【最高考】2021高考英语(江苏)语法精讲+精练：专题一-名词和冠词常考点-

专题一名词和冠词常考点把握名词的可数和不行数性、可数名词的复数、名词作定语以及名词的全部格形式的用法。特殊留意名词词义辨析和名词固定短语的运用。近些年考查名词的题目，在设问方面更趋精细化。冠词主要考查坚固的基础学问和机敏使用冠词的力量。冠词的用法简单，要弄清句子中的单数名词、复数名词或不行数名词的泛指、特指、类指、专指的概念。做题时，首先要搞清名词是单数还是复数，是特指还是泛指，留意复数名词、不行数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词，单数名词前要加不定冠词。名词eq\a\vs4\al(1)名词的数1.单数名词变为复数名词常考点：①以－o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加－s，但是下列以－o结尾的名词要加－es：hero，tomato，potato，Negro(黑人)。②以－f或－fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加－s，但下列以－f或－fe结尾的名词变为复数时，需把f或fe去掉，加－ves：half，－self，wife，life，knife，shelf，wolf，thief，leaf，loaf。③合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，假如没有主体名词，则将最终一部分变为复数。如：passers－by，go－betweens，lookers－on，mothers－in－law。2.下列名词通常作不行数名词：fun，advice，progress，information，equipment，luggage，weather，furniture等。3.有些名词的复数形式可表示特殊的意义。如：waters(水域)，sands(沙滩)，manners(礼貌)，times(时代)，spirits(心情；烈酒)，contents(名目)，customs(海关)，lines(台词)，arms(武器)，looks(容貌)。4.单复数同形的名词。如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，series，means，works。用所给词的适当形式填空：①________(leaf)turngreeninspring.②Hegainedhis________(wealth)byprinting________(work)offamouswriters.③Therearetwo________(Chinese)，three________(Englishman)andfour________(German)intheteam.④Whatgreat________(fun)itis!⑤Heasked________(passer－by)forhelp.【答案】①Leaves②wealth；works③Chinese；Englishmen；Germans④fun⑤passers－byeq\a\vs4\al(2)名词的格1.全部格的含义：①表示所属。如：Tom'scar。②表示类别。如：awomen'scollege。③表示动作的执行者或承受者。如：theteacher'spraise。2.全部格有两种不同的形式：在名词末尾加－'s构成，多用来表示有生命的东西；由介词of加名词构成，多用来表示无生命的东西。但是在下列几种状况下，由－'s构成的全部格也可表示无生命的东西：①表时间。如：fiveweeks'holiday。②表自然现象。如：theearth'satmosphere。③表国家、城市等地方的名词。如：China'spopulation。④表工作群体。如：theship'screw。⑤表度量衡及价值。如：twentypounds'weight。3.双重全部格的用法：①表示部分概念，of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词a，an，one，two，some，several，afew，many，any，no等。如：afriendofmine/mybrother's/hers/his/theirs。②表示观赏或厌恶等感情颜色时，of所修饰的名词前面通常有指示代词this，that，these，those等。如：thislittlecarofyoursister's。4.区分：TomandHenry'smother(只有一位母亲)Tom'sandHenry'smothers(有两位母亲)完成下列句子：①—Iwonderwhosebicycleitis.—Itmustbe________(我老师的)．②YesterdayIwasinvitedtodinnerat________(White家)．③UncleJackis______________________(我妈妈的一个伴侣)．④________________________(你妹妹的这只猫)isreallyadear.⑤Iwillhavea________________(五天的假期)．【答案】①myteacher's②theWhites'③afriendofmymother's④Thiscatofyoursister's⑤fivedays'holiday/five－dayholidayeq\a\vs4\al(3)名词作定语1.当名词作定语时，一般用单数形式，即使在意义上是复数(如：shoes)或总作复数的名词(如：trousers)，也是如此。如：ashoeshop，trouserpockets，toothbrushes。但也有例外，它们是：sports，customs，arms，clothes，sales和accounts。如：asportscar，acustomsofficer，aclothesshop，asalesdirector。2.“man/woman＋名词”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变为复数。如：menteachers，womendoctors。3.名词作定语表示用途、性能、材料等。如：astonebridge(一座石头桥)，astreetlight(一盏街灯)。完成下列句子：①Hedroppedthe________(咖啡杯)andbrokeit.