厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷13

厦门大学考博英语模拟试卷13

一、词汇（本题共30题，每题7.0分，共30分。）

1、Thechildwassoingenuousthatevenwhensheknockedthetelevisionoffitsstandso

thatitwasirreparablydamaged,herparentsthoughthertobecharming.

A、intelligent

B>ingenious

C、adroit

D、naive

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题中，ingenuous的意思是“坦白的，直率的"。D项naive“天真的”

符合题意,其他三项intelligent“聪明的"，ingenious“机灵的"，adroit“敏捷的"都不

正确。

2、Readingbecamedifficultfortheoldlady,sotheopticianherapairofglasses

tomakeherreadingpossible.

A^proscribed

B、inscribed

C^prescribed

D^described

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题空格处是说眼镜商为这位年老的女士配了一副眼镜。

prescribe”规定，开（药）'符合题意，如：Thedoctorprescribedradiotherapyfor

him.（医生要他做放射治疗。）其他三项proscribe"禁止”，inscribe“记卜”，

describe“描述，形容''都不正确。

3、Formanypeople,overeatingandoverspendingarcastoChristmasascandles

andholly.

A、integral

B、suitable

C、inevitable

D、compatible

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题中，A项integral”整体的，组成的，必备的''符合题意，如：

Steelisanintegralpartofamodernskyscraper.（钢铁是现代摩天大厦的主干。）其他

三项suitable”适当的，相配的"，inevitable”不可避免的"，compatible”协调的"都不

正确。

4、ThousandsofpeoplefromGreeceeveryyeartoworkinWestGermany.

A^emigrate

B、leave

C、abandon

D、immigrate

标准答案：A

知识点解析:emigrate迁居（外国）；leave离开;abandon放弃；immigrate移入c

5、Theconversationwassointerestingthatwewereofthelatenessofthehour.

A、generous

credulous

C^gorgeous

D、oblivious

标准答案：D

知识点解析：（oblivious忘却的）。句意为：谈话很有趣，以致于我们忘记时间已经

很晚了。A.generous慷慨的；B.credulous轻信的；D.gorgeous豪华的。

6、Wewerefrightenedbytheofthecrowd.

A、hospitality

B、honesty

C、humanity

D、hostility

标准答案：D

知识点解析：hospitality好客，盛情；honesiy诚实；humanity仁慈；hoslilily敌意

7、Sincetheearlynineties,thetrendinmostbusinesseshasbeentowardon-

demand,always-availableproductsandsenicesthatsuitthecustomer'sratherthan

thecompany's.

A、benefit

B、availability

C、suitability

D、convenience

标准答案：D

知识点解析：suitsb."convenience是常见用法，表示“照顾某人的方便因此，

答案为D。

8、Whataboutthatarticleinthenewspaperwasthatitswritershowedan

attitudecoolenough,professionalenoughand,therefore,cruelenoughwhenfacingthat

disaster-strickenfamily.

A、workedmeout

B、knockedmeout

C、broughtmeup

D、putmeforward

标准答案：B

知识点解析：knock...out在这里表示“使…震惊”，符合题意。其他短语的意

思分别是：workout算出，解决；bringup教育，培养；putforward提出，推举。

9、Ourcorporation'sobligationunderthisislimitedtorepairorreplacement.

A、warranty

B、license

C、market

D^necessity

标准答案：A

知识点解析：A项warranty意为“保证书”；B项license意为“执照”；C项market意

为“市场”；D项necessity意为“必需品

10、Aftertheconcert,theclean-upcrewfoundthegroundwithpapers,bottlesand

cans.

A、scrubbed

used

C、littered

D、dispersed

标准答案：C

知识点解析：四个选项的意思分别是scrubbed"擦净，拭去”；used“使用，利用”；

littered”乱丢，乱扔，使……到处都是（常与with连用,常用被动语态）句意是,

音乐会结束后，清洁工作人员发现地上到处都是纸屑和瓶罐等垃圾。根据句子意思

推出正确答案是C选项。

11、Inhistofurtherknowledgeoftheuniverse,manhasnowbeguntoexplore

space.

A、attempt

B、expedition

C>trial

D、chase

标准答案：D

知识点解析:chase追求，追赶;attempt努力,尝试;expedition远征，探险；trial

试验。

12^Thelocalauthoritiesseemedtofortheaccidenttakingplacelastweek.

