2024届内蒙古呼和浩特市高三第一次质量数据监测（一模）英语试卷（解析版）

年呼和浩特市高三年级第一次质量数据监测英语注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号、座位号涂写在答题卡上。2.选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，不能答在本试卷上，否则无效。3.考试时间：100分钟试卷满分：120分第一部分阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑AIfyouthinkaboutWorldHeritageSites,youprobablythinkofplacesconnectedwithancientartandculture,historicalbuildingsandmonuments.Andofcourse,manyoftheseareontheWorldHeritageList(WHL)(世界遗产名录).ButtheWHLcontainsalotofsitesthatarenotsoobvious.Let’slookatafewofthem.RobbenIslandinSouthAfricaThisislandwasusedthroughthecenturiesasaprison,ahospitalandamilitarybase.Butit’sprobablymostfamousasamaximum-securityprisonforpoliticalprisonersinthetwentiethcentury.NelsonMandelawasoneofitsmostfamousresidents.TheWHLsaysitrepresents“thevictoryofdemocracy(民主)andfreedomoveroppression(压迫)andracism(种族主义).”BordersofFranceandSpainThisisanareaofgreatnaturalbeautyandthemountainshavemanyinterestinggeologicalformations.Butitisalsoanareaofsmallfarm.PeopletherestilluseatypeofagriculturethatusedtobecommoninmountainousareasofEuropebutthathasalmostcompletedisappearedinmoderntimes.ThecityofBrasilia,BrazilBrasiliaisacapitalcitythatwascreatedfromnothingin1956.TheWHLcallsit“alandmarkinthehistoryoftownplanning”.Thedifferentareasofthecityandthebuildingsthemselveswerealldesignedatthesametimecarefully.Everypartofthecityshowstheideasoftheplannerandarchitect.SimienNationalPark,EthiopiaSimienNationalParkwasoneofthefirstsitestobelistedin1978.ItisoneofthehighestmountainousareasinAfrica,andtheWHLcallsit“oneofthemostspectacularlandscapesintheworld”.Itisalsoimportantforitswildlife.Thepopulationofsomerareanimalsisgettingsmallerandsmaller.1.WhichofthefollowingsiteswaslistedontheWHLforitspoliticalsymbol?A.SimienNationalPark,Ethiopia. B.RobbenIslandinSouthAfrica.C.BordersofFranceandSpain. D.ThecityofBrasilia,Brazil.2.Whichofthefollowingsitesisfamousforthewonderfulplanofbuildings?A.RobbenIslandinSouthAfrica. B.BordersofFranceandSpain.C.ThecityofBrasilia,Brazil. D.SimienNationalPark,Ethiopia.3.Thepassagemainlytalksabout________.A.theremainsofancientculturesontheWHLB.thehouseholdheritagesitesontheWHLC.importantplacesofartandcultureD.someofthelesswell-knownsitesontheWHL【答案】1.B2.C3.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四处世界遗产名录上不太出名的地点，以及这些地点的特点。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据RobbenIslandinSouthAfrica部分下的“Butit’sprobablymostfamousasamaximum-securityprisonforpoliticalprisonersinthetwentiethcentury.NelsonMandelawasoneofitsmostfamousresidents.(但它可能是20世纪最著名的政治犯最高安全级别的监狱)”可知，南非罗本岛是因为政治象征被列入世界遗产名录。故选B项。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据ThecityofBrasilia,Brazil下的“TheWHLcallsit‘alandmarkinthehistoryoftownplanning’(世界遗产记录称它是‘城市规划历史上的一个里程碑’)”以及“Everypartofthecityshowstheideasoftheplannerandarchitect.(城市的每一个部分都体现了规划者和建筑师的梦想)”可推知，巴西的巴西利亚市是因为卓越的城市规划而被列入世界遗产名录。故选C项。【3题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“ButtheWHLcontainsalotofsitesthatarenotsoobvious.Let’slookatafewofthem.(但世界遗产记录上有一些不太出名的地方，让我们来看看它们其中的一些)”结合下文对四处世界遗产的介绍可知，本文主要给读者介绍几处在世界遗产名录上不太出名的地点。故选D项。