黄金卷08 (赢在高考 黄金8卷)备战2023年高考英语模拟卷（北京专用）（解析版）

【赢在高考·黄金8卷】备战2023年高考英语模拟卷（北京专用）（解析版）黄金卷08第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Famouspeopleoftensaythatthekeytobecomingbothhappyandsuccessfulisto“dowhatyoulove”.Butmasteringaskill,evenonethatyoudeeplylove,____1____ahugeamountofdullwork.Anyonewhowantstomasteraskillmustrunthroughthecycleofpractice,____2____feedback,modification,andincreasingimprovementagain,againandagain.Somepeopleseemabletoconcentrateonpracticinganactivitylikethisforyearsandtakepleasureintheirgradualimprovement.Yetothersfindthiskindoffocused,time-intensiveworktobe____3____orboring.Why?Thedifferencemay____4____theabilitytoenterintostateof“flow,”thefeelingofbeingcompletelyinvolvedinwhatyouaredoing.SinceMihalyCsikszentmihalyidevelopedthe____5____offlowinthe1970’s,ithasbeenamainstayofpositive-psychologyresearch.Flowstatescanhappeninthecourseofanyactivity,andtheyaremostcommonwhenataskhaswell-definedgoalsandisata(n)____6____skilllevel.Csikszentmihalyisuggestedthatthosewhomost____7____enteredintoflowstateshadan“autotelic(自成目的的)personality”—adispositiontoseekoutchallengesandgetintoastateofflow.Whilethosewithoutsuchapersonalityseedifficulties,autotelicindividualsseeopportunitiestobuildskills.Withtheircapacityfor“disinterestedinterest”,suchpeoplehaveagreat____8____overothersindevelopingtheirinnateabilities.Fortunatelyforthoseofuswhoaren’tnecessarilyblessedwithanautotelicpersonality,thereisevidencethatflowstatescanbe____9____byenvironmentalfactors.Bygivingourselvesunstructured,open-endedtime,minimal_____10_____,andatasksetatamoderatelevelofdifficulty,wemaybeabletolovewhatwe’redoing.1．A．inquires B．requires C．acquires D．gains2．A．preventable B．maintainable C．sustainable D．critical3．A．frustrating B．encouraging C．concerning D．instructing4．A．moveaway B．turnon C．pickup D．callfor5．A．concept B．receipt C．reception D．condition6．A．alternative B．appropriate C．approximate D．sufficient7．A．fully B．really C．readily D．accidentally8．A．addiction B．advance C．advantage D．admiration9．A．forbidden B．operated C．fastened D．facilitated10．A．temptation B．charm C．attractions D．distractions【答案】1．B