A、share

B、take

C、criticize

D、blame

标准答案：D

知识点解析：各项的意思是：share”均分,共有，分享”；takefor”认为，以为”;

criticize”批评，责备"；blame”责备,谴责”。空格处的意思是:应对发生的事故受

到谴责。

13、Thepolicetoemergenciesinjustafewminuteswhentheaccidenthappened.

A、responded

B>replied

C、adjusted

D^appealed

标准答案：A

知识点解析：各项的意思是：respond(to)”回答,响应，作出反应”；reply”回击,反

响,回答“；adjust"调整，使适应于，校准"；appeal”求助,诉请，要求”。空格处

的意思是：对紧急事件做出反应。

14、BecauseofthecurrencyappreciationofRMB,manypeopledollaragainst

RMB.

A、ranover

B、ranon

Cxranthrough

D、ranoff

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

15、Haven'tItoldyouIdon'twantyoukeepingwiththoseawfulriding-about

bicycleboys.?

A、company

B、acquaintance

C、friends

D、place

标准答案：A

知识点解析：keepcompanywithsomeone是惯用法，表示“与某人为伴、交往”,用

在此，句子的意思是“我不是告诉过你，我不想让你和那些骑着自行车到处跑的讨

厌的男孩们来往吗?”再例如：Neverkeepcompanyvzithdishonestpersons.(永远不

要与不诚实的人交往。［keepfriendswithsomebody意为“与某人保持友好关系''，此

处不如keepcompanywithsomebody意义确切；acquaintance指“人际关系”，常用于

makesomebody'sacquaintance结构中，意为“初次结识某人"；place可以用于keepa

placeforsomeone,意为“为某人占位子

16、Whathehadinmindtonothinglessthanatotalreversalofthetraditional

roleoftheexecutive.

A^contributed

B、dedicated

C、amounted

D^added

标准答案：C

知识点解析：amoumio等于或相当于，句意为“他脑子里想的无非是一种与传统执

政者完全相悖的角色contributeto促使发生;dedicateto将（时间、精力等）奉

献给（工作或事业）；add...to…使……增添……。

17、Whenhearrived,hefoundtheagedandthesickathome.

A^nonebut

B>noneotherthan

C^nothingbut

D^nootherthan

标准答案：A

知识点解析：nonebut和nothingbut意义相同，都作only讲，但用法不同，none

but修饰人,而nothingbut多半修饰事物。

18、Acompleteinvestigationintothecausesoftheaccidentshouldleadtoimproved

standardsandshouldnewoperatingprocedures.

Axresultin

B、matchwith

C、subjectto

D、proceedwith

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题的四个选项中，A项resultin的意思是“导致，结果是"，B项

matchwith的意思是“相配；结合（成为夫妇）“，C项subjectto的意思是“容易遭受；

受……管制”，D项proceedwith的意思是“继续进行”。

19、CoachGreenallowedJohntojointhebasketballteamalthough,,hewasnot

tallenough.

A^economically

B>technically

C^methodically

D、intellectually

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

20、Theofaculturalphenomenonisusuallyalogicalconsequenceofsome

physicalaspectinthelifestyleofthepeople.

A、implementation

B、manifestation

C、demonstration

D、expedition

标准答案：B

知识点解析：manifestation表现；implementation实施，实现，执行；demonstration

示威游行；表演；expedition远征；探险。句意:一种文化现象的具体表现形式，

通常是人们生活方式中某一物质方面所产生的必然结果。

21、WhenGrahamdidn'tcomehomefromschool,wewereverywordedabouthim.But

fortunatelyhecametono.

A、injury

B、hurt

C、harm

D、damage

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查injury,hurt,hairn的辨析。haim损害，多指对肉体、精神

方面的伤害，也指对财物的+员害。come【。noharm为固定搭配，意为未遭不幸。

injury伤害，较正式，指意外事故对肉体的伤害，也可指对权利、价值、名声、精

神等的损害。hurt伤害，多指有病感的肉体伤害。damage损坏，多用于指物（包括

抽象事物），指部分地损坏某一事物，使其不能正常发挥作用。句意：当格莱汉姆

没从学校回家时，我们很担心他，但幸运的是他没出什么事。

22、Anewbabyandanewjobcanbeequally.

