大学英语知到智慧树章节测试课后答案2024年秋沈阳农业大学

大学英语知到智慧树章节测试课后答案2024年秋沈阳农业大学第一章单元测试

A)Inthelate1990s,America’straditionaloptimismaboutthecountry’scontinuedeconomicprogressseemedverywell-placed.Theeconomywasexpandingrapidly,unemploymentreachedrecordlows,andthestockmarketseemedtohitthestratosphere(平流层)onaregularbasis.B)Butaswe’veseenduringthefirstdecadeofthenewmillennium(千年),youcan’texpectthefavorableclimatetocontinueindefinitely.Commonsensetellsusthatatsomepoint,wealwayshavetopreparefortheinevitableslowdown.What’smore,eveniftheeconomyisdoingwellonanationalbasis,there’snoguaranteethatthelocaleconomyinyourareawillfollowsuit,orthatyourpersonaleconomicconditionswon’tbesubjecttoupsanddownsduetoindividualcircumstances.C)Theprocessoftranslatingastableandadequateincomesupplyintotheachievementofyoureconomicgoalsbeginswithfinancialplanning.Throughthedevelopmentofyourpersonalfinancialplan,youwillbeabletoidentifyandreachyourmonetary(货币)goals.Throughthisfinancialplanningsystem,we’llguideyouthroughthefollowingstepstoallowyoutocreateyourownindividualizedfinancialplan:D)

Identifyingwhatyouhavenow:thefirststepistakingstockofyourwealth,incomeandexpenses,andexistingplanningdocuments.

Ajourneyofathousandmilesmaybeginwithonestep,butchancesarethatyouwon’tknowthedirectiontogounlessyoufirstknowwhereyouarestanding.Inmuchthesameway,creatingawealth-buildingplanshouldstartwithalookattheassetsyouhavenow.Thismaybesomethingthatyouwouldjustassoonavoid.Maybeyou’drathernotthinkaboutthemoneyyouknowyoushouldhavesaved,butdidn’t,oraboutsomeofyourinvestmentsthathaven’tturnedoutasplanned.E)Whileanyplantomaximizeyourwealthwillfocusprimarilyonthefuture,youcan’tcompletelyignoreyourfinancialpast.Evenifyoudon’thavetomakemajoradjustmentsinhowyouhandleyourpersonalfinances,you’llneedtohaveanaccuratepictureofwhatyourfinancesarenow,iffornootherreasonthantogauge(估计)howmuchmoremoneyyou’llneedtomeetyourvariousfinancialgoals.F)Decidingwhatyouwant:next,youhavetosetyourgoalsandquantifythemintermsofdollaramounts,andthetimeyouhavetoachievethem.

We’veallheardtheadage(谚语):“Becarefulwhatyouwishfor,youmaygetit.”Amorerealisticstatementaboutattainingfinancialsecuritymightbe:“Becarefulwhatyouwishforand

howyouplantogetit,oryouwon’t.”Thismaysoundpessimistic,butit’sreallynot.You

cansucceedinreachingyourgoalsforbuildingwealthforyourlifetimeuseandpassingitalongtoyourheirs(继承者).

Ifyouaskseveralpeoplehowwealthypeoplegotthatway,youmayhearseveralexplanations:“theywerelucky,”“theyweretruefinancialgeniuses,”or“theyinheritedit.”Whileanyorallofthesestatementsmaybetrue,theywon’thelpmostofus,whoarenotthatlucky,thatfortunateinpickingourrelatives,or

thatsmart.G)Determininghowtogetthere:thisisheartofthefinancialplan.Youneedtofigureoutwhatyoumustdotoachieveyourgoals,orreadjustthemsotheybecomeattainable.

Inordertoconstructyourpersonalwealth-buildingplan,youneedtocarefullyconsiderwhatyouhavenowandwhatyouwantinthefuture.Asanecessarypartoftheprocessofsettingagoal,you’llwanttomakethegoalmeasurablebyreducingittoamonetaryamountandsettingadeadlineforattainingit.Althoughanyplantomaximizetheirwealthwillconcentratemainlyonthefuture,peopleshouldn’ttotallyignoretheirpastfinancialplan.

____Amonetaryamountandadeadlineareverynecessaryforsettingagoalasyouaresuretomakethegoalmeasurable.

____Whilepeoplecreateawealth-buildingplan,thefirststeptheyshouldtakeistoknowhowmanyassetstheyhave.____Weknowpersonaleconomicconditionsmaybesubjecttoupsanddowns.____Youshouldmakefinancialplanningifyouwanttoachieveyoureconomicgoalswithyourincomesupply.