2．D

3．A

4．B

5．A

6．B

7．C

8．C

9．D

10．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。任何想要掌握一项技能的人都必须经历一遍又一遍的练习。一些人能够集中精力练习这样的活动，并且喜欢这种过程，而另一些人则觉得集中精力、耗费时间的工作令人沮丧。这主要是因为“心流状态”——一种完全投入到你正在做的事情中的感觉。文章介绍了心流状态的特点和容易进入心流状态的人的特点，以及有证据表明环境因素可以培养心流状态。1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但掌握一项技能，即使是你深爱的技能，也需要大量枯燥的工作。A.inquires询问，打听；B.requires需要，要求；C.acquires获得；D.gains得到。根据句中“masteringaskill”以及下文“Anyonewhowantstomasteraskillmustrunthroughthecycleofpractice,”（任何想要掌握一项技能的人都必须经历一次又一次的练习）可知，此处指掌握一项技能需要大量枯燥的工作。故选B。2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：任何想要掌握一项技能的人都必须经历一次又一次的练习、批评反馈、修改和不断提高的过程。A.preventable可预防的；B.maintainable可维护的；C.sustainable可持续的；D.critical关键的；批判性的。根据句中“feedback,modification,andincreasingimprovement”可知，掌握一项技能要经历反复的反馈、修改和不断提高的过程，可得出这种反馈应该是具有批判性的。故选D。3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，其他人发现这种专注、时间密集的工作令人沮丧或无聊。A.frustrating令人沮丧的；B.encouraging鼓舞人心的；C.concerning使人担忧的；D.instructing指导的。根据下文“orboring”可知，空格处与boring是并列意义。frustrating“令人沮丧的”可以承接句中“thiskindoffocused,time-intensivework”（这种专注、时间密集的工作）的语义，体现工作因费时而令人沮丧的逻辑。故选A。4．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种差异可能取决于进入“心流”状态的能力，即完全参与你正在做的事情的感觉。A.moveaway移开；B.turnon打开，依靠；C.pickup拾起；开车接；D.callfor需要。根据上文“Somepeopleseemabletoconcentrateonpracticinganactivitylikethisforyearsandtakepleasureintheirgradualimprovement.Yetothersfindthiskindoffocused,time-intensiveworktobe3orboring.”（有些人似乎能够多年来专注于练习这样的活动，并从自己的逐渐进步中获得乐趣。然而，其他人发现这种专注、时间密集的工作令人沮丧或无聊。）可知，有些人喜欢这样的状态，而有些人觉得沮丧。所以，下文分析这种差异产生的原因——这种差异取决于进入“心流”状态的能力。故选B。5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：自从MihalyCsikszentmihalyi在20世纪70年代提出了心流的概念以来，它一直是积极心理学研究的中流砥柱。A.concept概念；B.receipt收据；C.reception接待；D.condition条件。根据下文“Csikszentmihalyisuggestedthatthosewhomost7enteredintoflowstateshadan“autotelic(自成目的的)personality”—adispositiontoseekoutchallengesandgetintoastateofflow.”（Csikszentmihalyi认为，那些最……进入心流状态的人具有“自成性格”——一种寻求挑战并进入心流状态。）可知，Csikszentmihalyi提出了流动的概念。故选A。6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：心流状态可以发生在任何活动的过程中，当任务具有明确的目标并且处于适当的技能水平时，流状态最为常见。A.alternative可供替代的；B.appropriate合适的；C.approximate近似的；大约的；D.sufficient足够的。根据上文“well-definedgoals”可知，当任务具有明确的目标并且处于适当的技能水平时，心流状态最为常见。故选B。7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：Csikszentmihalyi认为，那些最容易进入心流状态的人具有“自成性格”——一种寻求挑战并进入心流状态。A.fully充分地；B.really真地；C.readily快捷地，轻而易举地；D.accidentally意外地。根据下文“hadan“autotelic(自成目的的)personality”—adispositiontoseekoutchallengesandgetintoastateofflow”可知，拥有“自成性格”的人更容易进入心流状态。故选C。8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于他们具有“无利害关系”的能力，这类人在发展其先天能力方面比其他人有很大优势。A.addiction瘾，入迷；B.advance前进，进步；C.advantage优势；D.admiration钦佩。根据上文“Withtheircapacityfor“disinterestedinterest””可知，由于他们具有“无利害关系”的能力，这类人在发展其先天能力方面比其他人有很大优势，呼应上文讲这类人最容易进入心流状态。故选C。9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，对于我们这些不一定拥有自成性格的人来说，有证据表明，环境因素可以促进心流状态。A.forbidden禁止；B.operated操作；手术；C.fastened系牢；D.facilitated帮助，促进。根据上文“Fortunatelyforthoseofuswhoaren’tnecessarilyblessedwithanautotelicpersonality”可知，虽然我们不一定拥有很容易进入心流状态的自成性格，但是幸运的是，心流状态可以由环境因素促进。故选D。10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过给自己无组织和开放的时间、最小的干扰和设置中等难度的任务，当我们努力练习我们喜欢做的事情时，我们可能会爱上我们正在做的事情。A.temptation诱惑，引诱；B.charm魅力；C.attractions吸引人的事物；D.distractions让人分心的事物，干扰。根据句中“unstructured,open-endedtime,minimal10,andatasksetatamoderatelevelofdifficulty”可知，此处是让自己进入心流状态的条件，结合“unstructured,open-endedtime”和“amoderatelevelofdifficulty”，因此要给自己最小的干扰。故选D。第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Itturnsoutthattheoldcliche“apictureisworthathousandwords”istrue,atleastwhenitcomestoyoursocialmediaprofilepicture.Astudyreveals____11____yourprofilepicturesaysaboutyouandyourpersonality.Areyouanextrovert,conscientious,orneurotic?Itturnsoutthatyoursocialmediaprofilepictureknowsall.Althoughsocialmediaallowsauser____12____(shape)hisorherownpersonalityandidealizedview,evidenceshowsthatsocialmediabehaviorusually____13____(represent)anextensionofone’sself.【答案】11．that