BEradajereOleitathinksshemayhaveapartialsolutiontotwoofhercountry’sproblems:garbageandpoverty.It’scalledtheChipBagProject.The26-year-oldstudentandenvironmentalistfromDetroitisaskingafavoroflocalsnacklovers:Ratherthanthrowyouremptychipbagsintothetrash,donatethemsoshecanturnthemintosleepingbagsforthehomeless.ChipwatersdropofftheiremptybagsfromDoritos.Lays.andotherfavoritesattwolocationsinDetroit:aprintshopandaclothingstore.whereOleitaandhervolunteerhelperscollectthem.Aftertheycleanthechipbagsinsoapyhotwater,theyslicethemopen,laythemflat,andironthemtogether.Theyusepadding(衬垫)andliners(衬里)fromoldcoatstolinetheinsides.Ittakesaboutfourhourstosewasleepingbagandeachtakesaround150to300chipbagsdependingonwhetherthey’resingle-serveorfamilysize.Theresultisasleepingbagthatis“waterprooflightweightandeasytocarryaround”.OleitatoldtheDetroitNews.Sinceitsstartin2020,theChipBagProjecthascollectedmorethan800,000chipbagsand,asoflastDecember,created110sleepingbags.Sure,itwouldbesimplertoraisethemoneytobuynewsleepingbags.Butthat’sonlyhalfthegoalforOleita—whosefamilymovedtotheUnitedStatesfromNigeriaadecadeagowiththehopeofattainingabetterlife—andherfellowvolunteers.“Wearedevotedtomakinganimpactnotonlysocially,butenvironmentally,”shesays.And,ofcourse,there’sthesymbolismofrescuingbagsthatwouldotherwiselandinthetrashandusingthemtohelpthehomeless.It’sapowerfulreminderthatenvironmentalproblemandpovertyoftengohandinhand.AsOleitatold,“Ithinkit’stimetoshowconnectionsbetweenalloftheseissues.”4.WhatdidOleitaaskthesnackloverstodowiththeiremptychipbags?A.Toturnthemintosleepingbags. B.Togivethemawaytoher.C.Tothrowthemintothetrash. D.Todonatethemtothehomelessdirectly.5.WhatdoweknowaboutthesleepingbagmadebyChipBagProject?A.Itssizeisadjustable. B.Itisonlymadeofoldcoats.C.Ithasthefunctionofheating D.Itisportable.6.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Theaimoftheprojectismorethansocialissues.B.Povertyresultsfromenvironmentalproblems.C.Oleita’sprojectmade110sleepingbagspermonth.D.Oleitastartedtheprojectmainlytoraisemoney.7.WhichwordscanbestdescribeOleita?A.Hardworkingandloyal. B.Talentedandsocial.C.Responsibleandcreative. D.Selflessandmodest.【答案】4.B5.D6.A7.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了EradajereOleita建立了theChipBagProject，回收空薯片袋子，将其制成睡袋，送给无家可归的人，她的努力取得了一定的效果，部分缓解了垃圾和贫穷问题。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“The26-year-oldstudentandenvironmentalistfromDetroitisaskingafavoroflocalsnacklovers:Ratherthanthrowyouremptychipbagsintothetrash,donatethemsoshecanturnthemintosleepingbagsforthehomeless.(这位来自底特律的26岁学生和环保主义者请求当地小吃爱好者的帮助：与其把你的空薯片袋扔进垃圾桶，不如把它们捐出来，这样她就可以把它们变成无家可归者的睡袋)”可知，Oleita让零食爱好者把空薯片袋捐赠给她。故选B项。【5题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Theresultisasleepingbagthatis“waterprooflightweightandeasytocarryaround”.(其结果是一个“防水、轻便、便于携带”的睡袋)”可知，这种睡袋是便于携带的。故选D项。【6题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Sinceitsstartin2020,theChipBagProjecthascollectedmorethan800,000chipbagsand,asoflastDecember,created110sleepingbags.Sure,itwouldbesimplertoraisethemoneytobuynewsleepingbags.Butthat’sonlyhalfthegoalforOleita—whosefamilymovedtotheUnitedStatesfromNigeriaadecadeagowiththehopeofattainingabetterlife—andherfellowvolunteers.“Wearedevotedtomakinganimpactnotonlysocially,butenvironmentally,”shesays.(自2020年启动以来，薯片袋项目已经收集了80多万个薯片袋，截至去年12月，已经制作了110个睡袋。当然，筹钱买新睡袋会更简单。但对Oleita和她的志愿者同伴们来说，这只是他们目标的一半。Oleita一家十年前从尼日利亚搬到美国，希望过上更好的生活。她说：“我们致力于不仅在社会上产生影响，而且致力于在环境上产生影响。”)”可知，Oleita希望theChipBagProject不仅在社会上，而且在环境上产生影响，因此，该项目的目的不仅仅是解决社会问题。故选A项。【7题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“EradajereOleitathinksshemayhaveapartialsolutiontotwoofhercountry’sproblems:garbageandpoverty.It’scalledtheChipBagProject.The26-year-oldstudentandenvironmentalistfromDetroitisaskingafavoroflocalsnacklovers:Ratherthanthrowyouremptychipbagsintothetrash,donatethemsoshecanturnthemintosleepingbagsforthehomeless.(EradajereOleita认为，她或许能部分解决该国的两个问题：垃圾和贫困。它被称为薯片袋计划。这位来自底特律的26岁学生和环保主义者请求当地小吃爱好者的帮助：与其把你的空薯片袋扔进垃圾桶，不如把它们捐出来，这样她就可以把它们变成无家可归者的睡袋)”可知，Oleita希望能部分解决国家垃圾和贫困的问题，并且想到把空薯片袋变成无家可归者的睡袋，可推测她是有责任心且有创造力的。故选C项。CTheAschConformityExperiments,conductedbypsychologistSolomonAschinthe1950s,demonstratedthepowerofconformity.(从众)ingroupsandshowedthatevensimpleobjectivefactscannotresistthepressureofgroupinfluence.Intheexperiments,groupsofuniversitystudentswereaskedtoparticipateinaperceptiontest.Inreality,allbutoneoftheparticipantswere“confederates”,cooperatorswiththeexperimenterwhoonlypretendedtobeparticipants.Thestudywasabouthowtheremainingstudentwouldreacttothebehavioroftheother“participants”.Theparticipantsoftheexperimentwerepresentedwithacardwithasimplevertical(垂直)blacklineonit.Then,theyweregivenasecondcardwiththreelinesofvaryinglengthlabeledA.B,andC.Onelineonthesecondcardwasthesamelengthasthatonthefirst,andtheothertwolineswereobviouslylongerandshorter.Participantswereaskedtostateoutloudinfrontofeachotherwhichline,A,B,orC,matchedthelengthofthelineonthefirstcard.Ineachexperimentalcase,theconfederatesansweredfirst,andtherealparticipantwasseatedsothathewouldanswerlast.Insomecases,theconfederatesansweredcorrectly,whileinothers,theyansweredincorrectly.Aschintendedtoseeiftherealparticipantwouldbepressuredtoanswerincorrectlyintheinstanceswhentheconfederatesdidso,orwhethertheirbeliefintheirownperceptionandcorrectnesswouldoutweighthesocialpressureprovidedbytheresponsesoftheothergroupmembers.Aschfoundthatone-thirdofrealparticipantsgavethesamewronganswersastheconfederatesatleasthalfthetime.Fortypercentgavesomewronganswers,andonlyone-fourthgavecorrectanswersindefianceofthepressuretoconformtothewronganswersprovidedbythegroup.Ininterviewsfollowingthetrials,Aschfoundthatforthosewhoansweredincorrectly,inconformancewiththegroup,somebelievedthattheanswersgivenbytheconfederateswerecorrect,somethoughtthattheyweresufferingalapse(失误)inperceptionwhentheyoriginallyhadtheanswerdifferentfromthegroup,andothersadmittedthattheyknewthattheyhadthecorrectanswer,butconformedtotheincorrectanswerbecausetheydidn’twanttobreakfromthemajority.8.Whataretheparticipantsaskedtodointheexperiment?A.Labelthecardswithdifferentletters. B.Pickouttwolinesofthesamelength.C.Statethereasonformatchingthecards. D.Identifythelongestverticalblackline.9.What’sparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Theresultoftheexperiment. B.Thedesignoftheexperiment.C.Thepurposeoftheexperiment. D.Theprocedureoftheexperiment.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“indefianceof”inparagraph6mean?A.Inspiteof. B.Forfearof. C.Inresponseto. D.Onaccountof.11.Whydidtherealparticipantsgiveawronganswer?A.Theymisunderstoodthequestion. B.Theybelievedtheirownjudgment.C.Theyfailedtoresistgroupinfluence. D.Theywantedtobedifferentfromothers.【答案】8.B9.C10.A11.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了心理学家索洛蒙·阿什的实验揭示了从众行为的力量，有些参与者选择错误答案是出于遵循大多数人的心理，而放弃了自己正确的判断。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段的“Participantswereaskedtostateoutloudinfrontofeachotherwhichline,A,B,orC,matchedthelengthofthelineonthefirstcard.(参与者被要求在对方面前大声说出A,B或C中的哪条线与第一张卡片上的线的长度相匹配。)”可知，参与者被要求在实验中找出两条长度相同的线。故选B。【9题详解】段落大意题。根据第五段的“Aschintendedtoseeiftherealparticipantwouldbepressuredtoanswerincorrectlyintheinstanceswhentheconfederatesdidso,orwhethertheirbeliefintheirownperceptionandcorrectnesswouldoutweighthesocialpressureprovidedbytheresponsesoftheothergroupmembers.(Asch想看看真正的参与者是否会在同伴回答错误的情况下受到压力，或者他们对自己的看法和正确性的信念是否会超过其他小组成员的回答所带来的社会压力。)

”可知，Asch是要通过实验来看一下参与者面对压力的反应，即本段主要讲的是实验的目的。故选C。【10题详解】短语猜测题。根据第六段的“Aschfoundthatone-thirdofrealparticipantsgavethesamewronganswersastheconfederatesatleasthalfthetime.Fortypercentgavesomewronganswers(Asch发现，三分之一的真实参与者至少有一半的时间给出了与同伙相同的错误答案。40%的人给出了一些错误的答案)”可知，这是在描述受到压力影响的人给出的答案，再由only一词可知，接下来谈的应该是不顾压力影响的人给出的答案，因此，划线短语意为“无视，不顾”。故选A。【11题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“othersadmittedthattheyknewthattheyhadthecorrectanswer,butconformedtotheincorrectanswerbecausetheydidn’twanttobreakfromthemajority(一些人承认他们知道自己有正确的答案，但因为不想与大多数人决裂而遵从了错误的答案。)”可知，真正的参与者给出了错误的答案是因为他们未能抵制群体的影响。故选C。DYou’reasleeponaSaturdaymorningwhenthesoundofanalarmclockeruptsfromyourdevice.YouturnovertoseethewordSNOOZEprojectedintheairaboveyourdevice.Youreachoutandtouchthevirtualbuttonwithyourfinger—aslightfeelingonyourfingertip—beforefallingbacktosleep.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofTsukubainJapanareworkingonatechnologythatcouldmakethispossible.LedbyassociateprofessorYoichiOchiai,theteamcreatesshapesintheairusingalaser(激光)thatreleasesshortpulses(脉冲)oflight.Thehigh-intensitylightcanbreakdownairmolecules(分子),whichproducesshort-livedspotsoflight.Thesystempolishesimagesbyrapidlyadjustingthecentralpointofthelaserinthreedimensions.Apreviousversionofthetechnologyusednano-secondlaserpulses,whichhavetheunfortunatesideeffectofburninghumanskin.Ochiai’ssystem,namedFairyLights,employsmuchshorterlaserpulsesthataremuchlessdangerousdespitehavingahighpeakintensity,Ochiaisays.Thetinyhearts,starsandfairiesthatthesystemprojectsarenotonlysafetotouch,buttheyaresensitivetocontact.Inonetest,thesystemprojectsacheckboxthatcanbefilledinwithyourfinger.