____

答案:F)Decidingwhatyouwant:next,youhavetosetyourgoalsandquantifythemintermsofdollaramounts,andthetimeyouhavetoachievethem.E)Whileanyplantomaximizeyourwealthwillfocusprimarilyonthefuture,youcan’tcompletelyignoreyourfinancialpast.C)Theprocessoftranslatingastableandadequateincomesupplyintotheachievementofyoureconomicgoalsbeginswithfinancialplanning.B)Butaswe’veseenduringthefirstdecadeofthenewmillennium(千年),youcan’texpectthefavorableclimatetocontinueindefinitely.Commonsensetellsusthatatsomepoint,wealwayshavetopreparefortheinevitableslowdown.What’smore,eveniftheeconomyisdoingwellonanationalbasis,there’snoguaranteethatthelocaleconomyinyourareawillfollowsuit,orthatyourpersonaleconomicconditionswon’tbesubjecttoupsanddownsduetoindividualcircumstances.D)Identifyingwhatyouhavenow:thefirststepistakingstockofyourwealth,incomeandexpenses,andexistingplanningdocuments.H)Mostfinancialplansarefocusedongoalsoreventsthatwillhappeninthefuture,suchassavingforyourchildren’scollegeeducationorsavingforretirement.Becausemostcostsgoupovertime,andbecauseyou’llwanttoinvestyoursavingsinsuchwayastheywillincreaseinvalueastimemoveson,determininghowmuchtosetasideeachmonthisabitmorecomplicatedthanjustdividingthecurrentcostoftheitembythenumberofsavingsperiodsyou’llhavebeforeyoureachthedeadlinethatyousetforattainingthegoal.

I)Implementingtheplan:thismaybethemostimportantstepforyoutotake.Manyplan,fewerimplement.Nowyouhavegonethroughtheimportantstepsofidentifyingwhatyouhavenow,settinggoalsandplanninghowtoreachyourgoals.But,asimportantaseachofthesestepsis,noneofthemisasvitalasthestepofcarryingtheplanforwardandmakingitwork.

J)Monitoringtheplan:evenagoodplancansourwithage.Youneedtokeepyourplanuptodatebymakingsureyourinvestmentsperformasexpected,andbyadjustingyourplanforchangedcircumstances.Ifyouhaveinvestedthetime,effort,andmoneyneededtoimplementyourfinancialplan,youdefinitelydon’twantchangedcircumstancestomakeyourplanobsolete（过时的).

K)Manychangescanhappeninlifethatmaymakeitadvisableforyoutochangeoneormorepartsofyourpersonalfinancialplan.Whenyouareconfrontedwithsuchachangeincircumstances,thefirstruleis:Wedon’tsaythistolull(麻痹)youintoafalsesenseofsecurity,butonlysoyou’renotsodiscouragedthatyouignorethechangeandhopethatitdoesn’thaveanadverseeffectonyourplan.

L)Ifyoufeeluneasyaboutimplementingtheplan,don’tforgetthoseprofessionaladvisorswhostandreadytohelpyou:lawyers,accountants,financialplanners,stockbrokers,bankers,insuranceagents.Youcanseekhelponaparticularpartoftheplan,oraparticularquestion,oraskforageneralreviewofyourplan.Ifyoudoso,don’tworryaboutaskingthequestionsthatareonyourmind.

1.Ifpeopleareanxiousabouthowtocarryouttheplan,theycanturntothoseprofessionaladvisorsforhelp.

____2.Ifpeoplehaveinvestedthetime,effort,andmoneyrequiredtoimplementtheirfinancialplan,theythinktheirplanisuptodate.

____3.Don’tbefrightenedbythechangesinyourlife,yourplanwillbeasgoodasyouexpect.

____4.Expensesofeducationorretirementshouldbeconsideredinadvanceasmostcostsincreasewithtimegoingby.

____5.Allthestepsarevitalbutthemostimportantstepistoimplementtheplanandmakeiteffective.

____

答案:1.√2.×3.×4.√5.√

第二章单元测试

2.Inmanycases,identitytheftnotonlycausesthevictims‘immediatefinanciallossesbutcoststhemalottorestoretheirreputation.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错Identitytheftisaminoroffenceanditsharmhasbeensomewhatoverestimated.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错Itisimportantthatyourresumenotstayonlinelongerthanisnecessary.（）

A:错B:对

答案:对OfthethreeoptionsofferedbyCareerBinSuggestion2,thethirdoneisapparentlymoststronglyrecommended.（）

A:错B:对

答案:错Employersrequireapplicantstosubmitverypersonalinformationonbackgroundchecks.（）

A:对B:错

答案:错Applicantsareadvisedtousegenericnamesforthemselvesandtheircurrentemployerswhenseekingemploymentonline.（）

A:对B:错

答案:对Usingaspecialemailaddressinthejobsearchcanhelppreventyourfromreceiving____.

答案:[{"id":16892723,"url":"/zhs/teacherExam_h5/CHILDQUESTION/202308/25abc8a854a34b2eb7b81b25cae44e70.docx","name":"[题干请点击此处]Readingcomprehension.docx","suffix":"docx","dataType":"1","videoSize":"","interfaceDataId":798299683}]Toprotectyourreferences,youshouldnotpostonlinetheir____

答案:[{"id":16892724,"url":"/zhs/teacherExam_h5/CHILDQUESTION/202308/4f2afc06b8df40789849c02ab4912019.docx","name":"[题干请点击此处]Readingcomprehension.docx","suffix":"docx","dataType":"1","videoSize":"","interfaceDataId":798299707}]Accordingtothepassage,identitytheftiscommittedtypicallyfor____

答案:[{"id":16892725,"url":"/zhs/teacherExam_h5/CHILDQUESTION/202308/cb7d3951a7394cd4b17b6a2ac858053a.docx","name":"[题干请点击此处]Readingcomprehension.docx","suffix":"docx","dataType":"1","videoSize":"","interfaceDataId":798299769}]

第三章单元测试

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把....按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.

Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.

Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.

1、Inthepassagetheauthor'sattitudetowards“mixed-abilityteaching”is_________（）.

A:Objective

B:questioning

C:approving

D:critical

答案:approving

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把....按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.

Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.

Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.

2、By“heldback"(Line1)theauthormeans_________（）.

A:preventedfromadvancing

B:madetoremaininthesameclasses

C:forcedtostudyinthelowerclasses

D:drawntotheirstudies

答案:preventedfromadvancing

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把....按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.

Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.

Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.

3、Theauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcernshouldbethedevelopmentofthestudent's_________（）.

A:personalqualitiesandsocialskills

B:learningabilityandcommunicativeskills

C:totalpersonality

D:intellectualability

答案:totalpersonality

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把....按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.

Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.

Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.

4、WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthethirdparagraph?（）.

A:Groupworkprovidespupilswiththeopportunitytolearntobecapableorganizers.

B:Pupilsalsolearntodeveloptheirreasoningabilities.

C:Groupworkgivespupilstheopportunitytolearntoworktogetherwithothers.

D:Pupilsalsolearnhowtoparticipateinteachingactivities.

答案:Pupilsalsolearnhowtoparticipateinteachingactivities.

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把....按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.

Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.

Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.

5、Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageisto_________（）.

A:argueforteachingbrightandnot-s0-brightpupilsinthesameclass

B:offeradviceontheproperuseofthelibrary

C:emphasizetheimportanceofappropriateformalclassroomteaching

D:recommendpairworkandgroupworkforclassroomactivities

答案:argueforteachingbrightandnot-s0-brightpupilsinthesameclass

MaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim'sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeanalyzedusingscientificmethods,buthearguedthatsocialfactsarethetotalresultofindividualactions.ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople'ssubjectivebeliefs,attitudes,values,andmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions.LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodernerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientations.Weberbelievedthatthegeneraltrendtowardincreasedrationalizationcouldbeseeninmanyaspectsofsociallife.Onewastheriseofscienceastheprincipalmethodofacquiringknowledge.Bytheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiespeoplewereincreasinglycomingtobelieveinscience,toconsideritsrational,systematicmethodssuperiortosimpleintuitionandcommonsense.Increasedrationalizationcouldalsobeseeninthegrowthofgovernmentbureaucracies(官僚制度),wherelawsarethebasisofauthority.Athirdareawheretheriseofrationalizationcouldbeseenwasinthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Capitalismrequirespeopletoanalyzemarkets,maximizetheefficiencyofproduction,calculatereturnsoninvestments,andcreatefinancialinstitutionstosupporteconomicexpansion,allthingsthatdemandalogical,reasonedapproachtotheworld.1、Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith______（）.

A:showingseveralareasofsociallifeinWeber'stheory

B:presentingthesociologicaltheoryofMaxWeber

C:explainingtheimportanceoftheterm“verstehen”inWeber'stheory

D:givingabriefbiographyofMaxWeber

答案:presentingthesociologicaltheoryofMaxWeber

MaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim'sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeanalyzedusingscientificmethods,buthearguedthatsocialfactsarethetotalresultofindividualactions.ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople'ssubjectivebeliefs,attitudes,values,andmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions.LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodernerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientations.Weberbelievedthatthegeneraltrendtowardincreasedrationalizationcouldbeseeninmanyaspectsofsociallife.Onewastheriseofscienceastheprincipalmethodofacquiringknowledge.Bytheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiespeoplewereincreasinglycomingtobelieveinscience,toconsideritsrational,systematicmethodssuperiortosimpleintuitionandcommonsense.Increasedrationalizationcouldalsobeseeninthegrowthofgovernmentbureaucracies(官僚制度),wherelawsarethebasisofauthority.Athirdareawheretheriseofrationalizationcouldbeseenwasinthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Capitalismrequirespeopletoanalyzemarkets,maximizetheefficiencyofproduction,calculatereturnsoninvestments,andcreatefinancialinstitutionstosupporteconomicexpansion,allthingsthatdemandalogical,reasonedapproachtotheworld.2、TheauthorimpliesthatMaxWeberwasdifferentfromDurkheiminthat______（）.

A:Weberthoughtindividualactionsaretheresultofsociety

B:Weberbelievedsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudieddifferently

C:Weberplacedmoreemphasisonthemotivationofpeople'sactions

D:inWeber’sviewthesocialchangesmustbestudiedcarefully

答案:Weberplacedmoreemphasisonthemotivationofpeople'sactions

MaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim'sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeanalyzedusingscientificmethods,buthearguedthatsocialfactsarethetotalresultofindividualactions.ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople'ssubjectivebeliefs,attitudes,values,andmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions.LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodernerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientati