第13讲词性转换讲与练+-【暑假自学课】新高三英语暑假精 品课（新高考专用）

第13讲词性转化讲与练【学习目标】1.掌握构词法。2.灵活运用词性转换。【基础知识】考点一合成法1．复合名词的主要构成方式名词＋名词silkworm蚕；classroom教室形容词＋名词double­dealer两面派v.­ing＋名词swimming­pool游泳池动词＋名词breakwater防波堤；pickpocket扒手名词＋v.­inghandwriting笔迹动词＋副词get­together联欢会；breakthrough突破副词＋动词downfall垮台；outbreak爆发2．复合形容词的主要构成方式形容词＋名词＋­edcold­blooded冷酷的形容词＋名词high­class高级的形容词＋v.­ingeasy­going随和的形容词＋过去分词newborn新生的形容词＋形容词bitter­sweet甜中有苦的名词＋v.­ingtime­consuming费时间的名词＋过去分词handmade手工制作的名词＋形容词nationwide全国性的副词＋v.­ingfar­reaching深远的副词＋动词过去分词well­bred很有教养的数词＋名词＋形容词five­year­old五周岁的3．复合动词的主要构成方式名词＋动词sleep­walk梦游副词＋动词overcome克服；undergo经历形容词＋动词black­list将……列入黑名单考点二转化法名词转化为动词face脸—face面对形容词转化为动词dirty脏的—dirty弄脏动词转化为名词design设计—design图案形容词转化为名词daily每日的—daily日报形容词转化为副词deep深的—deep深深地即时练2写出下列句中黑体单词的意思和词性1．①Hebackedhiscarintothegarage.________②Youarenotalone,andweareallbackingyou.________③She'sthekindofpersonwhotalksaboutyoubehindyourback.________【答案】①倒退(v.)②支持(v.)③背后(n.)2．①Heheadedtherebellion.________②Heheadedhisboatfortheshore.________③Hewasshotinthehead,dead.________【答案】①领导(v.)②使……对着某处行进(v.)③头部(n.)3．①Ilackwordswithwhichtoexpressmythanks.________②Lackofproperfundingismakingourjobmoredifficult.________【答案】①缺乏(v.)②缺乏(n.)4．①Thedogsucceededinclearingthefence.________②Heclearedthetablebytakingplates,forksandknivesaway.________③Tomakeyourselfclearwithoutusingfacialexpressionscanbeverydifficult.________【答案】①越过(v.)②清理(v.)③清楚的(adj.)5．①Yourshoesneedcleaning.________②Trytokeepyourroomcleanandtidy.________【答案】①清洁(v.)②干净的(adj.)6．①Whatdoyoumeanbysayingthat？________②Hehasalwaysbeenmeanwithhismoney.________【答案】①意思(v.)②吝啬的(adj.)考点三派生法1．前缀构词法前缀例词dis­(不，否定)dissatisfy使不满意；dishonest不诚实的un­(不)unable不能够的；unlucky不幸的un­(做相反动作)undress脱衣服；unload卸货in­(不，非)inactive不活跃的；incorrect不正确的im­(不，非)impolite没有礼貌的ir­(不，非)irregular不规则的il­(不，非)illogical不合逻辑的；illegal非法的non­(不，非)non­existent不存在的mis­(错误的)misunderstand误解；misfortune厄运re­(重复，再)rewrite重写；remarry再婚en­(使)enrich丰富；enable使能够ex­(以前的)ex­wife前妻post­(以后的)post­war战后的postgraduate研究生super­(在……上面；超级)supermarket超市；supermodel超级模特under­(在……之下)underestimate低估；underground地下的sub­(在……下；次于；低于)subway地铁；submarine潜艇inter­(相互之间)international国际的；interact相互作用semi­(半)semi­final半决赛；semicircle半圆bi­(二)bicycle自行车tri­(三)tricycle三轮车；triangle三角形multi­(多)multinational跨国的kilo­(千)kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克centi­(百分之一)centimetre厘米；centigram厘克milli­(千分之一)millimetre毫米；milligram毫克tele­(远)telephone电话；television电视a­(在……上/里；向……)aboard在船/火车/飞机上；ahead在前面；aside在旁边；abroad在国外auto­(自动；自己，独自)automobile机动车，汽车；autobiography自传over­(太)overfull太满的，过多的extra­(额外)extraordinary非凡的pre­(预先)predict预言；preview预习micro­(微小的)microphone麦克风；microwave微波；microscope显微镜；microsoft微软vice­(副的)vice­president副总统eco­(生态的)ecology生态学；ecosystem生态系统；eco­friendly环保的trans­(横跨)transfer转移；transform转变；transmit传播；transplant移植2．后缀构词法(1)名词后缀后缀例词­age(状态；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻­an/­ian(人，……家)American美国人；musician音乐家­ence/­ency(构成抽象名词)dependence依靠；frequency频率­ance(性质，状态)importance重要性­ant/­ent(人)assistant助手；student学生­cion/­sion/­tion/­ation(动作，状态)suspicion怀疑；tension紧张；repetition重复­ee(动作承受者或受影响者)employee受雇者；refugee难民­er/­or(人或物)writer作家；actor演员­ess(女性)actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主人­ism(主义，……教)communism共产主义­ist(……主义者，……家)communist共产主义者­ment(行为；结果；状态；性质)argument争论；government政府；development发展­ship(关系，身份)friendship友谊­hood(身份；性质)childhood童年­th(结果，过程)growth成长­ty(状态；性质)anxiety焦虑­ure(结果；行为；状态；实物)pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure高兴­al(动作过程；结果)arrival到达；approval同意(2)形容词后缀后缀例词­ablevaluable有价值的；lovable讨人喜欢的­alnational国家的；continental大陆的­edlearned有学识的；talented有才华的­engolden金色的；wooden木制的­entdifferent不同的；dependent依赖的­fulbeautiful美丽的；useful有用的­ic/­icaleconomic经济的；political政治的­ishchildish幼稚的；selfish自私的­ivecreative有创造力的­lessuseless无用的；careless粗心的­lyfriendly友好的；deadly致命的­ousdangerous危险的；glorious光荣的­warddownward向下的­yrainy多雨的；noisy吵闹的(3)动词后缀后缀例词­en(使变得)deepen加深­fy(使……化)simplify简化­ize/­ise(使……变成……)modernize使现代化；industrialize使工业化(4)副词后缀后缀例词­lycarefully小心地；beautifully美丽地；quickly迅速地­ward(s)forward(s)向前；backward(s)向后【考点剖析】词性的误用(1)【误】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunate,Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.