewritesthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,(make)

foraguidewhichis(high)accessibleand(inform)andwhich,bytheclose,willmake

youfeelalmostassmartasAL

6.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,

(move)fromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”ArtificialGeneralIntelligence.

7.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisisCampbellhassetout

toraise(aware)ofAIand(it)futurenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopments

(expect)totakeplace.

8.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orrisk(sideline)andperhaps

even(bad).

9.CampbeirspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-

sotheyareonthesamepagealltheexpertscurrently(develop)it.

10.Sheexplainswearea"tippingpoint“inhistoryandmustactnow(prevent)an

extinction-leveleventforhumanity.

11.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAl(pan)out.

12.Such(structure)thinking,(follow)byglobalregulation,willenableus

(achieve)greatnessratherthanourdownfall.

13.AIwillaffect(we)all,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.

五、难点突破

1.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichis

highlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.

【翻译】她从商业人士(而非学者)的实用角度出发,使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富,读完之后,你

会觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。

【分析】句子主干是:Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic;making

for...asAI是非谓语短语作伴随状语,其中嵌入两个which引导的定语从句,都修饰先行词guide。

2.CampbelPspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sothey

areonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.

【翻译】坎贝尔希望唤醒那些掌握着人工智能力量的人一一科技公司和世界领导人一一让他们与目前所有

开发人工智能的专家达成共识。

【分析】-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-作those的同位语,后面responsibleforAI是形容词短

语作定语,后边sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit是so引导的并列句表示结

果,thesame...as…是定语从句,表示“和一样",currentlydevelopingit作定语修饰名词experts。

六、长难句分析

人工智能拥有改变我们生活的惊人潜力,因此我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来。《人工

智能设计:与人工智能共存的计划》这本书恰逢其时,为我们指明了方向。这本引人入胜的新书由卡特里

奥娜•坎贝尔撰写,为我们提供了一份实用的路线图,旨在应对即将到来的AI革命所带来的挑战。

如果对人工智能缺乏了解,那么这本书读起来可能就像理解复杂的计算机代码一样困难。幸运的是,

坎贝尔拥有超过二十年的专业经验,能够将复杂的概念转化为通俗易懂的语言。她从商人的实用视角而非

学术角度出发进行写作,这使得这本书非常易读且信息丰富。读完之后,你会觉得自己对人工智能的理解

已经今非昔比。

正如我们很快从《人工智能设计》中了解到的,人工智能已经非常聪明,而且会变得更加强大,从目

前的“狭义人工智能”发展到通用人工智能。坎贝尔认为,在此基础上,最终会出现超级人工智能。这就

是为什么坎贝尔现在就着手提高人们对人工智能及其未来的认识一一远早于这些发展预计发生的几十年之

前。她认为,我们必须控制人工智能,否则我们可能会被边缘化,甚至面临更糟糕的命运。

坎贝尔希望唤醒那些掌握着人工智能力量的人一一科技公司和世界领导人一一让他们与目前所有开发

人工智能的专家达成共识。她解释说,我们正处于历史的“转折点”,现在必须采取行动,防止人类走向灭

绝。我们需要认真思考,希望人工智能将我们带向怎样的未来。这种结构化的思考,再加上全球范围内的

监管,将使我们能够借助人工智能的力量创造辉煌,而不是走向毁灭。

人工智能将影响我们所有人。如果你只想读一本关于人工智能的书,那就读这本吧。

六、三年真题

[2023年新课标II卷阅读理解D篇】

Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.If

you'relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit'sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatare

relativelywild.

Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildness

inurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.

Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemto

submitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthen

examinedthesesubmissions,coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,oneparticipant9s

experienceof6iWesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile"wasassignedthecategories"sittingatbeach^^

and"listeningtowaves.^^

Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage“begantoemerge.

Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.These

includeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.

Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartinthe

activitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeof

watermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,

theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.

"We'retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.

Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,“saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthor

ofthestudy.

12.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?

A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.

B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.

C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.

D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.

13.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?

A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.

B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.

C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.

D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors5summaries.

14.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?

A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.

B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.

C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.

D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.

15.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?

A.Languagestudy.

B.Environmentalconservation.

C.Publiceducation.

D.Interculturalcommunication.

[2022年新课标II卷阅读理解D篇】

Asweage,evenifwe'rehealthy,theheartjustisn'tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmost

peoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon'texercise,thechangescanstart

evensooner.

“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedry

andeasilybroken,saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That'swhathappenstotheheart.

Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven'tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettingin

shapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.

Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwere

otherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramof

nonaerobic(无氧)exercise-balancetrainingandweighttraining-threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdid

high-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,the

secondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.

“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,9,saysLevine."Andthe

reasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmore

bloodduringexercise.9,Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn'tchange,hesays.

“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven'talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhas

flexibility,Levinesays."Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothing

happenedtothematall.^^

Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine'sfindingsareagreatstart.

Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspects

ofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.

32.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?

A.Therightwayofexercising.B.Thecausesofaheartattack.

C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit.D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.

33.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?

A.Dietplan.B.Professionalbackground.

C.Exercisetype.D.Previousphysicalcondition.

