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LEC术语大赛官方测试练习试卷附答案1.bodycorporate【注:官方题库中表述为“bodycorporation”是错误的,应为bodycorporate;但是,考试中可能还是以“bodycorporation”的面目出现】()[单选题]*A.acorporationsellingbodiesB.acompanybelongstotheinvestorhimself/herselfC.Anentity(usu.abusiness)havingauthorityunderlawtoactasasinglepersondistinctfromtheshareholderswhoownitandhavingrightstoissuestockandexistindefinitely(正确答案)D.abusinessentitywhichisnoindependentofitsinvestors,suchasapartnership答案解析:bodycorporate=corporation法人Anentity(usu.abusiness)havingauthorityunderlawtoactasasinglepersondistinctfromtheshareholderswhoownitandhavingrightstoissuestockandexistindefinitely.—Alsotermedcorporationaggregate;aggregatecorporation;bodycorporate;corporatebody.两种含义:(1)法人:该词的最初含义是指法人,即在法律上被认为是单一法律实体的、由个人组成的团体或一系列某一职位持有人。为了与自然人〔naturalperson〕相区别,法人有时又被称为「拟制的人」〔artificialperson〕、「法律上的人」〔juristicperson〕或「团体人」〔corporateperson〕。法人与组成法人的所有个人在法律上的区别是,它有自身的法律人格,可以以自己的名义提起诉讼与被诉、拥有财产、进行交易、承担责任。在英国,最早被承认为法人的是市镇、大学与教职。在15世纪,法人与组成法人的成员开始被认为是相互独立的。在16世纪末到17世纪初,一些商业企业开始被创设为法人形式,例如,东印度公司〔EastIndiaCompany〕、皇家非洲公司〔RoyalAfricanCompany〕与哈得逊河湾公司〔Hudson'sBayCompany〕即是通过特许状而成立的法人。在英国法中,法人分为集合法人〔corporationaggregate〕与独体法人〔corporationsole〕两类。(2)公司:在美国,该词通常在此义项上被使用,即指根据法律授权而可以以独立于股东的人格实施行为,并可以永续存在的一个实体(通常是商业实体)。在英国,该词多被用以指「市政法人」〔municipalcorporation〕,即从事民用业务的市政当局。英国对应于「公司」义项者通常用「company」。2.causeofaction()[单选题]*A.thethingthatinducesapersontoactinacertainwayB.Agroupofoperativefactsgivingrisetooneormorebasesforsuing;afactualsituationthatentitlesonepersontoobtainaremedyincourtfromanotherperson(正确答案)C.Theprinciplethatanindividualisprohibitedfromdenyingorallegingafactbecauseofthatindividual’spreviousconductallegationordenial.D.Incoroniallaw,thedisease,injuryorcomplicationcausingdeath.答案解析:causeofaction诉因;诉讼理由:指原告起诉的根据。具体指原告起诉寻求司法救济所依据的事实,如侵权行为和损害后果等,有时也可指依据这些事实所提起的诉讼的一部分。3.caution()[单选题]*A.awarningthatisgivenbythepolicetosomebodywhohascommittedacrimethatisnottooseriousB.awarningorapieceofadviceaboutapossibledangerorriskC.carethatyoutakeinordertoavoiddangerormistakes;thefactofnottakinganyrisksD.Awarningissuedtoasuspectedpersonthatanythingheorshesaysmaybeusedinevidenceagainsthimorher(正确答案)答案解析:caution(用于香港法,类似于美国法上的Mirandarule)-警诫词执法人员(警察及海关人员等)在拘捕疑犯时,提醒疑犯保持缄默的权利的警告说话。执法人员在没有给予疑犯警诫词的情况下所录取的供词,可能不会被法庭接纳为有效的证供。Mirandarule〈美〉米兰达规则:联邦最高法院在1966年米兰达诉亚利桑那州〔Mirandav.Arizona〕一案中确立的规则,要求警察对其拘留或逮捕的犯罪嫌疑人在讯问前必须告知其享有某些宪法性权利,包括:1有保持沉默权;2其所作的任何陈述可能成为对其不利的证据;3有权要求律师在场;4如无力聘请律师而又有此要求时,得于讯问前为其指定律师。如果犯罪嫌疑人未被告知上述权利或犯罪嫌疑人未有效地放弃上述权利,则此种情况下进行讯问所得的任何陈述不得在庭审时用作对嫌疑人不利的证据。