②The________(自行车店)isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon'tmissit.【答案】①coffeecup②bikeshop冠词eq\a\vs4\al(1)不定冠词①表示泛指。如：Asquarehasfoursides.②表示“相同的”，与thesame同义。如：Theyareofanage.＝Theyare(of)thesameage.③表示“某一”，与acertain同义(与专出名词连用)。如：AMr.Smithiswaitingtoseeyou.④在某些物质名词前表示“一种、一阵、一份、一场”等。如：Wehadaheavyrainlastnight.⑤用在某些抽象名词前，使其具体化。如：Youareagreathelptome.⑥有些不行数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of时，前面需用不定冠词。如：Ihaveonlyalimitedknowledgeofcomputer.⑦独一无二的东西前有修饰词时，表示属于某一类或表示某一种特殊的状况。如：afullmoon,apeacefulworld。⑧固定搭配。如：ataloss(不知所措)，amatterof(一个……的问题)，allofasudden(突然)，inahurry/inarush(匆忙忙忙)，haveagiftfor(有……的天赋)，onceinawhile(间或)，atadistance(隔一段距离)，awasteof(铺张……)，givesb.alift/ride(让某人搭车)，haveapopulationof(有……的人口)，haveawordwithsb.(和某人交谈)。用适当的冠词填空：①Iearn10dollars________houras________supermarketcashieronSaturdays.②Theteacheraskedustowrite________800－word－longcomposition.③Iknow________JohnLennon，butnot________oneyouknow.④Theyaretwins，sotheyareof________age.⑤Hehas________finecollectionofpaintings.⑥Thepowersupplywascutoff.Allof________sudden，thelightswentout.【答案】①an；a②an③a；the④an⑤a⑥aeq\a\vs4\al(2)定冠词①特指上文提到过、谈话双方都清楚的、受定语修饰的人或物。如：IlikemusicbutIdon'tlikethemusicofthefilm.②表示整个类属。如：Thetigerisindangerofbecomingextinct.③用于世界上独一无二的事物、某些专出名词、由一般名词构成的专出名词、阶级、党派、组织及表示方位的名词前。留意方位名词的用法：move(tothe)south。④在序数词和最高级前。如：Lesson9isamostdifficultlessonbutitisnotthemostdifficultlessoninthebook.⑤在乐器名词前、表示姓氏的复数名词前、逢整十数词的复数词、朝代前。如：theBlacks。⑥在句型“动词＋sb.＋介词＋身体某一部位”中的身体某一部位前的the不行用人称代词代替。如：takesb.bythearm，hitsb.intheface。此外，beredintheface(脸红)，belameintherightleg(右腿瘸)，beblindintheeye(眼瞎)等结构中，名词前也要用the。⑦在创造前。如：Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone?⑧用于一些形容词前，表示一类人或物。如：Therich/old/sick/unemployed(are...)Thenew/beautifulunexplained(is...)⑨用于江、河、湖、海、洋、水道、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾、沙漠等专出名词前。如：theRedSea，theEnglishChannel。⑩固定搭配。如：makethemostof(充分利用)，bytheday(按日计算)，onthewhole(大体上)，mostofthetime(大多数时候)，theotherday(几天前)，ontheradio/phone/computer(在电台/电话/电脑里)，forthetimebeing(临时)，onthespot(当场)，notintheleast＝notatall(一点也不)，inthedistance(在远处)，gotothecinema(去看电影)，totellthetruth(说实话)。用适当的冠词填空：①Manypeoplearestillin________habitofwritingsillythingsin________publicplaces.②________Greensareattable.③Shehithimin________face.④Hewashitbyafallingtreeandkilledon________spot.【答案】①the；/②The③the④theeq\a\vs4\al(3)零冠词①当复数名词和不行数名词表示泛指时。如：naturaldisasters，seniorcitizens，floodcontrol。②成对名词连用时。如：dayafterday，facetoface，heartandsoul。③可数名词单数在系动词turn后作表语，以及在as或though引导的倒装让步状语从句中作表语。如：Hewasadoctorbeforeheturnedwriter.Childasheis，heknowsalot.④在球类、棋类、学科、语言、一日三餐、头衔职务(作表语、同位语、补语)等名词前。如：Englishisverybeautiful.＝TheEnglishlanguageisverybeautiful.IusuallyhavelunchathomebutIhadapackedlunchyesterday.Thechairmanofthemeetingiscoming.Mr.Li，chairmanofthemeeting，iscoming.