12．toshape

13．represents【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了社交媒体头像可以反映出一个人的个性。11．考查名词性从句。句意：一项研究表明，你的头像可以反映出你和你的个性。分析句子可知，空格后是宾语从句，从句句意完整且不缺成分，应用连词that引导该宾语从句。故填that。12．考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管社交媒体允许用户塑造自己的个性和理想化的观点，但有证据表明，社交媒体行为通常代表着一个人自我的延伸。allowsb.todo...是固定搭配，不定式作宾语补足语，意为“允许某人做某事”。故填toshape。13．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：尽管社交媒体允许用户塑造自己的个性和理想化的观点，但有证据表明，社交媒体行为通常代表着一个人自我的延伸。分析句子可知，提示词是宾语从句中谓语动词，与主语socialmediabehavior之间是主动关系；结合句意和时间状语usually可知应用一般现在时态，又因主语是不可数名词，所以谓语动词应用单数形式。故填represents。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。AItechnologycanprove____14____(confuse).AScottishsoccerteamreplacedtheirhumancameraoperators____15____AI-operatedball-trackingcameras.Now,cameraswouldalwaysfollowtheactionbyautomaticallyfollowingtheball.Soundsgreat,butfanswhowerewatchingthegamesathomemissedmostofthescoringplays____16____theAI-operatedcamerasconstantlymistookthereferee’sbaldheadforthesoccerball.Scoresofviewerscalledtheteam____17____(complain).Oneevensuggestedsupplyingtherefereewithawig.【答案】14．confusing

15．with

16．because##as

17．tocomplain【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是人工智能技术可能会令人困惑。14．考查形容词。句意：人工智能技术可能令人困惑。prove是系动词，后跟形容词作表语，主语AItechnology是物，因此用ing结尾的形容词confusing修饰，意为“令人困惑的”，故填confusing。15．考查介词。句意：一支苏格兰足球队用人工智能跟踪摄像机取代了他们的人类摄像师。replace...with...是固定短语，意为“用某物代替某物”，因此空格处是介词with，故填with。16．考查连词。句意：听起来不错，但在家观看比赛的球迷错过了大部分进球比赛，因为人工智能操作的摄像机总是把裁判的光头误认为足球。根据语境可知，句子表示“在家观看比赛的球迷错过了大部分进球比赛，因为人工智能操作的摄像机总是把裁判的光头误认为足球”，空格处意为“因为”，用because/as引导原因状语从句，故填because/as。17．考查不定式。句意：许多观众给摄制组打电话投诉。根据语境可知，句子表示“许多观众给摄制组打电话投诉”，空格处用不定式表目的，故填tocomplain。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Sincethe1970s,scientists____18____(search)forwaystolinkthebrainwithcomputers.Brain-computerinterfacetechnologycouldhelppeoplewithdisabilitiessendcommandstomachines.Recently,tworesearchers,JoseMillanandMicheleTavellafromtheFederalPolytechnicSchoolinLausanne,Switzerland,showedasmallroboticwheelchair____19____(direct)byaperson’sthoughts.Inthelaboratory,Tavellaoperatedthewheelchairjustbythinkingaboutmovinghisleftorrighthand.Hecouldeventalkashewatchedthevehicleandguided____20____withhisthoughts.【答案】18．havebeensearching