“Itfeelslikesandpaperoramildelectricshock,”Ochiaisays.Ochiaialsopredictslarge-scaleemergencymonitorsthatcouldbeprojectedhighoveracitytowarnresidentsaboutanaturaldisasterordirectthemtowardanescaperoute.Whiletheinitialimageswerenotlarge,Ochiaisaystheflexibilityofthesystemdependsonthesizeandpoweroftheequipmentused.Largesystemsarecurrentlyexpensive,hesays,addingthattechnologiesthatdrawimageswilllikelybecomemoreachievableoverthenext10to20yearsasthemulti-million-dollarpricedecreases.12.Whatistheauthor’spurposeofwritingparagraph1?A.Todescribeasceneofsleep-in. B.Topromoteahigh-techalarmclock.C.Toexplainthefunctionofaproject. D.Tointroducetheuseofanewtechnology.13.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph2?A.Imagescanbeprojectedintheair. B.Shapescanbereleasedbypulsesoflight.C.Thesystemcanbeadjustedinthreedimensions. D.Airmoleculescanbebrokendowninashorttime.14.WhatdoweknowaboutFairyLights?A.Itprojectsimagessafetotouch. B.Itbringsbenefitstohumanskin.C.Itemploysnano-secondlaserpulses. D.Itbecomessensitivetoelectriccurrents.15.Accordingtoparagraph4,Ochiaimightagreethat________.A.ThetechnologywillbeputinuseinadecadeortwoB.ThetechnologycanaccuratelypredictnaturaldisastersC.Thesystemcaninformpeopleofasaferescaperoute.D.Themoreflexiblethesystemis,thelargertheimagewillbe【答案】12.D13.A14.A15.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。日本学者成功研制出可以利用激光在空中投射图像新技术，文章介绍了该技术的前景、原理和未来趋势。【详解】1.推理判断题。根据第一段“You’reasleeponaSaturdaymorningwhenthesoundofanalarmclockeruptsfromyourdevice.YouturnovertoseethewordSNOOZEprojectedintheairaboveyourdevice.Youreachoutandtouchthevirtualbuttonwithyourfinger—aslightfeelingonyourfingertip—beforefallingbacktosleep.(周六早上，当闹钟的声音从你的设备中爆发出来的时候，你正在睡觉。你转过身来，看到“瞌睡”这个词投射在你的设备上方的空气中。你伸出手，用手指触摸虚拟按钮——指尖有轻微的感觉——然后再次入睡。)”可知，本段描述了可以在空中点击虚拟按钮关闭闹钟的景象，结合第二段中“ResearchersfromtheUniversityofTsukubainJapanareworkingonatechnologythatcouldmakethispossible.(来自日本筑波大学的研究人员正在研究一种技术，可以使这一切成为可能。)”和下文可知，文章接下来介绍了这样的景象是可能的，并详细介绍了该技术，由此可推知，第一段是为了介绍新技术的使用，故选D。2.推理判断题。根据第二段中“LedbyassociateprofessorYoichiOchiai,theteamcreatesshapesintheairusingalaser(激光)thatreleasesshortpulses(脉冲)oflight.(由副教授YoichiOchiai领导的研究小组利用激光在空气中产生形状，激光释放短脉冲的光。)”可知，在空中创造图像是使用可以释放短脉冲光的激光实现的，并且该段第一句“ResearchersfromtheUniversityofTsukubainJapanareworkingonatechnologythatcouldmakethispossible.(来自日本筑波大学的研究人员正在研究一种技术，可以使这一切成为可能。)”也表明了新技术可以让点击虚拟按钮的景象成为现实，由此可推知，该项技术是可以在空中投射图片，故选A。3.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Thetinyhearts,starsandfairiesthatthesystemprojectsarenotonlysafetotouch,buttheyaresensitivetocontact.(这些小小的爱心、星星和仙女不仅可以安全地触摸，而且接触也很灵敏。)”可知，由FairyLights投射出来的小爱心、星星等图片是可以安全触碰的，故选A。4.推理判断题。根据第四段中“Ochiaialsopredictslarge-scaleemergencymonitorsthatcouldbeprojectedhighoveracitytowarnresidentsaboutanaturaldisasterordirectthemtowardanescaperoute.(Ochiai也预言，大规模的应急监测器可以被投射到一个城市的上空，以警告居民有关自然灾害或指导他们走向逃生路线。)”可知，Ochiai预言，大型的危急情况可以投放在城市上空来提醒居民自然灾害发生或为他们指明逃生道路，由此可推知，Ochiai或许认为这个系统可以告知人们更安全的逃生路线。故选C。第二节(共5小题;每题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Haveyouconsideredhowtochooseyourmajorinuniversity,whichisofgreatsignificanceforyourfuturecareer?Hereissomepracticaladvice.Initially,don’tchooseamajormerelybasedonmoney,otherwisemistakeswillhappen.____16____Canyouseeyourselfinvestingthenext40yearsinthiscareerwithoutgettingbored?Actuallychoosingamajorwithhigh-payingcareerwon’tguaranteeyouahigh-payingjob.Itdependsonpositionopeningsandyourcompetitorswhenyougraduate.____17____Youwanttopicksomethingthatinterestsyou,butyouneedtobesureyouwon’tgetsickofitastimeprogresses.____18____Ahobbyisapursuitoutsideone’sregularoccupationforrelaxationwhilepassioncomfortsyouanddrivesyoucrazyatthesametime.Itisn’trelaxing.Itinsertsitselfintoyourlife.Whenyouchoosetostudyyourhobbyandbuildyourlifearoundit,itcanloseitsappealandwon’tberelaxing.Thirdly,neverchooseamajorbyfeelinginsteadofresearch.Beinginterestedinamajorisn’tenough.Researchingthefieldwillensureyoutochoosearightmajor.Ifyouknowsomeoneinthefield,askthemforsomeinformation.Besides,considertheentirejourneyyou’llpursue—thecoursework,themajordemands,theschooltimeyou’llneed,andtheavailablejobprospects.____19____Lastly,don’talwaysdependonyourparents.____20____However,thechoiceisultimatelyyours.Ifanyonewantstohelpyouinchoosingamajorandyoucompletelyagreewiththeiropinions,thengowithit.Butifyouwantyourfuturetogoinanyotherdirection,speakup.Theonlywaytogetthebestoutcomeistoshapeyourownfuture.A.Next,ahobbyisnevermeanttobeyourpriority.B.Theopinionsofyourfamilyaren’tsomethingtoignore.C.Besides,keepabalancebetweenhobbiesandrelaxation.D.Typically,peoplewillconfusetheirhobbieswiththeirpassions.E.Youshouldalsoconsideryourpassions,dislikes,andhappiness.F.Remembercollegeisaninvestmentofbothyourtimeandmoney.G.Ifyou’repassionateaboutamajorafterresearch,followyourheart.【答案】16.E17.A18.D19.G20.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要针对如何选择对未来职业有用的大学专业提出了一些实用的建议。【16题详解】前文“Initially,don’tchooseamajormerelybasedonmoney,otherwisemistakeswillhappen.(一开始，不要仅仅基于金钱来选择专业，否则会出错。)”讲述了不要仅仅根据金钱来选择专业，空处应讲述应该考虑的其他因素，E项“你还应该考虑你的激情、厌恶和幸福。”符合题意。故选E。【17题详解】空处是本段的主旨句。根据后文的“Youwanttopicksomethingthatinterestsyou,butyouneedtobesureyouwon’tgetsickofitastimeprogresses.(你想挑选一些你感兴趣的东西，但你需要确保随着时间的推移，你不会厌倦它。)”和“Whenyouchoosetostudyyourhobbyandbuildyourlifearoundit,itcanloseitsappealandwon’tberelaxing.(当你选择研究你的爱好并围绕它建立你的生活时，它可能会失去吸引力，也不会令人放松。)”可知，本段主要讲述的是选择专业的时候不要首先考虑自己的爱好，A项“其次，爱好从来都不是你的首要任务。”符合题意。故选A。【18题详解】后文“Ahobbyisapursuitoutsideone’sregularoccupationforrelaxationwhilepassioncomfortsyouanddrivesyoucrazyatthesametime.(爱好是一种在日常工作之外的放松追求，而激情既能安慰你，又能让你发疯。)”讲述了爱好和激情之间的区别，所以空处应讲述的是二者容易被混为一谈，D项“通常，人们会将自己的爱好与激情混为一谈。”符合题意。故选D。【19题详解】根据本段主旨句“Thirdly,neverchooseamajorbyfeelinginsteadofresearch.(第三，千万不要凭感觉而非研究来选择专业。)”可知，本段主要建议在选专业之前要进行研究，G项“如果你在研究之后对某个专业充满热情，那就用心去做吧。”符合题意。故选G。【20题详解】前文“Lastly,don’talwaysdependonyourparents.(最后，不要总是依赖你的父母。)”讲述了不要总是依赖父母的意见，后文“However,thechoiceisultimatelyyours.(然而，最终选择权在你。)”讲述了最终做决定的是你自己，由此可知，空处应是说家人的意见不容忽视，B项“你的家人的意见不容忽视。”符合题意。故选B。第二部分知识运用(共两节，满分45分)第一节(共20小题;每小题1.5分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。Havingrepeatedlyheard“goodmanners”,doyoureallyunderstandwhatthebasicelementsofgoodmannersare?Certainly,astrongsenseofjusticeisone—(fromthisangle)politenessisoften____21____butahighlydevelopedsenseoffairplay.Afriendofmineoncetoldmeofhim____22____alongaone-lanedirtroad.____23____wasanothercarthatproducedcloudsofchoking____24____,anditwasalongwaytothenearesthighway.Suddenly,ata____25____place,thecarinfrontpulledofftheroad.