⑤在季节、月份、某些含day的节假日、星期、城市、国家等名词前。如：Hewasborninautumn.Hewasbornintheautumnof1990.Hewasbornina_coldautumn.IthappenedonSunday.IthappenedonaSundaylastmonth.ShanghaiisconsideredtheNewYorkofChina.⑥在“at＋时间名词”“by＋交通工具/通信工具”中。如：atfour(在四点钟)，bybike(骑自行车)。⑦man(＝mankind)，word(口信，消息)前通常不加冠词。⑧“by＋the＋具体的计算单位名词”，表示“按/以/论……”，但是size，weight，time这类名词和by连用时前不用加定冠词。如：Eggsaresoldbythedozen.Eggsaresoldbyweight.⑨在“kind/sort/typeof＋名词”结构中。如：Thiskindofapplesellswell.⑩名词前已有限定词this/that/those/her/your/a/an/no/whose等。如：heronlyson。eq\o(○,\s\up1(11))beof＋抽象名词(use/importance/help/value/interest/benefit)。eq\o(○,\s\up1(12))固定搭配。如：onsecondthought(s)(重新思考后)，cometopower＝takeoffice(上台)，indebt(欠债)，inplaceof(代替)，outofwork(失业中)，makeroomfor(为……腾让空间)，introuble(处在逆境中)，inuse(在使用中)，cometolight(真相大白)，bymistake(弄错)，atwar(在交战中)，onboard(在船/飞机/车上)。[注]几组词的区分：incharge/control/possession/commandof(管理/把握/拥有/把握)inthecharge/control/possession/commandof(由……管理/把握/拥有/把握)inprison/hospital(在坐牢/住院)intheprison/hospital(在监狱/医院里)incaseof(以防万一)inthecaseof(就……来说)byday(在白天)bytheday(按日计算)gotosea(当船员；出航)gotothesea(去海边)outofquestion(毫无疑问，肯定，当然)outofthequestion(不行能)threeofus(我们中的三人)thethreeofus(我们这三人)takeplace(发生，进行)taketheplaceof(取代)onearth(到底，到底)ontheearth(在世界上)inoffice(在职，当权)intheoffice(在办公室里)用适当的冠词填空：①Helikestotalkon________phonewhileIpreferwriting________letters.②Waterischangedinto________steambyheatandinto________icebycold.③Hasheturned________scientist?④Mr.Liis________chairmanofthemeeting.⑤Thedietismeasuredin________calories，whilethefoodissoldby________pound.【答案】①the；/②/；/③/④/⑤/；the1.(2022·江苏卷)Shewasputunderhousearresttwoyearsagobutremainedapowerful________inlastyear'selection.A.symbolB.portraitC.identityD.statue2.(2022·浙江卷)Thepaperisduenextmonth,andIamworkingsevendays________week,oftenlonginto________night.A.a;theB.the;/C.a;aD./;the3.(2022·天津卷)Lifeislike________ocean;only________strong－willedcanreachtheothershore.A.an;theB.the;aC.the;/D./;a4.(2022·重庆卷)Ican'ttellyou________waytotheWilson'sbecausewedon'thave________Wilsonhereinthevillage.A.the;aB.a;/C.a;theD.the;/5.(2022·浙江卷)Wemostprefertosayyestothe________ofsomeoneweknowandlike.A.attemptsB.requestsC.doubtsD.promises6.(2021·江西卷)Animalsareobviously________lowerformoflifethan________man.A.a;/B.the;theC.a;theD./;/7.(2021·全国新课标卷)Indiaattained________independencein1947，after________longstruggle.A./;aB.the;aC.an;/D.an;the8.(2021·江苏卷)Withinspirationfromotherfoodcultures，Americanfoodculturecantakea________forthebetter.A.shareB.chanceC.turnD.lead9.(2022·浙江卷)Thedevelopmentofindustryhasbeen________gradualprocessthroughout________humanexistence，fromstonetoolstomoderntechnology.A./;theB.the;aC.a;/D.a;a10.(2022·重庆卷)Samhasbeenappointed________manageroftheengineeringdepartmenttotake________placeofGeorge.A./;/B.the;/C.the;theD./;the【答案】1.A2.A3.A4.A5.B6.A7.A8.C9.C10.D1.Iwastoldthat________10：15flightwouldtakeustoShanghaiintimetoreach________FudanUniversity.A.the；/B.the；aC.a；theD．