19．directed

20．it【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们一直致力于寻找将大脑与计算机联系起来的方法，这种脑机接口技术可以帮助残疾人向机器发送命令。最近，有两名研究人员向公众展示了使用这种技术的新型轮椅机器人。18．考查动词的时态。句意：自20世纪70年代以来，科学家们一直在寻找将大脑与计算机联系起来的方法。分析句子结构可知，空格前有时间状语“Since+过去的时间点”，由后文可知“寻找大脑与计算机联系起来的方法”这一动作持续到了现在，而且还在不断发展，表示一个动作从过去某一时间开始并持续到了现在，而且还会继续持续下去，空格处的动词应用现在完成进行时。故填havebeensearching。19．考查非谓语动词。句意：最近，来自瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院的两名研究人员何塞·米伦和米歇尔·塔维拉展示了一种由人的意念引导的小型机器人轮椅。分析句子结构可知，该句的谓语是showed，所以空格处应填一个非谓语动词；空格处动词direct与其逻辑主语asmallroboticwheelchair之间是被动关系，故空格处动词应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填directed。20．考查代词。句意：他甚至可以在一边看着车，一边用自己的意念引导它的时候说话。分析句子结构和句意可知，此空格指代前面提到的thevehicle，应用代词it做形式宾语。故填it。第二部分阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AChineseDualLanguageImmersionProgram(CDLIP)WhatisDualLanguageImmersion?Duallanguageimmersionprovidesacademicinstructionintwolanguages.ThePasadenaUnifiedSchoolDistrictcurrentlyoffersaChinese-Englishimmersionprogram.WhyChoosetheCDLIP?Learningasecondlanguageawakenscuriosityandrespectforothernationsandtheircultures.Chineseisnotonlyarichlanguagewithalongliterarytradition,butithasalsoemergedasaninfluentialworldwidelanguage.OurCDLIPpromotescross-culturalsensitivity,sothatstudentscanlearnabouttheglobalizedworld.FornativeChinesespeakers,ourprogramensuresfulldevelopmentandmasteryofEnglishlanguageartswhilehelpingthembecomemorefluentintheirmothertongue.OurClassroomsTheCDLIPservesprimaryschoolstudents,fromkindergartenthroughsecondgrade.Grades3,4and5willbeaddedinSeptemberof2022,2023and2024,respectively.TheprogramiscurrentlylocatedatLutherBurbankPrimarySchool.Onanygivenday,youmightfindaclassroomfullofkindergartenerscountingandsortingcoins,firstgraderssinging“TheMoreWeGetTogether”,orsecondgradersdescribingphysicsexperiments-allinChinese!HowDoestheProgramWork?CDLIPclassroomscombinenativeandnon-nativespeakerssothatallstudentsmaysucceedinbothChineseandEnglish.WeapplyaTwo-Way90:10Model.Inkindergarten,90%oftheday’sinstructionisinChineseand10%isdevotedtoimprovingEnglishorallanguageandtheabilitytoreadandwrite.Aschildrenprogressthroughgradelevels,thepercentageofEnglishinstructiongraduallyincreases,finallyachievinga50:50splitbyfifthgrade.ToRegisterYourChildLanguagelearningisalong-termprocess,soparentsareaskedtoregistertheirchildrenforthefullsixyears.●Registeronlineatwww.pusd.us/oebetweenJune13and23.●Theprogramisfree,supportedbythePasadenaUnifiedSchoolDistrict.●Forkindergarten,noknowledgeofChineseisnecessary.(SomeknowledgeofChineseisexpectedforstudentsenteringgrades1-3.)●Applicationswillbeacceptedafterthedeadlineifspacesarestillavailable.●Ifyouwouldlikeassistancecompletingyourapplication,pleasecontactMs.NettyLiatBurbankPrimarySchool(626)396-5760orvisitPUSDWelcomeCenter.21．AfterattendingtheCDLIP,studentswillbeableto________.A．masterChinesearts B．understandworldhistoryC．handdowntraditionalliterature D．developcross-culturalawareness22．WhatcanyoufindinCDLIPclasses?A．Kindergartenersspendingmoretimepracticingreading.B．Studentslearningthroughsongsandactivities.C．Higher-gradestudentsusingmostlyChinese.D．Studentsfocusingonsciencevocabulary.23．Whatcanwelearnabouttheregistration?A．Parentsneedtopaytheprogramfee.B．Studentsmustberegisteredeveryyear.C．Spacesareusuallyavailableafterthedeadline.D．PUSDWelcomeCenteroffershelpwithregistration.【答案】21．D