A、tremendous

B、intensive

C、demanding

D、overwhelming

标准答案：C

知识点解析：C项“demanding要求高的，需要技能的，很费心的''符合题意。如：

exhaustedbyademandingjob（被一件劳神的工作弄得精疲力竭）。其他三项“A项

tremendous巨大的;B项intensive集中的，加强的;D项overwhelming巨大的,势

不可挡的''都不正确。本题意为“照顾新生婴儿和从事新工作一样费心费力:因此

C项为正确答案。

23Thisproblemshouldbediscussedfirst,forittakesoveralltheotherissues.

A^precedence

B、prosperity

C^presumption

D^probability

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

24、ThesepeopleactivelytrytowhattheybelievetobebadEnglishand

assiduouslycultivatewhattheyhopetobegoodEnglish.

A、suppress

B>regress

C^enhance

D、revive

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

25、Clarkfeltthathisinoneofthemostdramaticmedicalexperimentsofall

timewasworththesufferingheunderwent.

A、presentation

B、panicipation

C、apprehension

D^appreciation

标准答案：B

知识点解析：（participalion参与）。句意为：克拉克觉得他参加了一次有史以来最为

激动人心的医学实验，也经历的痛苦是值得的。A.preseniation展示，描述；

C.apprehension理解，领悟；D.appreciation欣赏。

26、Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinfixedsequenceandataconstant

age,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoturnsouttobe

ofhighIQ.

A、eventually

B、automatically

C^decidedly

D、inversely

标准答案：A

知识点解析：evenlually最后，终于；automatically自动地；decidedly断然地；明

确地；inversely相反地；倒转地。

27、Nxeledenouncedsorcery,adultery,,incest,extortion,andmurder;hewould

noteatpreparedfood,whichhesaidwasunclean,andstoppeddrinkingmilk.

A、monogamy

B、monologue

C、polygamy

D^polygene

标准答案：C

知识点解析：C项polygamy意为“一夫多妻，一妻多夫"，根据空格处的意思

“Nxele谴责巫术、通奸、多配偶、乱伦、勒索和谋杀”，故选C。A项

monogamy44一夫一妻制”；B项monologue“独白，独角戏''；D项polygene”多基

因“，均不符合题意。

28、AlthoughAsiancountriesaregenerallymoreinsocialcustomsthanwestern

countries,therehavebeenseveralnotableexamplesofwomenleadersinbothChinaand

India.

A、comprehensible

B、conspicuous

C、conservative

D、conscientious

标准答案：C

知识点解析：comprehensible可理解的；conspicuous明显的，显著的；conservative

保守的，传统的；conscieniious诚实的;认真的。

29>Untiltheconstitutionis,thepowertoappointministerswillremainwiththe

president.

A、corrected

amended

C、remedied

D、revised

标准答案：B

知识点解析：句子大意为：任命部长的权利将一直属于总统，除非宪法修改。本题

考查近义词辨析。在给出的选项中：correct“改正"；amend“修正”，可与表示法案

的词搭配；remedy“纠正"；revise“修改”。所以，正确答案是B。

30、Thousandsofatthestadiumcametotheirfeettopaytributetoanoutstanding

performance.