/；the2.Oneof________outstandingqualitiesrequiredisself－discipline，________qualityIlack.A./；aB.the；/C.the；aD.an；the3.Givingupmyjobtogobacktofull－timeeducationwasabig________，butnowIknowitwasthebestdecisionIevermade.A.projectB.commitmentC.competitionD.ambition4.AngelaandAjaniwillpickupthemarriage________aftertheymetonlineseveraltimes，whichisnotsensible.A.acquisitionB.identificationC.certificateD.qualification5.Anyhelpfromyouwillbegreatlyappreciated.Pleasegivemeareplyatyourearliest________．A.interruptionB.instructionC.considerationD.convenience6.Jackhad________feelingofexcitementwhenhearinghisarticlehadbeenpublishedin________schoolmagazine.A.the；aB.a；theC./；theD.the；/7.TheDayoftheDead，anancientMexicanfestival，isnotasadday，but________timetocelebrate________cycleoflife.A.a；theB./；theC./；aD.the；a8.Lastmonth，thousandsofworkersinthatcitywenton________strike，demandinglowertaxesand________endtocuttingstaffmembers.A.a；theB.a；anC./；anD./；the9.Infaceof________failure，itisthemostimportanttokeepup________goodstateofmind.A.a；/B./；aC.the；/D./；the10.—Theweatherisn'tgoodenoughforanouting，isit?—No.Wecan'thave________atthistimeoftheyear.A.anicerdayB.aworsedayC.aworstdayD.sofineaday11.Itwason________Sundayin________Julyof2009thatthefamousscholarofChinesetraditionalculture，JiXianlin，passedaway.A./；/B./；theC.a；theD.a；a12.Modernsocietyisbuiltontheconceptthatallhumanbeingsarebornfreeandequalin________andrights.A.dignityB.qualityC.abilityD.identity13.Nowadaysseniorhighschoolstudentsareburdenedwithtoomany________，whichismakingthemlessandlessconfident.A.motivationsB.expectationsC.amusementsD.opportunities14.WhenCaptainCooklandedinNewZealandin1769，hetook________possessionofitin________nameoftheBritishCrown.A.the；theB.the；/C./；/D./；the15.I'm________ChineseandIdofeel________Chineselanguageis________mostbeautifulone.A./；the；aB.a；/；theC.a；the；/D.a；/；a16.Ashereached________frontdoor，Jacksaw________strangesight.A.the；/B.a；theC./；aD.the；a17.Expertsthinkthat________recentlydiscoveredpaintingmaybe________Picasso.A.the；/B.a；theC.a；theD.the；a18.—Hesaysthatmynewcarisa________ofmoney.—Don'tyouthinkthosewordsarejustsourgrapes?A.lackB.loadC.questionD.waste19.Carlisstudying________foodscienceatcollegeandhopestoopenup________mealprocessingfactoryofhisownoneday.A./;aB./;theC.the;aD.the;the20.Hewillcometounderstandyoureffortssoonerorlater.It'sjustamatterof________．A.luckB.valueC.timeD.fact21.In________faceofincreasingenergylimits,Chinaneeds________majorbreakthroughinminingandexploration.A.a;aB.the;aC./;theD./;/22.Itisthoughtthat________customofcolouringeggswasbroughttoEuropeduring________MiddleAges.A.the;theB.a;/C.a;theD.the;/23.WithChina'srisingeconomy,________carisb