22．B

23．D【导语】这是一篇应用文。短文介绍了中文双语浸入式课程的相关信息。21．细节理解题。根据“WhyChoosetheCDLIP?”中的“OurCDLIPpromotescross-culturalsensitivity,sothatstudentscanlearnabouttheglobalizedworld.(我们的中文双语浸入式课程提高了跨文化的敏感度，这样学生就可以了解全球化的世界。)”由此可知，参加了中文双语浸入式课程后，学生将能够培养跨文化意识。故选D项。22．细节理解题。根据“OurClassrooms”中的“Onanygivenday,youmightfindaclassroomfullofkindergartenerscountingandsortingcoins,firstgraderssinging“TheMoreWeGetTogether”,orsecondgradersdescribingphysicsexperiments—allinChinese!(在任何一天，你都可能看到满教室的孩子在数硬币，一年级学生在唱“TheMoreWeGetTogether”，二年级学生在用中文描述物理实验)”可知，你能在中文双语浸入式课程发现学生通过歌曲和活动学习。故选B项。23．细节理解题。根据“ToRegisterYourChild”中的“Ifyouwouldlikeassistancecompletingyourapplication,pleasecontactMs.NettyLiatBurbankPrimarySchool(626)396-5760orvisitPUSDWelcomeCenter.(如果您需要帮助完成您的申请，请联系伯班克小学NettyLi老师，电话为(626)396-5760或访问PUSD接待中心)”可知，PUSD接待中心提供注册帮助。故选D项。BIalwaysimaginedI’dbeagoodbirderoneday.Butitwasnottobe.IfinallyhadtoacknowledgethisthedayImetarealbirder.Towardevening,abeautifulsongeruptedfromthewoods.“Oh!What’sthatone?”Iasked.Shelookedatmewithunbelievingeyesandsaid,“That’sstillacardinal(红雀).”Nevertheless,afterdecades,I’vegottenprettygoodatthe20orsoregularbirdvisitorstomygarden.AndnowIhaveanewambition.Iwanttobeabletotellindividualbirdsapart.Youknow,mypersonalbirds.Ithoughtmyabilitytodistinguishourlocalhummingbirds(蜂鸟)wouldbelimitedtotellingthefemalesfromthemales,whichiseasy,becausetheirfeatherslookdifferent.Butthere’swaymoregoingonthanthat.Igetagoodlookbecause,likemanypeople,Iputoutanectar(花蜜)feeder.That’smainlyformybenefit,todrawthemclose.Hummingbirdsgetplentyofjuicefrommyflowers.Buttheyalsoeatinsectsandspiders.Somemorethanothers.Thehummingbirdthathasdominated(控制)ourfeeder—HannibalNectar—isoneround,spider-filledlittleball.Butthenthere’sNoodle.ShevisitsthefeederanytimeshesensesHannibalisn’tlooking.ShealwayspicksherplacecarefullysoshecanlookoutforHannibal.Shelooksright,left,up,down,andonlythenlowersandsuckseverythingshecan.Hannibalcomeswaymoreoftenanddrinkslessatatime,becauseheknowshe’stheboss.Buthe’salsotheonlyhummingbirdI’veseenthatmakesaregularhabitofcheckingoutthenectarfeederfromunderneath.Iknowwhathe’sdoing:Theremightbeants.PoorNoodle.She’llbeattackingspiderwebsformaterialforhernestoneofthesedays,andIhopeshe’srealcomfortableinthere,becausethat’soneplaceHannibalwillnotbeinvited.I’dlovetobringherahousewarminggift.Maybeanicespiderpotpie.24．Howdidtheauthorprobablyfeelafterhearingtherealbirder’sanswer?A．Excited. B．Moved. C．Frightened. D．Embarrassed.25．Forwhatmajorpurposedidtheauthorsetupanectarfeeder?A．Tohunthummingbirds. B．Totrainhummingbirds.C．Toobservehummingbirds. D．Togivehummingbirdsahome.26．HowisHannibaldifferentfromNoodle?A．Heismorebattlesome. B．Heeatsinsectsandspiders.C．Hesucksmorenectaratatime. D．Heisparticularaboutthematerialforhisnest.27．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Thejoyofraisingbirds B．UsefuladvicefromarealbirderC．Therearebirds,andthenthere’sNoodle D．Hummingbirdsbringmusictomygarden【答案】24．D