A、audience

participants

C、spectators

D、observers

标准答案：C

知识点解析：audience和spectator均指观众，但有区别。前者多用于对演讲类表演

的观看；后者则多用于表示观看节目和运动类事件。

二、阅读理解（本题共724题，每题7.0分，共724

分。）

Whatdotheextraordinarilysuccessfulcompanieshaveincommon?Tofindout,we

lookedforcoiTelations.Weknowthatcorrelationsarenotalwaysreliable;nevertheless,

inthe27survivors,ourgroupsawfoursharedpersonalitytraitsthatcouldexplaintheir

longevity（长寿）.Conservatisminfinancing.Thecompaniesdidnotrisktheircapital

gratuitously（无缘无故土也）.Theyunderstoodthemeaningofmoneyinanold-fashioned

way;theyknewtheusefulnessofsparecashinthekitty.Moneyinhandallowedthemto

snapup（抓住）optionswhentheircompetitorscouldnot.Theydidnothavetoconvince

third-partyfinanciersoftheattractivenessofopportunitiestheywantedtopursue.Money

inthekittyallowedthemtogoverntheirgrowthandevolution.Sensitivitytotheworld

aroundthem.Whethertheyhadbuilttheirfortunesonknowledgeoronnaturalresources,

thelivingcompaniesinourstudywereabletoadaptthemselvestochangesintheworld

aroundthem.Aswars,depressions,technologies,andpoliticssurgedandebbed（潮起潮

落）,theyalwaysseemedtoexcelatkeepingtheirfeelersout,stayingattunedtowhatever

wasgoingon.Forinformation,theysometimesreliedonpacketscarriedovervast

distancesbyportageandship,yettheymanagedtoreactinatimelyfashiontowhatever

newstheyreceived.Theyweregoodatlearningandadapting.Awarenessoftheir

identity.Nomatterhowbroadlydiversifiedthecompanieswere,theiremployeesallfelt

likepartsofawhole,lordCole,chairmanofinthe1960s,forexample,sawthecompany

asafleetofships.Eachshipwasindependent,butthewholefleetwasgreaterthanthe

sumofitsparts.Thefeelingofbelongingtoanorganizationandidentifyingwithits

achievementsisoftendismissedassoft.Butcasehistoriesrepeatedlyshowthatasenseof

communityisessentialforlong-termsurvival.Managersinthelivingcompanieswe

studiedwerechosenmostlyfromwithin,andallconsideredthemselvestobestewardsof

alongstandingenterprise.Theirtopprioritywaskeepingtheinstitutionatleastashealthy

asithadbeenwhentheytookover.Toleranceofnewideas.Thelong-livedcompaniesin

ourstudytoleratedactivitiesinthemargin:experimentsandeccentricitiesthatstretched

theirunderstanding.Theyrecognizedthatnewbusinessesmaybeentirelyunrelatedio

existingbusinessesandthattheactofstartingabusinessneedtobecentrallycontrolled.

W.R.Grace,fromitsverybeginning,encouragedautonomousexperimentation.The

companywasfoundedin1854byanIrishimmigrantinPeruandtradedinguano,a

naturalfertilizer,beforeitmovedintosugarandtin.Eventually,thecompanyestablished

PanAmericanAirways.Todayitisprimarilyachemicalcompany,althoughitisalsothe

leadingproviderofkidneydialysis（透折）servicesintheUnitedStates.Bydefinition,a

companythatsurvivesformorethanacenturyexistsinaworlditcannothopetocontrol.

Multinationalcompaniesaresimilartothelong-survivingcompaniesofourstudyinthat

way.Theworldofamultinationalisverylargeandstretchesacrossmanycultures.That

worldisinherentlylessstableandmoredifficulttoinfluencethanaconfinednational

habitat.Multinationalsmustbewillingtochangeinordertosucceed.Thesefourtraits

formtheessentialcharacterofcompaniesthathavefunctionedsuccessfullyforhundreds

ofyears.Giventhisbasicpersonality,whatprioritiesdothemanagersofliving

companiessetforthemselvesandtheiremployees?

31、Whichofthefollowingdocsnotbelongtoconservatisminfinancing?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：A项的意思是“一个人口袋里存不住钱”，当然与原文不符；B选项的

意思是“钱不会长在树上“，C选项意思是“钱要好好地花”，D选项意思是“钱能生

钱”都与原文意思一致。

32>Thelongevityofsuccessfulcompaniesisdeterminedby.

标准答案：c

知识点解析：由第三段可以得到答案。

33、Awarenessoftheiridentitymeans.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：文章第四段讲述的就是Awarenessofiheiridentity,从“Butcase

historiesrepeatedlyshowthatasenseofcommunityisessentialforlong-term

survival.”这句话可以得到答案。

34、W.R.Graceistypicallong-livedcompanythathasnmthefollowingbusinessexcept

标准答案：D

知识点解析：A、R、C都是W.R.Grace曾经或正在经营的项目，文章说

W.R.Grace曾经创立航空公司，但并非经营飞机。

35Inwhatwayaremultinationalcompaniessimilartothelong-survivingcompanies

studied?