4.certifiedcopy()[单选题]*A.anofficialdocumentthatmaybeusedtoprovethatthefactsitstatesaretrueB.acopyofadocument,orderorrecordofthecourt,orotherpublicoffice,signedandcertifiedasanexactduplicatebytheofficerofthecourthavingcustodyoftheoriginal.(正确答案)C.anofficialdocumentprovingthatyouhavecompletedacourseofstudyorpassedanexamD.havingsuccessfullycopiedatrainingdocumentforaprofession答案解析:核证副本:指经律师或其它合资格人士核证的文件副本,核证副本都有核证人的签署和核证日期,以确认该副本进行了核证,除特别声明必须用文件正本的情况外,核证副本一般都视为有效的文件。5.chamber()[单选题]*A.ajudge’soffice(正确答案)B.aroomusedforstoringpreciouslegalbooksC.amemberofagroupofpeopleinBritaininthe1830sand1840swhosupportedthePeople'sCharter.D.apriestorotherChristianministerwhoisresponsibleforthereligiousneedsofpeopleinaprison,hospital,etc.orinthearmedforces答案解析:办公室:诉讼律师和法官的办公室,称为“Chamber”。诉讼程序中有部份的聆讯是在法官的办公室中进行的,称为内庭聆讯“hearinginchambers”,内庭聆讯只准许当事人及其法律代表出席。6.ChargeisNOT()[单选题]*A.toaccusesomeoneofanoffenseunderlaw.B.toinstructajuryastothelaw.C.anofficialclaimmadebythepolicethatsomebodyhascommittedacrime.D.ahorsethatasoldierrodeinbattleinthepast(正确答案)答案解析:收费,控罪,抵押,押记:Charge可以是名词,也可以是动词,它包含了多个不同的解释:1.是提供服务的收费,例:LegalCharge律师收费;2.是刑事控罪,例:Thiscasehasmorethanonecharge这案件包含多于一项的控罪;3.是借贷的抵押,例:Thecompanychargeditspropertyfortheloan这间公司以其物业作为借款的抵押;4.是对法定债务人的物业的押记,用以偿还有关的法定债务。5.指示:在大陪审团〔grandjury〕开始询问案情之前法官向其所作的有关其职责的说明,或指在小陪审团〔petitjury〕听审完毕、作出裁定之前法官向其所作的说明,其内容为概括总结案情、需要陪审团考虑的问题、对于争议问题陪审团应适用的法律规则及证明责任与要求等。对于法官的指示陪审团必须遵从。7.claim()[单选题]*A.tosaythatsomethingistruealthoughithasnotbeenprovedandotherpeoplemaynotbelieveitB.ademandformoney,property,oralegalremedytowhichoneassertsaright;esp.,thepartofacomplaintinacivilactionspecifyingwhatrelieftheplaintiffasksfor.(正确答案)C.apersonwhoisreceivingmoneyfromthestatebecausetheyareunemployed,etc.D.astatementinwhichapersonsaysofficiallythattheydonotclaimtherighttodosomething答案解析:申索/诉讼请求:民事诉讼的传票中,原告须要将其向被告申索的事由详细列明,称为StatementofClaim或ParticularsofClaim。8.concurrentsentence()[单选题]*A.Incontractlaw,suchconditionswhichmustbemetbythecontractingpartiessimultaneously.B.Concurrencebetweenliabilitiesforbreachofcontractandliabilitiesfortort.C.Asentencewhichisservedatthesametimeasanothersentenceforanotheroffence.(正确答案)D.Thejudgmentthatacourtformallypronouncesafterfindingacriminaldefendantguilty答案解析:合并判决:刑事案中的被告犯了两项或以上的罪名同时成立,但各项罪名的判刑同时执行,例如第一项罪的判刑是一年监禁,而第二项罪的判刑是监禁两年,两项罪合并判决,被告只需要被服刑两年。9.consecutivesentence()[单选题]*A.Asentence(i.e.atermofimprisonment)whichisservedattheexpiryofanothersentence.(正确答案)B.Concurrencebetweenliabilitiesforbreachofcontractandliabilitiesfortort.C.Incontractlaw,suchconditionswhichmustbemetbythecontractingpartiessimultaneously.D.Thejudgmentthatacourtformallypronouncesafterfindingacriminaldefendantguilty答案解析:连续判决:刑事案中的被告所犯的不同罪行,是以连续判决执行,则被告需要分别服刑,例如一项罪被判了两年,另一项罪则被判了三年,被告便需要连续服刑五年,才会被释放。