25．C

26．A

27．D【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者对蜂鸟的喜爱以及蜂鸟给作者的花园带来的乐趣。24．推理判断题。根据第一段“IalwaysimaginedI’dbeagoodbirderoneday.(我一直幻想着有一天我会成为一名优秀的观鸟者)”以及““Oh!What’sthatone?”Iasked.Shelookedatmewithunbelievingeyesandsaid,“That’sstillacardinal(红雀).”(“哦！那是什么？”我问。她用不相信的眼神看着我说“那还是红雀。”)”可知，作者认为自己是一名优秀的观鸟者，但是自己没有辨认出红雀。由此推知，作者听到真正的观鸟者的回答后可能会感到尴尬。故选D。25．细节理解题。根据第三段“Igetagoodlookbecause,likemanypeople,Iputoutanectar(花蜜)feeder.That’smainlyformybenefit,todrawthemclose.(我看得很清楚，因为，像许多人一样，我放了一个花蜜喂食器。这主要是为了我好，为了把它们拉近)”可知，作者设置了一个花蜜喂食器，是为了观察蜂鸟。故选C。26．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Thehummingbirdthathasdominated(控制)ourfeeder—HannibalNectar—isoneround,spider-filledlittleball.Butthenthere’sNoodle.ShevisitsthefeederanytimeshesensesHannibalisn’tlooking.ShealwayspicksherplacecarefullysoshecanlookoutforHannibal.Shelooksright,left,up,down,andonlythenlowersandsuckseverythingshecan.(在喂食器中占主导地位的蜂鸟是HannibalNectar——一个圆形的、布满蜘蛛的小球。但是还有Noodle。只要Hannibal不注意，她就会去拜访喂食器。她总是小心挑选自己的位置这样她就能观察Hannibal。她左看右看，上看下看，然后才把所有东西都放下来吸)”可知，Noodle在吸食花蜜的时候，会提防Hannibal。由此推知，Hannibal更强壮、更具有战斗力。故选A。27．主旨大意题。根据第一段“IalwaysimaginedI’dbeagoodbirderoneday.(我一直幻想着有一天我会成为一名优秀的观鸟者)”及第二段“Nevertheless,afterdecades,I’vegottenprettygoodatthe20orsoregularbirdvisitorstomygarden.AndnowIhaveanewambition.Iwanttobeabletotellindividualbirdsapart.(尽管如此，几十年后，我已经很擅长接待那些经常到我花园来的20只左右的鸟了。现在我有了新的抱负。我想要能够区分不同的鸟)”和后文作者对蜂鸟的观察可知，文章主要讲述了作者对蜂鸟的喜爱以及蜂鸟给作者的花园带来的乐趣。由此可知，Hummingbirdsbringmusictomygarden(蜂鸟给我的花园带来了音乐)适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。CItseemsratherobviousthatfacialcharacteristicsaredeterminedbyourgenes.Butuntilrecentlygeneticists(遗传学家)hadverylittleunderstandingofwhichpartsofourDNAwerelinkedtoourfacialappearance.Aninternationalteamofresearchersidentifiedmorethan130chromosomal(染色体的)regionsassociatedwithspecificaspectsoffacialshape.Thisisacriticalfirststeptowardunderstandinghowgeneticsimpactourfaces,LiveSciencenoted.ResearchersscannedtheDNAofmorethan8,000peopleandanalyzeddozensofshapemeasurementsfromtheir3Dfacialimagestolookatthestatisticalrelationshipsbetweenabout7milliongeneticmarkers—knownlocationsinthegeneticcodewherehumansvary—andthefacialfeatures.“Whenwefindastatisticalrelationbetweenafacialfeatureandoneormoregeneticmarkers,itpointsustoaverypreciseregionofDNAonachromosome.Thegeneslocatedaroundthatregionthenbecomeourprimecandidatesforfacialfeatureslikenoseorlipshape,”SethWeinberg,co-authorofthestudy,wroteonLiveScience.Researchersdiscoveredsomeinterestingpatternsafterlookingattheimplicated(牵涉其中)genesattheseDNAregions.Yournoseisthepartthatismostinfluencedbyyourgenes.Areaslikethecheeks,whicharehighlyinfluencedbylifestylefactorslikediet,showedthefewestgeneticassociations.Thereisalsoahighdegreeofoverlap(重合)betweenthegenesinvolvedinfacialandlimbdevelopment.Thisprovidesanimportantclueastowhymanygeneticsyndromes(综合症)arecharacterizedbybothhandandfacialmalformations(畸形).Somegenesinvolvedinfacialshapemaybeinvolvedincancer,too.Itexplainswhypeopletreatedforpediatric(小儿科的)cancershowsomedistinctivefacialfeatures.So,cansomeonetakeyourDNAandconstructanaccurateimageofyourface?It’sunlikely.The130-plusgeneticregionsthatwereidentifiedexplainlessthan10percentofthevariationinfacialshape.Butevenifweunderstoodallofthegenesimpactingfacialappearance,predictionwouldstillbeabigchallenge.That’sbecausefacialfeaturesareaffectedbyotherfactorsaswell,suchasage,diet,climateandsunexposure.Still,theknowledgeofpatients’geneticinformationcanbeaninvaluabletoolincreatingpersonalizedtreatmentplansinfieldslikeorthodontics(畸齿矫正学)orreconstructivesurgery.Forexample,ifsomedaydoctorscanusegeneticstopredictwhenachild’sjawwillhititsgrowthpeak,itwillhelpthemdecidethebesttimetointervene.28．What’sthemainpurposeoftheresearch?A．Toexplainwhyhumansvarybasedonstatistics.B．Toidentifythefactorsimpactingfacialappearance.C．Todiscoverthelinkbetweengenesandfacialfeatures.D．Tostudytherelationshipbetweenfacialfeaturesandgeneticmarkers.29．Whatcanwelearnfromthestudy?A．Thenoseismostinfluencedbygenes.B．Facialmalformationsaffectlimbdevelopment.C．Thecheeksaremostcloselyassociatedwithage.D．Facialshapeandcancerareimpactedbyexactlythesamegenes.30．Howcouldtheresearchbenefitpeople?A．Itcouldimproveorthodontictreatments.B．Itcouldbeusefulforchangingfacialshapes.C．Itcouldhelprecreateone’sjawatanearlyage.D．Itcouldhelppredictfacialappearancewithease.【答案】28．C