标准答案：B

知识点解析：文章倒数第二段讲述的就是跨国公司的生存之道，段落最后一句话

^Multinationalsmustbewillingtochangeinordertosucceed.”就是这段内容的一个

小结，意思是跨国公司要想成功就必须学会变通。

Onereactiontoalltheconcernabouttropicaldeforestationisablankstarethatasksthe

question,"SinceIdon'tliveinthetropics,whatdoesithavetodowithme?"Theanswer

isthatyourwayoflife,whereveryouliveintheworld,istiedtothetropicsinmany

ways.Ifyouliveinahouse,washyourhair,eatfruitandvegetables,drinksoda,ordrive

acar,youcanbecertaintliatyouareaffectedbythelossoftropicalforests.Biologically,

wearelosingtherichestregionsonearthwhen,eachminute,apieceoftropicalforestthe

sizeoftencityblocksvanishes.Asmanyasfivemillionspeciesofplants,animalsand

insects,40to50percentofalllivingthings,livethere,andarebeingirrevocablylost

fasterthantheycanbefoundanddescribed.Theirlossisincalculable.Takemedicine,lor

example.Fewerthanonepercentoftropicalforestplantshavebeenexaminedfortheir

chemicalcompounds.Nonetheless,scientistshaveintegratedawealthofimportantplants

intooureverydaylives.TheWestAfricancalabarbeanisusedtotreatglaucoma,while

thesankerfootplantofIndiayieldsreserpine,essentialfortreatinghypertension.AWest

Africanvineprovidesthebasisforstrophanthus,aheartmedicine.Quinine,analkaloid

derivedfromboilingthebarkofthecinchonatree,isusedtopreventandtreatmalaria.

Derivativesfromtherosyperiwinkleoffera99percentchanceofremissionforvictims

oflymphocytieleukemia,aswellasa59percentchanceofrecoveryfromHodgkin's

disease.Infact,ofthe3,000plantspeciesintheworldknowntocontainanti-cancer

properties,2,100atefromthetropicalrainforest.Thenthereisrubber.Formanyuses,

onlynaturalrubberfromtreeswilldo,syntheticsarenotgoodenough.Today,overhalf

oftheworld'scommercialrubberisproducedinMalaysiaandIndonesia,whilethe

Amazon1srubberindustryproducesmuchoftheworld'sfourmilliontons.Adding

ammoniatorubberproduceslatexwhichisusedforsurgicalgloves,balloons,adhesives,

andfoamrubber.Latex,plusaweakmixtureofacidresultsinsheetrubberusedfor

footwearandmanysportinggoods.Literallythousandsoftropicalplantsarevaluablefor

theirindustrialuses.Manyprovidefiberandcanesforfurniture,soundproofingand

insulation.Palmoil,aproductoftiletropics,bringstoyourtablemargarine,cookingoil,

bakeryproducts,andcandles.Palmnutoil,fromtheseedkernelinsidethefruit,isfound

insoap,candles,andmayonnaise.ThesapfromAmazoniancopaibatrees,poured

straightintoafueltank,canpoweratruck.Atpresent,20percentofBrazil'sdieselfuel

comesfromthistree.Anexpandeduseofthismightreduceourdependencyon

irreplaceablefossilfuels.Manyscientistsassertthatdeforestationcontributestothe

greenhouseeffect,theheatingoftheearthfromincreasedcarbondioxideinthe

atmosphere.Aswedestroyforests,welosetheirabilitytoconvertcarbondioxideinto

oxygen.Carbondioxidelevelscoulddoublewithinthenexthalf-century,warmingthe

earthbyasmuchas4.5degrees.Theresult.'?Apartialmelt-downofthepolaricecaps,

raisingsealevelsasmuchas24feet.Ariseof15feetwouldthreatenanyoneliving

within35milesofthecoast.Far-fetched?Perhaps,butscientistswarnthatbythetimewe

realizethesevereeffectsoftropicaldeforestation,itwillbe20yearstoolate.Can

tropicaldeforestationaffectoureverydaylives?Weonlyhavetolookatthecatalogued

tropicalforestsandtheabundanceofwondrousproductsfromwhichwebenefitevery

daytoknowtheanswer.Afterall,thenextdiscoverycouldbeacureforcancerorthe

commoncold,ortheanswertofeedingthehungry,orfuellingourworldforcenturiesto

come.

36、Accordingtotheinformationcontainedinthearticle,tropicaldeforestation.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：文中whereveryouliveintheworld,isliedtothetropicsinmanyways

可见它与人类社会休戚相关，因此tropicaldeforestation可能会对人类的生力造成不

好的影响。

37、Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethatthemajortyoftropicalforests.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第二段提到Fewerthanonepercent...awealthofimportantplantsintoour

everydaylives,所以不难推测，这些热带雨林可能是治疗致命的疾病和各种健康问

题的良药。

38、Whichstatementbestexpressesthemainideaofthearticle?