10.consideration()[单选题]*A.isoneoftherequirementsoftortliability.B.theactofthinkingcarefullyaboutsomethingC.somethingthatmustbethoughtaboutwhenyouareplanningordecidingsomethingD.something(suchasanact,aforbearance,orareturnpromise)bargainedforandreceivedbyapromisorfromapromisee;thatwhichmotivatesapersontodosomething,esp.toengageinalegalact.(正确答案)答案解析:considerationn.对价:合同成立的诱因;致使缔约方缔结合同的原因、动机、代价或强迫性的影响力;一方当事人获得的权利、利益、利润或好处,或另一方当事人所遭受的损失或承担的义务。这是有效合同存在并对当事人有法律约束力的基本且必须的要素。对价是英美合同法的重要概念。其引入是基于以下的原因:按照传统的观点,合同是一项或一组这样的允诺〔promise〕:它或它们一旦被违反,法律就会给予救济。而要使允诺成为一项法律能为之提供救济的允诺,即成为有法律约束力的合同,则受允诺人〔promisee〕必须向允诺人〔promisor〕提供某种与该诺言相对应的回报,这种回报就被认为是对价。11.ValuableConsideration()[单选题]*A.Pastconsideration.B.Determinationoftheworthofrealorpersonalproperty.C.Legalconsiderationhavingsomeeconomicvalue,inordertomakeacontractenforceable.(正确答案)D.Aperson'sstatementunderoathorpenaltyofperjurythatcertainstatementsoffactinadocumentorcourtpaperaretrue.答案解析:LEC2016/5第4题。ValuableConsideration意为“有值对价”或“有效对价”,指根据法律规定属于有效的对价,它既可以是对一方当事人给予某种可用金钱衡量的权益,也可以是另一方承受某种可用金钱衡量的损害、责任或放弃行使权利。12.ValuableConsideration()[单选题]*A.Legallybindingduetohavingbeenexecutedincompliancewiththelaw.B.Determinationoftheworthofrealorpersonalproperty.C.Aperson'sstatementunderoathorpenaltyofperjurythatcertainstatementsoffactinadocumentorcourtpaperaretrue.D.Legalconsiderationhavingsomeeconomicvalue,inordertomakeacontractenforceable.(正确答案)答案解析:LEC2015/11第4题。ValuableConsideration“有效对价、充分对价”,指根据法律规定属于有效之对价,它既可以是对一方当事人给予某种可用金钱衡量的权利、利益,也可以是另一方承受某种可用金钱衡量的损害、责任或放弃行使权利,与道德对价(goodconsideration)相区别。选项D。13.contemptofcourt()[单选题]*A.isonlyregardedasatortnotacrime.B.wordsoractionswhichimpedeorobstructtheadministrationofjusticeorcreateasignificantriskthatthecourseofjusticewillbeseriouslyimpededorprejudicedoradisregardforthecourt’sauthority.(正确答案)C.abuildingcontainingtheofficesofacountygovernmentD.theplacewherelegaltrialstakeplaceandwherecrimes,etc.arejudged答案解析:藐视法庭:是一种严重的罪行,可以被判罚款或监禁。藐视法庭包括不遵守法庭命令、违反对法庭作出的承诺,妨碍司法公正等行为。14.contributorynegligence()[单选题]*A.IntheUS,aplaintiff'sownnegligencethatplayedapartincausingtheplaintiff'sinjuryandthatissignificantenough(inafewjurisdictions)tobartheplaintifffromrecoveringdamages.(正确答案)B.Theprinciplethatonewhotakesontheriskofloss,injury,ordamagecannotmaintainanactionagainstapartythatcausestheloss,injury,ordamage.C.Aintent-basedlegaldefensethatconstitutesabartoliability.D.IntheUS,aplaintiff'sownnegligencethatproportionallyreducesthedamagesrecoverablefromadefendant.答案解析:contributorynegligence合过错;混合过失;与有过失;促成的过失;可归责于己的过失:它是指原告本身的疏忽,并且在其诉称的由于被告过错而导致的损害中,原告的过失亦构成致损原因的一部或全部。在普通法上,只要有证据证明原告本身由于某种过失直接并且严重地造成了其所受的损害,被告的责任即可全部免除,故其成为损害赔偿之诉中被告的完全抗辩〔completedefence〕。在因事故而致的诉讼中,若原告的过失是构成事故发生的真实、有效原因——通常是在原告有避免事故发生的最后机会的情况下——那么,无论被告的行为如何具有过错,原告亦无法胜诉。故A对。B为assumptionoftherisk(自甘风险)。C中的“intent”(故意)错,它其实是anegligence-basedlegaldefense。D为comparativenegligence(比较过失)。【注意:在英国现代法上,contributorynegligence已经等同于美国法上的comparativenegligence,不再是完全的抗辩了。】15.copyright()[单选题]*A.hasnothingtodowiththerighttocopy.B.shouldnotbesimplydeemedastherighttocopy.C.apropertyrightinanoriginalworkofauthorshipfixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,givingtheholdertheexclusiverighttoreproduce,adapt,distribute,perform,anddisplaythework.(正确答案)D.apersonalrighttouseone’sownportraitandname.答案解析:版权:Therighttocopy;specifically,apropertyrightinanoriginalworkofauthorship(includingliterary,musical,dramatic,choreographic,pictorial,graphic,sculptural,andarchitecturalworks;motionpicturesandotheraudiovisualworks;andsoundrecordings)fixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,givingtheholdertheexclusiverighttoreproduce,adapt,distribute,perform,anddisplaythework.是作者对他所创作的作品的发表、翻印、复制等专有权利,版权在作品完成后便自动产生及受法律保护,毋须经过任何注册程序,但必须为原创作品才拥有版权。16.counterclaim()[单选题]*A.aclaimmadebytheoffereetotheofferortodeterminethequantityofthegoods.B.aclaimmadeinacourtroombyathirdpartywhoisneithertheplaintiffnorthedefendant.C.aresponsetosomebody/somethingthatopposestheirideas,position,etc.D.aclaimforreliefassertedagainstanopposingpartyafteranoriginalclaimhasbeenmade;esp.,adefendant'sclaiminoppositiontoorasasetoffagainsttheplaintiff'sclaim.(正确答案)答案解析:反诉/反请求/反申索:在民事诉讼中,被告对原告作出申索,而该申索的事实和理据与原告的申索是有关连的,反申索是一项独立的申索,所以原告必须对反申索作出适当的响应,例如进行抗辩等。17.custody()[单选题]*A.apersonwhotakesresponsibilityfortakingcareoforprotectingsomethingB.InFamilylaw,thecare,control,andmaintenanceofachildawardedbyacourttoaresponsibleadult.(正确答案)C.Thedetentionofapersonbyvirtueofunlawfulprocess.D.Apracticethatbyitscommonadoptionandlong,unvaryinghabithascometohavetheforceoflaw.答案解析:保管,监护,拘留:一般而言,Custody这个名词是指对对象的保管或拥有,但在家事法中,CustodyofChildren是指对未成年子女的监护权,B对;而在刑事案件中,则指对被告的合法拘留,C错在”unlawful“(非法的)。18.decree()[单选题]*A.theamountorlevelofsomethingB.anycourtorder,butesp.oneinamatrimonialcase.(正确答案)C.thequalificationobtainedbylawstudentswhosuccessfullycompleteauniversityorcollegecourseD.auniversityorcollegelawcourse,normallylastingthreeyearsormore答案解析:法庭判令:法庭聆讯后所作出的判令,可以分成暂时性判令“decreenisi”和永久性判令“decreeabsolute”,常见于离婚呈请的程序。一般而言,法庭颁出decreenisi后,在指定的期限过后,除非收到反对,否则都会颁出永久判令。