29．A

30．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章首先提出一个研究现状，即遗传学家对我们的DNA的哪些部分与我们的面部外观有关知之甚少，随后通过一系列的研究结果得出结论——预测长相仍然是一个挑战。28．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Itseemsratherobviousthatfacialcharacteristicsaredeterminedbyourgenes.Butuntilrecentlygeneticists(遗传学家)hadverylittleunderstandingofwhichpartsofourDNAwerelinkedtoourfacialappearance.(面部特征似乎很显然是由基因决定的。但直到最近，遗传学家对我们的DNA的哪些部分与我们的面部外观有关知之甚少。)”可知，后文的研究是为了找到基因和面部特征之间的关联。故选C项。29．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Yournoseisthepartthatismostinfluencedbyyourgenes.(鼻子是受基因影响最大的部位。)”可知，鼻子被基因影响最大。故选A项。30．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Still,theknowledgeofpatients’geneticinformationcanbeaninvaluabletoolincreatingpersonalizedtreatmentplansinfieldslikeorthodonticsorreconstructivesurgery.Forexample,ifsomedaydoctorscanusegeneticstopredictwhenachild’sjawwillhititsgrowthpeak,itwillhelpthemdecidethebesttimetointervene.(尽管如此，对患者基因信息的了解，对于在正畸或重建外科等领域制定个性化治疗计划来说，仍然是一个无价的工具。例如，如果有一天医生可以利用遗传学预测孩子的下巴何时会达到生长高峰，这将帮助他们决定干预的最佳时间。)”可知，遗传学可以帮助医生在病人年轻时重建下巴。故C项正确。A项为迷惑项，该段只提到遗传学可以帮助正畸制定个性化治疗，并不一定能提高正畸治疗的效果。根据文章倒数第二段“That’sbecausefacialfeaturesareaffectedbyotherfactorsaswell,suchasage,diet,climateandsunexposure.(这是因为面部特征也会受到其他因素的影响，比如年龄、饮食、气候和日照。)”可知，面部特征收到各种因素影响，所以遗传学不能帮助人们改变脸型，排除B项。根据文章倒数第二段“So,cansomeonetakeyourDNAandconstructanaccurateimageofyourface?It’sunlikely.(那么，有人能提取你的DNA并构建出你面部的精确图像吗？这几乎是不可能的。)”可知，研究结果并不可以帮助轻松预测面部外观，排除D项。故选C项。DTheenvironmentalpracticesofbigbusinessesareshapedbyafundamentalfactthatoffendsoursenseofjustice.Abusinessmaymaximizetheamountofmoneyitmakesbydamagingtheenvironmentandhurtingpeople.Whengovernmentregulationiseffective,andthepublicisenvironmentallyaware,environmentallycleanbigbusinessesmayout-competedirtyones,butthereverseislikelytobetrueifgovernmentregulationisineffectiveandthepublicdoesn’tcare.Itiseasytoblameabusinessforhelpingitselfbyhurtingotherpeople.Butblamingaloneisunlikelytoproducechange.Itignoresthefactthatbusinessesarenotcharitiesbutprofit-makingcompanies,andtheyareunderobligationtomaximizeprofitsforshareholdersbylegalmeans.Ourblamingofbusinessesalsoignorestheultimateresponsibilityofthepublicforcreatingtheconditionsthatletabusinessprofitthroughdestructiveenvironmentalpolicies.Inthelongrun,itisthepublic,eitherdirectlyorthroughitspoliticians,thathasthepowertomakesuchdestructivepoliciesunprofitableandillegal,andtomakesustainableenvironmentalpoliciesprofitable.Thepubliccandothatbyaccusingbusinessesofharmingthem.Thepublicmayalsomaketheiropinionfeltbychoosingtobuysustainablyharvestedproducts;bypreferringtheirgovernmentstoawardvaluablecontractstobusinesseswithagoodenvironmentaltrackrecord;andbypressingtheirgovernmentstopassandenforcelawsandregulationsrequiringgoodenvironmentalpractices.Inturn,bigbusinessescanexertpowerfulpressureonanysuppliersthatmightignorepublicorgovernmentpressure.Forinstance,aftertheUSpublicbecameconcernedaboutthespreadofadisease,transmittedtohumansthroughinfectedmeat,theUSgovernmentintroducedrulesdemandingthatthemeatindustryabandonpracticesassociatedwiththeriskofthediseasespreading.Butthemeatpackersrefusedtofollowthese,claimingthattheywouldbetooexpensivetoobey.However,whenafast-foodcompanymadethesamedemandsaftercustomerpurchasesofitshamburgersdropped,themeatindustryfollowedimmediately.Thepublic’staskisthereforetoidentifywhichlinksinthesupplychainaresensitivetopublicpressure.SomereadersmaybedisappointedoroutragedthatIplacetheultimateresponsibilityforbusinesspracticesharmingthepubliconthepublicitself.Ialsobelievethatthepublicmustacceptthenecessityforhigherpricesforproductstocovertheaddedcostsofsoundenvironmentalpractices.Myviewsmayseemtoignorethebeliefthatbusinessesshouldactinaccordancewithmoralprinciplesevenifthisleadstoareductionintheirprofits.ButIthinkwehavetorecognizethat,throughouthumanhistory,governmentregulationhasarisenpreciselybecauseitwasfoundthatnotonlydidmoralprinciplesneedtobemadeexplicit,theyalsoneededtobeenforced.Myconclusionisnotamoralisticoneaboutwhoisrightorwrong,admirableorselfish.Ibelievethatchangesinpublicattitudesareessentialforchangesinbusinesses’environmentalpractices.31．ThemainideaofParagraph3isthatenvironmentaldamage__________.A．istheresultofignoranceofthepublicB．requirespoliticalactionifitistobestoppedC．canbepreventedbytheactionofordinarypeopleD．canonlybestoppedbyeducatingbusinessleaders32．InParagraph4,thewriterdescribeswaysinwhichthepubliccan__________.A．reducetheirownindividualimpactontheenvironmentB．learnmoreabouttheimpactofbusinessontheenvironmentC．raiseawarenessoftheeffectsofspecificenvironmentaldisastersD．influencetheenvironmentalpoliciesofbusinessesandgovernments33．WhatpressurewasgivenbybigbusinessinthecaseofthediseasementionedinParagraph5?A．Meatpackersstoppedsupplyinghamburgerstofast-foodchains.B．Meatpackerspersuadedthegovernmenttoreducetheirexpenses.C．Afast-foodcompanyforcedtheirmeatsupplierstofollowthelaw.D．Afast-foodcompanyencouragedthegovernmenttointroduceregulations.34．Whatwouldbethebestheadingforthispassage?A．Willtheworldsurvivethethreatcausedbybigbusinesses?B．Howcanbigbusinessesbeencouragedtobelessdrivenbyprofit?C．Whatenvironmentaldangersarecausedbythegreedofbusinesses?D．Arebigbusinessestoblameforthedamagetheycausetotheenvironment?【答案】31．C

32．D

33．C

34．D【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了企业通过破坏环境和伤害人们来获得利益，这是很正常的，但仅仅指责企业是没用的，还需发挥公众的作用和影响力。31．主旨大意题。由第三段“Ourblamingofbusinessesalsoignorestheultimateresponsibilityofthepublicforcreatingtheconditionsthatletabusinessprofitthroughdestructiveenvironmentalpolicies.Inthelongrun,itisthepublic,eitherdirectlyorthroughitspoliticians,thathasthepowertomakesuchdestructivepoliciesunprofitableandillegal,andtomakesustainableenvironmentalpoliciesprofitable.(我们对企业的指责也忽视了公众的最终责任，是他们创造出相应的条件，让企业可以通过破坏环境的政策来赚取利润。长期来看，无论是直接参与也好，通过政客也好，只有公众才有权力让这些破坏性的政策变得无利可图或者违背法律，让可持续的环保政策能够盈利)”可知，公众能创造相应条件让企业通过破坏环境的政策来赚取利润，公众也可以通过行动让企业从