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文章全篇先是强调tropicalforests对人类的价值，再讲tropical

deforestation对人类生活可能产生的影响。

39、WhichquestionisNOTansweredinthearticle?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：文中并未说明人工合成橡胶的年总产量。

40、Ifthepercentageofcarbondioxideintheaircontinuestoincreaseatcurrent

rates.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文章第三段提到了热带雨林减少可能带来的危害，包括气温升高，

partialmeltdownofthepolaricecaps,raisingsealevels,这些将导致海岸边35英里

的地方被海水淹没。所以答案选D。

41、Baseduponthecontentofthearticle,itcanbeassumedthatthewriter.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：文章中作者阐述热带雨林对人类的重要性，所以她应该会积极地致力

于使世界各国政府都能注意到雨林问题。

ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderable

enlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshouses

andcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumancare

inhospital-likeenvironmentsandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.By

themid1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,butduringthelate1800sandearly

1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,legislatureswereunabletoappropriate

sufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.

Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthemental

healthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotect.patients

andothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichthe

rightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorld

WarII.Atthatlime,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnesses

theretoforeconsideredunlreatable(penicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulin

treatmentforschizophreniaanddepressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,

andnewspaperexposescalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.Improvements

weremadeandDr.DavidVail'sHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.But

changeswereslowincominguntiltheearly1960s.Atthattime,theCivilRights

movementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica'sprisons,whichweredisproportionately

populatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthat

wereworsethantheprisonsthehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswere

filledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemand

theirrights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwith

peoplewhowereconsidered"crazy"andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplace

throughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.The

youngcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.The

lawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,

afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,they

werebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,wasbound

toshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patients'rightsgroups

successfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.Judicialinterventions

havehadsomedefinitepositiveeffects,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannot

providethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.The

detailsofprovidingday-to-daycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourt,soitistimeto

takefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceof

patientrightsandreturnittothestatementalhealtyadministratorstowhomthemandate

wasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowrite

rulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentis

givenandpatientrightsarerespected.

42Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本文的主要目的是从历史的角度讲述了美国精神健康护理的一些问

题。本文概述了美国精神健康护理的历史，所以正确B。

43、Theauthor'sattitudetowardpeoplewhoarcpatientsinstateinstitutionscanbestbe

describedas.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：作者对一些州立医院病人的态度是理解与同情。作者在第一段后半部

分说,到了19世纪中期,有20个州建起了精神病院,但是在19世纪末和20世纪

初，由于面临经济萧条，立法机关不能拨出足够的资金用于较好的管理，精神病院

变得拥挤不堪，像监狱一般。此外，病人对治疗的抵触情绪比精神健康领域的开拓

者们预料的要严重得多。有安全和管束才能保护病人和其他的人。精神病院变成了

恐怖而又压抑的地方，在这些地方，病人的权利几乎被人遗忘。这说明作者一方面

T解病人的境遇，另一方面对精神病人表示问情。D（enthusiasticandsupportive热

情和支持）不合适，因为作者不是病人的啦啦队长。

44、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,hadtheCivilRightsmovementnot

promptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions,.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据短文可以推断，如果民权运动没有引起对监狱状况的调查，精神

病院的状况有可能逃避了司法检查。作者在第二段说，当时民权运动致使律师们对

美国的监狱进行了调查，监狱中居住的黑人分布不均，这些律师轮流跟踪囚犯进入

比监狱还要糟糕的精神病院—供刑事活动造成的精神病人住的医院。正因为律师

们对监狱的状况进行了调查，所以精神病院没能够逃避司法检查。

45、Thetoneofthefinalparagraphcanbestbedescribedas.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：作者在最后一段末尾提出了一个具体的建议，他承认，这个建议需要

付出努力才能够实施。既然作者提出建议，他一定对其成功的可能性抱乐观态度。

由于他承认那是一项艰巨的任务，我们也可以说他谨慎。

46>Accordingtothepassage,mentalhospitalconditionswereradicallychanged

becauseof.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：由于20世纪60年代有一些积极办事的律师，精神病院的状况有了很