【正】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunately,Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.[解析]修饰整个句子作状语应用副词，根据句意可知应表示“不幸的是”，故应用Unfortunately。(2)【误】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourableaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.【正】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourabilityaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.[解析]根据your可知，此处应用名词ability，表示“能力”。句意：你最好在尝试做这笔生意前准确地考虑一下自己的能力。(3)【误】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombrave.【正】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombravely.[解析]修饰动词fought应用副词，故应用bravely。(4)【误】ExcellentoralandwrittencommunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportant.【正】ExcellentoralandwrittencommunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportance.[解析]介词之后要接名词。beofimportance＝beimportant。(5)【误】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworseconsiderably.【正】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworsenedconsiderably.[解析]分析句子结构可知，此句缺少谓语动词，故用worsen表示“恶化”。句意：然而，在过去的几个月，情况恶化得相当严重。[注意]若想避免以上错误的发生，要做到：(1)词性转换的基本规则，要在平时阅读和训练时不断积累并反复强化，才能运用地熟练而准确。(2)词性转换后，要注意所填词的形式是否正确，如名词需不需要进一步转换为复数形式，以及副词的拼写是否正确等。【真题演练】1．(2020·北京高考)Oliversaysifyou're________(luck)enoughtohavesomeoneclosetoyouwhoenjoyscooking,askthemif/whetheryoucanjoininwhenit'spossible.【答案】lucky【解析】考查名词变形容词。2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)________(certain)duringtheholidayperiod,thisplantisamust.【答案】Certainly【解析】考查形容词变副词。副词放句首作状语。3．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)BranchesofPlumBlossoms(梅花):The________(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink－coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.【答案】beautiful【解析】考查名词变形容词。修饰名词所以要用形容词。4．(2020·山东高考)Historical________(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.【答案】accuracy【解析】考查形容词变名词。historical是形容词，后面接名词。5．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen________(poor)studied.【答案】poorly【解析】考查形容词变副词。poorly修饰动词study.6．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto________(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉)．【答案】strengthen[解析]考查名词变动词。strengthen“加强，强化”。1．如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语，要考虑名词形式。2．如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰要考虑名词形式。3．在平时学习中储备构词法知识，并根据需要变换成相应的词性形式。4．利用句子成分定词性：看到设空处作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到用形容词；看到设空处作状语，要想到用副词。5．利用修饰语功能定词性：看到设空处修饰名词，要想到用形容词；看到设空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子在句中作状语，要想到用副词。6．如果修饰名词，要用形容词。7．如果修饰动词、形容词、副词和分词应为副词。8．作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到应为形容词。9．作状语要想到应为副词。【过关检测】①Therefore,let'stakethe________(responsible)tobuildupalow­carboncitybyridingbicycles.Comeonandjoinus!【答案】responsibility【解析】前面是冠词，后面应接名词。taketheresponsibilitytodo承担做…..的责任。②AsfarasIamconcerned,my________(suggest)isthatweshouldalwayshaveanotebookandaChinese­Englishdictionarywithineasyreach.【答案】suggestion【解析】前面有形容词性物主代词，后应接名词。③Mypresenceissomethingtheycandrawreal________(strong)andhopefrom.【答案】strength【解析】前面有形容词，后应接名词。④Lifeisa________(mix)ofgoodtimesandbadtimes,andhappymomentsandunhappymoments.【答案】mixture【解析】前面是冠词，后面应接名词。⑤Aftersometime,whenbothofyouhaverenewedyour________(confident)ineachother,gobacktothetimewhenyounearlyfellapart.【答案】confidence【解析】前面有形容词性物主代词，后应接名词。⑥TheForbiddenCityattractsvisitorsbecauseofitslonghistoryand________(culture)significance,butperhapsitshouldaddonemorethingtoitslistofattractions:earthquakeshelter.【答案】cultural【解析】cultural做定语。⑦Manyfadsare________(harm).Backinmyday,peoplecutthesleevesandcollarsofsweatshirtsoffandworetheminsideout.Nobigdeal.【答案】harmless【解析】harmless“无害的”作表语。⑧Whileyour