____26____thatitsownermighthaveenginetrouble,myfriendstoppedandaskedifanythingwaswrong.“No”,saidtheotherdriver,“butyou’vetoleratedmydustthisfar;I’ll____27____yourstherestoftheway.”Anotherelementofpolitenessisempathy,a(an)____28____thatenablesapersontoseeintothemindorheartofsomeoneelse,to____29____thepainorsufferingthereandtodosomethingtominimizeit.Aman_____30_____aloneinarestaurantwastryingtounscrew(拧开)thecapofabeerbottle._____31_____,hecouldn’tdoitbecauseofbadlyinjured_____32_____.Heturnedtoayoungkidforhelp.Thekidtookthebottle,_____33_____andloosenedthecapwithoutdifficulty.Thenhe_____34_____itagain.Turningbacktotheman,he_____35_____tomakegreateffortstoopenthebottlewithoutsuccess._____36_____hetookitintothekitchenandreturnedshortly,sayingthathehad_____37_____toloosenit—butonlywithapairofpliers(钳子).Lastbutnotleast,theabilitytotreatallpeople_____38_____isalsoanelementofpoliteness,regardlessofstatusorimportance._____39_____whenyouhavedoubtsaboutsomepeople,actasiftheyareworthyofyourbestmanners.Areyouastonishedtofindoutthebasicfactorsof“_____40_____”?21.A.anything B.nothing C.something D.everything22.A.driving B.running C.riding D.walking23.A.Ahead B.Before C.Behind D.After24.A.ash B.smoke C.steam D.dust25.A.cleaner B.flatter C.wider D.straighter26.A.Consuming B.Finding C.Guessing D.Confirming27.A.doawaywith B.putupwith C.catchupwith D.goonwith28.A.quality B.personality C.behavior D.technique29.A.reduce B.accept C.remove D.understand30.A.dining B.begging C.working D.performing31.A.Otherwise B.However C.Therefore D.Meanwhile32.A.legs B.heart C.mouth D.fingers33.A.satdown B.tookalook C.turnedaround D.thoughttwice34.A.watched B.checked C.covered D.tightened35.A.seemed B.pretended C.promised D.happened36.A.Luckily B.Happily C.Finally D.Sadly37.A.tried B.failed C.meant D.managed38.A.nicely B.alike C.warmly D.happily39.A.Ever B.Specially C.Especially D.Even40.A.politeness B.manner C.elements D.empathy【答案】21.B22.A23.A24.D25.C26.C27.B28.A29.D30.A31.B32.D33.C34.D35.B36.C37.D38.B39.C40.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章论述了礼貌的基本要素都有哪些，作者列举了几个要素，比如公平对待自己和他人、具备同理心以及对所有人一视同仁等。【21题详解】考查代词词义辨析。句意：当然，强烈的正义感是其中之——（从这个角度看）礼貌通常只不过是高度发展的公平竞争意识。A.anything任何事；B.nothing没事；C.something某事；D.everything所有事。根据下文“but”可知，横线处的词需要和but能形成一个固定搭配，nothingbut的意思是“就是”，符合语境，故选B项。【22题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的一个朋友曾经告诉我，他在一条单车道的土路上开车。A.driving开车；B.running跑步；C.riding骑车；D.walking步行。根据下文“wasanothercar”可知，能在一条单车道上行驶的，一定是正在开车，故选A项。【23题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：前面是另一辆车，扬起呛人的尘土，离最近的高速公路还有很长一段路。A.Ahead在前方；B.Before在……前；C.Behind在……后：D.After随后。根据第5小题“thecarinfrontpulledofftheroad”可知，这辆车是开在了作者朋友的前面，需要注意before指的是时间的先后顺序，并不是物理空间上的前后，故选A项。【24题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：前面是另一辆车，扬起呛人的尘土，离最近的高速公路还有很长一段路。A.ash灰烬；B.smoke烟；C.steam蒸汽；D.dust尘土。根据第7小题“you’vetoleratedmydustthisfar”可知，作者的朋友一直在忍受这辆车扬起的尘土，故选D项。【25题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：突然，在一个较宽的地方，前车驶离了马路。A.cleaner更干净的；B.flatter更扁平的；C.wider更宽的；D.straighter更直的。根据下文“thecarinfrontpulledofftheroad”可知，前面这辆车停下了，如果道路很窄，它是不能停下的，说明在这里道路变宽了，故选C项。