大的改变。这一点从第二段后半部分可以看出来。

TheGreek'sloftyattitudetowardscientificresearchandthescientists'contemptofutility

wasalongtimedying.ForamillenniumafterArchimedes,thisseparationofmechanics

fromgeometryinhibitedfundamentaltechnologicalprogressandinsomeareasrepressed

italtogether.Buttherewasastillgreaterobstacletochangeuntiltheveryendofthe

middleages:theorganizationofsociety.Thesocialsystemoffixedclassrelationships

thatprevailedthroughtheMiddleAges(andinsomeareasmuchlonger)itselfhampered

improvement.Underthissystem,thelaboringmasses,inexchangeforthebare

necessitiesoflife,didalltheproductivework,whiletheprivilegedfew—priests,nobles,

andkings-concernedthemselvesonlywithownershipandmaintenanceoftheirown

position.Intheinterestoftheirprivilegestheydidachieveconsiderableprogressin

defense,inwarmaking,ingovernment,intrade,intheartsofleisure,andinthe

extractionoflaborfromtheirdependents,buttheyhadnofamiliaritywiththeprocessof

production.Ontheotherhand,thelaborers,whowerefamiliarwithmanufacturing

techniques,hadnoincentivetoimproveorincreaseproductiontotheadvantageoftheir

masters.Thus,withoneclasspossessingtherequisiteknowledgeaidexperience,but

lackingincentiveandleisure,andtheotherclasslackingtheknowledgeandexperience,

therewasnomeansbywhichtechnicalprogresscouldbeachieved.Thewholeancient

worldwasbuiltuponthisrelaiionship-arelationshipassterileasitwasinhuman.The

availabilityofslavesnullifiedtheneedformoreefficientmachinery.Inmanyofthe

commonplacefieldsofhumanendeavor,actualstagnationprevailedforthousandsof

years.NotalltheglorythatwasGreeceandthegrandeurthatwasRomecoulddevelop

thewindmillorcontrivesosimpleaninstrumentasthewheelbarrow-productsofthe

tenthandthirteenthcenturiesrespectively.Forabouttwenty-fivecenturies,two-thirdsof

thepowerofthehorsewaslostbecausehewasn'tshod,andmuchofthestrengthofthe

oxwaswastedbecausehisharnesswasn'tmodifiedtofithisshoulders.Formorethan

fivethousandyears,sailorswereconfinedtoriversandcoastsbyaprimitivesteering

mechanismwhichrequiredremarkablylittlealteration(inthethirteenthcentury)to

becomearudder.Withanyingenuityatall,theancientploughcouldhavebeenputon

wheelsandtheploughshareshapedtobiteandturnthesodinsteadofmerelyscratchingit

buttheingenuitywasn'tforthcoming.AndthevillageroftheMiddleAges,likethemen

whofirsthadfire,hadasmokeholeinthecenterofthestrawandreedthatchedroofof

hisone-roomdwelling(whichhesharedwithhisanimals),whilethemedievalcharcoal

burner(likehisStoneAgeancestor)madehimselfahutofsmallbranches.

47、Lackoftechnologicalprogressintheancientandmedievalworldswasprimarily

duetotheabsenceof.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

48、DuringtheMiddleAges,productivityoflabor.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

49、WemayinferthatachangeinclassrelationshipsafterthecloseoftheMiddleAges

producedgreaterproductivitybecause.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

50、Insupportinghiscontentionsabouttheancientworld,theauthorreliesmainlyon

illustrationsdrawnfrom.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

Communitycancerclustersareviewedquitedifferentlybycitizenactiviststhanby

epidemiologists.Environmentalistsandconcernedlocalresidents,fbrinstance,might

immediatelysuspectenvironmentalradiationastheculpritwhenahighincidenceof

cancercasesoccursnearanuclearfacility.Epidemiologists,incontrast,wouldbemore

likelytosaythattheincidenceswere"inconclusive"ortheresultofpurechance.And

whenabreastcancersurvivor,LorrainePace,mapped20breastcancercasesoccurringin

herWestIslip,LongIsland,community,herrudimentaryresearcheffortswereguided

morebyhope-thataspecificenvironmentalagentcouldbecorrelatedwiththecancers

thanbyscientificmethod.Whenepidemiologistsstudyclustersofcancercasesandother

noncontagiousconditionssuchasbirthdefectsormiscarriage,theytakeseveralvariables

intoaccount,suchasbackgroundrate(thenumberofpeopleaffectedinthegeneral

population),clustersize,andspecificity(anynotablecharacter