34.WhatdoesLevine'sresearchfind?

A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.

B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.

C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.

D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.

35.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?

A.Makinguseofthefindings.B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.

C.Conductingfurtherresearch.D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.

[2021年新课标II卷阅读理解D篇】

AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcould

bringbigchangestoaprofessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalabor

shortage.

SalahSukkarieh,aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney,seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhowcattlemenareaging.

Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillrunonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorsto

monitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags(标签)

ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape,

colorandtexture(质地)ofgrass.Thatway,cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanother

fieldfornutritionpurposes.

Machineshavelargelytakenoverplanting,wateringandharvestingcropssuchascomandwheat,butthe

monitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.

ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds,itsincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.But

Bondsdoesn*tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry-andfailedattemptstouse

technology-haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds,whoboughthis

firstcattlealmost50yearsago,stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatan

animalisgettingsick.

Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelseyParis,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen's

Association,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptin

remoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen,makingthemappealingtargets.

32.Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?

A.Soilpollution.B.Lackofworkers.

C.Agingmachines.D.Lowprofitability.

33.WhatwillSukkarieh'srobotbeabletodo?

A.Monitorthequalityofgrass.B.Curethediseasedcattle.

C.Movecattletoanotherfield.D.Predictweatherchanges.

34.WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?

A.Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.

B.Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.

C.Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.

D.Heenjoysthetraditionalwayoflife.

35.HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?

A.Increasethevalueofcattle.B.Bringdownthecostoflabor.

C.Makethejobmoreappealing.D.Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.

七、满分策略

阅读理解说明文满分策略

一、细读文章重点

关注文章结构;文章主题句;各段首末句;体现作者观点态度的词句。

二、明确说明对象

通读全文,明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概

括、总结每一段说明的侧重点,理清各段之间的逻辑联系,加深对说明对象的理解。

三、弄清说明顺序

在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序,就能

准确把握文章的脉络,加深对整篇文章的理解。

四、把握作者态度

说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和

观点,要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩,来对比作者态度和写作情感。

五、吃透长难句子

学会运用括号法分析长难句,把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来,

从而达到“去枝叶,留主干”的目的,进而准确理解句子含义。

六、学会适当放弃

无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词,如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可

略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词,阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字

母代替,不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。

说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些?

L话题较陌生。

这些文章从专业的角度解释说明一个现象或一项研究结果,和考生的实际生活有一定的距离。

2.专业术语多。

高考说明文含有一定量的专业术语。2019年北京高考卷D篇就包含多个专业术语:marinemicroorganism,

concentration,giveoffoxygen,nutrients,makeconditionsriper,foodchain,phytoplankton,carbondioxide,

regulate,climatemodel,foodweb,statisticallyo这些和生物、环境等相关的词汇,如海底微生物、浓度、

释放氧气、营养物质、食物链等,都是日常生活交流中不常涉及的。

3.长难句子多。

因为文章直接取材于期刊文章或者研究报告,所以说明文的另外一个特点是长难句子多。如2017年北

京高考卷C篇的句子:Thisiscalled“herdimmunity,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,including

thosewhocan'tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopleonwhomthe

vaccinedoesn'twork.这句话主干是一个简短的主系表结构,但后边附加了which引导的非限定性定语从句,

而这个从句中又包含一个who引导的限定性定语从句,后面的介词短语中也包含了who引导的限定性定语

从句。在有限的考试时间内,复杂的句子结构给考生准确理解句意带来了困难。

4.词汇有新义。

每一篇说明文中都会包含一些考生熟悉的词汇,但在新的语境中它们变换了含义。2019年北京高考卷

有句话中包含一个简单的词语project:StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChange

Science,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury,project被大家熟知的意

思是“项目”,但在这句话中变成了动词,表示“预测,推想”。如果考生对project的理解还停留在“项目”

上,就不能很好地理解句意了。

阅读理解说明文答题策略

1.把握介绍或阐述的主体。

通过文章第一段迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。英语文章,尤其是说明文和议论文,最大的特点

就是开门见山,作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点铺平直叙出来。

2.关注每一段的段首句。

关注每一段的段首句,确认段落的主旨大意。就像文章的开篇段落告诉读者文章的主旨大意一样,第

一段落的第一句话通常也起到同样的作用。

3.关注每一段的段尾句。

前两项策略已经被大多数考生广泛应用在阅读中。但除了关注篇首段落和段首句子之外,也不能忽视

段尾句。一个段落由三个部分组成:topicsentence(主旨句),supportingdetails(支撑细节),和concluding

sentence(总结句)。在段落结尾,作者会用不同的表达方式重申主旨句,但从篇章整体来看,在每个段落结

尾出现的句子还起到承上启下的作用,作者会借助这个句子引出下文。

4.关注文章中出现的问题。

说明文的本质是对一个事物进行阐述,但在平铺直叙的语言中,还会有问句出现。这些问句不仅仅是

简单的疑问句,而是作者有意为之,答案就出现在后文。

阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息:

A.说明的对象

B.说明对象的特征

C.说明的方法(例证法;定义法;分类法;因果关系法;比较对照法;过程分析法)

①例证法

这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现

人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用

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