19.deed()[单选题]*A.athingthatsomebodydoesthatisusuallyverygoodorverybadB.usedtoaddinformationtoastatementC.atcommonlaw,anywritteninstrumentthatissigned,sealed,anddeliveredandthatconveyssomeinterestinproperty.(正确答案)D.Thebodyoflawdealingwithagreementsandexchange答案解析:契据:是一种特别的合约,须要经过当事人签署、盖章并送交对方才算有效,契约上的盖章在法律上被视为一种有效的约因。20.Defamation()[单选题]*A.Misappropriateorfailtoturnoverfundswithwhichonehasbeenentrusted.B.Themodemformoftheactionforslanderorlibel.(正确答案)C.Apersonorpartywhomakesaformaldeclaration.D.Denotinganactionorthebringerofanactionthatisbroughtwithoutsufficientgroundsforwinning,purelytocauseannoyancetothedefendant.答案解析:LEC2017/11第4题。Defamation指诽谤,是向遭诽谤人以外的人士发布贬损该人的言辞的侵权行为,其影响是在整体公众人士的眼中降低遭诽谤人的名誉。Libel是指书面诽谤;slander是指采用口头形式诽谤他人。选项B正确。21.defence()[单选题]*A.cannotmeantheorganizationofthepeopleandsystemsthatareusedbyagovernmenttoprotectacountryfromattackB.thelaypersonwhosejobistoproveincourtthatapersondidnotcommitacrimeC.adefendant'sstatedreasonwhytheplaintifforprosecutorhasnovalidcase;esp.,adefendant'sanswer,denial,orplea(正确答案)D.acriminalwhobuysandsellsstolengoods答案解析:defense有多种含义:n.(1)答辩;辩护;答辩理由;答辩根据:指民事诉讼中被告对原告起诉状中的主张和请求,或者刑事诉讼中被告人对控诉方的指控所作的否认、反驳,以及支持被告人反驳主张的理由、证据等。C对。(2)辩护方;被告方:指在庭审中对一个或多个被告人的称呼。B错,”layperson“是非专业人员,而辩护人是专业律师。(3)票据抗辩权指正当的商业票据持有人免除票据责任或免除因票据而生的义务的权利。(4)(对非法暴力行为的)反击;防御;防卫,因此可指”国防“部门,A错。22.Dependant()[单选题]*A.thepersoninatrialwhoisaccusedofcommittingacrime,orwhoisbeingsuedbyanotherpersonB.thetimewhenacountrygainsfreedomfrompoliticalcontrolbyanothercountryC.aUScityinthestateofMissouri.PresidentHarrySTrumanlivedthere,andhisofficiallibraryandmuseumcanbevisited.D.Someonewhoreliesonanotherforsupport;onenotabletoexistorsustainoneselfwithoutthepoweroraidofsomeoneelse.(正确答案)答案解析:被抚养人:是指某人的某些家庭成员,需要依靠这个人提供的经济来支持生活,如果这个人因意外死亡,他的受养人因而遭受损失,是有权追究责任,要求赔偿有关的损失。23.disclaimer()[单选题]*A.Astatementthatoneisstillresponsiblefororinvolvedwithsomething,orthatonehasnoknowledgeofit.B.Arenunciationofone'sownlegalrightorclaim,suchasarenunciationofapatentclaim,usu.tosavetheremainderoftheapplicationfrombeingrejected.(正确答案)C.Arepudiationofanother’slegalobligation.D.Theassertionofanexistingright;anyrighttopaymentortoanequitableremedy,evenifcontingentorprovisional.答案解析:disclaimern.(1)(对法律权利或者主张的)放弃,A中表述错误,不是”stillresponsible”而应当是“notresponsible”;B表述正确,指对自己权利或请求的放弃。(2)(对他人法律权利或者主张的)拒绝,C错,不是对他人“legalobligation”而是对他人“legalrightofclaim”的否认;(3)放弃(或撤销)声明书。D项是不相关项,它是指claim。24.Discoveryordiscoveryofdocuments()[单选题]*A.Formertermusedforgiftofpersonalpropertybyawill.B.Astatementthatdeniessomething,esp.responsibility.C.Theprocessofgatheringandpreservingevidencepriortotrialinacivilorcriminalcase.(正确答案)D.Thedecisionmadebyajuryastowhetheracriminaldefendantisguiltyornotguiltyorwhetheracivildefendantisliableornotliable.