【26题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的朋友猜想它的主人可能是发动机出了问题，于是停下来问它是不是出了什么问题。A.Consuming消耗；B.Finding找到；C.Guessing猜测；D.Confirming确认。根据下文“askedifanythingwaswrong”可知，作者朋友下车询问是不是需要帮助，说明作者朋友看到前车停下后心生疑惑，猜测是不是发生引擎故障了，故选C项。【27题详解】考查动词词组辨析。句意：但你容忍我的灰尘到现在为止，我会忍受你剩下的路。A.doawaywith处理掉；B.putupwith忍受；C.catchupwith追上；D.goonwith继续。根据上文“you’vetoleratedmydustthisfar”可知，作者朋友一直在忍受前车的尘土，司机认为现在轮到自己来忍受别人的尘土，故选B项。【28题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：礼貌的另一个要素是同理心，这种品质使一个人能够看到别人的思想或心灵，理解那里的痛苦或苦难，并采取行动将其最小化。A.quality品质；B.personality人性；C.behavior行为；D.technique技巧。根据上文“Anotherelementofpolitenessisempathy”可知，同理心也是礼貌的要素，这是一种品质，注意B选项的“人性”是个很大的概念，同理心只是人性中很小的组成部分而已，故选A项。【29题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：礼貌的另一个要素是同理心，这种品质使一个人能够看到别人的思想或心灵，理解那里的痛苦或苦难，并采取行动将其最小化。A.reduce减少；B.accept接受；C.remove移除；D.understand理解。根据下文“todosomethingtominimizeit”可知，面对别人的痛苦，我们要做些什么来减少痛苦，那么首先就要理解他人的痛苦，故选D项。【30题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个独自在餐馆吃饭的人正试图拧开啤酒瓶的瓶盖。A.dining进餐；B.begging祈求；C.working工作；D.performing表现。根据下文“inarestaurant”可知，这个人在餐厅里的动作应该就是吃饭，也就是进餐，故选A项。【31题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，他不能这样做，因为严重受伤的手指。A.Otherwise要不然；B.However无论如何，然而；C.Therefore所以；D.Meanwhile同时。根据下文“hecouldn’tdoit”可知，他想打开瓶盖，但是却打不开，这个句子和上个句子是转折关系，故选B项。【32题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，他不能这样做，因为严重受伤的手指。A.legs腿；B.heart心脏；C.mouth嘴；D.fingers手指。根据上文“unscrew(拧开)thecapofabeerbottle”和“hecouldn’tdoit”可知，这位先生无法拧开瓶盖，说明他的手指头受伤了，故选D项。【33题详解】考查动词词组辨析。句意：小孩拿过瓶子，转过身，毫不费力地拧开了瓶盖。A.satdown坐下；B.tookalook看一眼；C.turnedaround离开；D.thoughttwice三思。根据下文“Turningbacktotheman”可知，这个小朋友后来重新转回来面向他，说明小朋友开始把身体转过去了，故选C项。【34题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后又把瓶盖拧紧了。A.watched观看；B.checked检查；C.covered覆盖；D.tightened拧紧。根据下文“makegreateffortstoopenthebottle”可知，小朋友后来假装使劲拧开瓶盖，说明他又把瓶盖给拧紧了，故选D项。【35题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他转过身来对着那个人，假装使了很大的力气也没有打开瓶子。A.seemed好像；B.pretended假装；C.promised承诺；D.happened发生。根据上文“loosenedthecapwithoutdifficulty”可知，小朋友其实已经轻松地把瓶盖拧开了，但是为了保护这位先生的颜面，他又给瓶盖拧紧了，所以现在他是在假装重新拧开瓶盖，故选B项。【36题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：最后，他把它拿到厨房去，很快就回来了，说他已经把它弄松了。A.Luckily幸运地；B.Happily开心地；C.Finally最终；D.Sadly悲伤地。根据下文“hetookitintothekitchenandreturnedshortly”可知，这个小朋友做完了一切后，最后去了厨房，假装用钳子打开了，故选C项。【37题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：最后，他把它拿到厨房去，很快就回来了，说他已经把它弄松了。A.tried尝试；B.failed失败；C.meant意味着；D.managed设法做。根据下文“butonlywithapairofpliers”可知，这个小朋友声称他用钳子把瓶盖打开了，说明他已经成功打开了瓶盖，故选D项。【38题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：最后，但很重要的是，能够一视同仁地对待所有人也是礼貌的一个要素，无论地位高低，重要性如何。A.nicely好地；B.alike相似地；C.warmly温暖地；D.happily开心地。根据下文“regardlessofstatusorimportance”可知，每个人的身份地位都不一样，这里表达的意思是礼貌的要素之一就是能够无视这些差异，能相同地对待所有人，故选B项。【39题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：尤其是当你对某些人心存疑虑时，要表现得好像他们值得你以最好的态度对待。A.Ever曾经；B.Specially特别地；C.Especially尤其地；D.Even甚至。根据下文“whenyouhavedoubtsaboutsomepeople”可知，作者这句话是对上句话的进一步解释，当我们对有些人心存疑虑时，也能够对他们一视同仁，这是一种特殊情况，其它选项不符合语境，故选C项。【40题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当你发现“礼貌”的基本要素时，你是否感到惊讶？A.politeness礼貌；B.manner礼仪；C.elements元素；D.empathy同理心。根据上文“ane