答案解析:LEC2017/5第2题。在法律上,discovery(证据开示、披露文件)是指审判前,对法律信息和案件中已知事实的交换。通过证据开始,当事双方可以获取和披露(obtainanddisclose)对方的证据和立场,从而决定诉讼中的最佳选择,同时可以推进审判或通过谈判尽早达成和解。基于公平、公开和公正的法律原则,是“所有与案有关的文件”都需要披露,而不是只披露对自己有利的文件。所以选项C正确。25.distraint()[单选题]*A.athingthattakesyourattentionawayfromwhatyouaredoingorthinkingaboutB.theactoftakingchattelsinexerciseoftheremedyofdistress.C.Painorsufferingthataffectsthebody,abodypart,orthemind.D.theseizureofsomeone’spropertyinordertoobtainpaymentofrentorothermoneyowed.(正确答案)答案解析:distraintn.(1)扣押(财物);自主扣押;封租:租客拖欠租金,业主可以根据租约条文向法庭请求封租令,将租客留在物业中的物品充公拍卖,偿还所拖欠的租金和封租的费用。(2)财物扣押权;动产扣押权:指在封臣未履行义务时,领主所享有的扣押封臣地产上动产或其它财物并予以留置的权利。具体方式可能是换锁或通告等。这种权利的效力依当地习惯法而定。26.Domicile()[单选题]*A.Evidencethatisnecessarytoproveasubmittedfact.B.Avoluntarytransfer,byadebtorofallhispropertytoatrusteeforthebenefitofallhiscreditors.C.Thepermanenthometowhichaperson,whenabsent,alwaysintendstoreturn.(正确答案)D.Afindingatapreliminaryexaminationthatsufficientevidenceexiststorequireatrialonthechargesmadeagainstthedefendant.答案解析:LEC2015/11第1题。选项C:住所(domicile),属于一个人外出后总是有意要返回的永久性住所。选项C的定义为Thepermanenthometowhichaperson,whenabsent,alwaysintendstoreturn符合定义。本题正确答案为C。27.estoppel()[单选题]*A.thepeopleinasocietyoraprofessionwhohaveinfluenceandpowerandwhousuallydonotsupportchangeB.abarthatpreventsonefromassertingaclaimorrightthatcontradictswhatonehassaidordonebeforeorwhathasbeenlegallyestablishedastrue.(正确答案)C.ajudgementoropinionaboutthevalueorqualityofsomebody/somethingD.todisagreestronglywithsomebody’splan,policy,etc.andtrytochangeitorpreventitfromsucceeding答案解析:estoppeln.不容否认:指禁止当事人提出与其以前的言行相反的主张;即对于当事人先前的行为、主张或否认,禁止其在此后的法律程序中反悔,否则,将会对他人造成损害。它分为三种:因立有契据而不容否认〔estoppelbydeed〕、因已记录在案而不容否认〔estoppelbyrecord〕和因既有行为而不容否认〔estoppelinpais〕,其中,前两种又称为普通法上的不容否认〔legalestoppel〕,后一种称为衡平法上的不容否认〔equitableestoppel〕。。28.InorderforacourttoapplythedoctrineofPromissoryEstoppel,whichofthefollowingelementsisnotrequired?()[单选题]*A.Justicemustnotbeservedbyenforcingthepromise.(正确答案)B.Theremustbeaclearanddefinitepromise.C.Justmustbeservedbyenforcingthepromise.D.Thepromiseemusthavereliedonthepromise.答案解析:LEC2008/5第4题;LEC2013大纲样卷第4题。promissoryestoppel:Theprinciplethatapromisemadewithoutconsiderationmaynonethelessbeenforcedtopreventinjusticeifthepromisorshouldhavereasonablyexpectedthepromiseetorelyonthepromiseandifthepromiseedidactuallyrelyonthepromisetohisorherdetriment.—Alsotermed(inaccurately)equitableestoppel.允诺的不容否定:允诺人相信对方将由于信赖其允诺作出某项实质性的作为或不作为,所受允诺人确实因此作出某项作为或不作为,且作出的允诺不得否定或取消,以免给对方造成损害。29.Detrimentalreliance()[单选题]*A.Politicalorsocialunionofcontractingparties.B.Repudiationofacontractobligation.C.Relieffromforfeitureofpropertyheldassecurityunderasuretycontract.D.Reliancethatmayresultinpromissoryestoppel.(正确答案)答案解析:LEC2013大纲样卷第14题。detrimentalreliance不利益的信赖;致人损害的信赖:由于一方当事人对他人的行为或陈述产生信赖,从而导致自己处于不利地位的,则该种信赖即属不利益的信赖,其将产生promissoryestoppel(允诺的不容否定)。不利益的信赖可以替代合同的对价,使某一单方的允诺成为可强制执行的合同。30.exparte()[单选题]*A.fromasubsequentevent;retrospective,especiallyalawwhichchangesthelegalstatusofanactcommittedbeforethelaw’senactment.B.meaning"beforetheevent".C.doneormadeattheinstanceandforthebenefitofonepartyonly,andwithoutnoticeto,orargumentby,anyonehavinganadverseinterests(正确答案)D.asagiftorfavour,notbecausethereisalegaldutytodoit答案解析:exparte〈拉〉单方面的;为一方利益的;依单方申请的:在公平的原则下,诉讼的程序一般都是以双方“InterParte”形式进行,即是与讼双方同时有机会向法庭作出申辩。但在某些特殊的情况下,例如对申请人有人身或财物安全的迫胁,或者不让对方有机会毁灭证据等,是可以容许以单方形式进行。例如以单方传票向法庭申请禁制令,禁止对方将子女擅自携离香港。其他:A为expostfacto;B为exante;D为exgratia。31.ExParteOrder()[单选题]*A.anorderthatendsthelawsuitbetweentheparties,resolvesthemeritsofthecase,andleavesnothingtobedonebutenforcement.B.asupportorderissuedbyacourthavingjurisdictioninaforeignstateorastateotherthanhomestate.C.anorderenteredbythecircuitcourtprovidingforthewithholdingofaperson'sincometoenforceachildsupportorder.D.anordermadebythecourtupontheapplicationofoneofthepartiestoalawsuit,withoutpriornoticetoanyotherparty.(正确答案)答案解析:LEC2012/5第5题。exparteorder意为“根据单方或一方当事人的要求,法院作出的决定”。选项D:anordermadebythecourtupontheapplicationofoneofthepartiestoalawsuit,withoutpriornoticetoanyotherparty正符合题意,所以正确答案为D.。32.FalseImprisonment()[单选题]*A.Placingaconvicteddefendantinamaximumsecurityprison.B.Descriptionofwhenthejudgeandjurydisagreeaboutasentence.C.Acriminalimprisonmentforcivilwrong.D.Theintentional,unlawfulconfinementofapersonagainstthatperson'swill.(正确答案)答案解析:LEC2008/5第45题;LEC2013大纲样卷第45题。falseimprisonment非法拘禁:非法剥夺他人的人身自由的行为。凡未经依法授权或无法律根据,以暴力或以暴力相威胁,强制他人违反自己的意愿留在某处或到某处去,即构成非法拘禁,而不论拘禁的地点或拘禁时间的长短。在普通法上属刑事犯罪行为及民事侵权行为。恶意虽非构成非法拘禁的必要条件,但可加重行为人的赔偿责任。33.fiduciaryduty()[单选题]*A.adutyofutmostgoodfaith,trust,confidence,andcandorowedbyafiduciary(suchasanagentoratrustee)tothebeneficiary(suchastheagent'sprincipalorthebeneficiariesofthetrust)(正确答案)B.adutyofcaretowardsone’sneighborC.anequitabledutytoactingoodfaithforthebenefitofoneself.D.apersonorcompanythatisinapositionoftrust,especiallywhenitinvolvescontrollingmoneyorpropertybelongingtoothers答案解析:诚信责任;受托人责任;信托义务:公司董事和受托人等,因为其身处位置,对委托人或有关的受益人都负有诚信的责任,基本上,诚信责任就是不能以位或权而谋私,凡事均以委托人的利益为前题。34.forthwith()[单选题]*A.readyormadeavailablewhenneededB.immediately;atonce(正确答案)C.willingtogiveinformationaboutsomethingD.directandhonestinmannerandspeech答案解析:立即:法律书信经常用的副词,是立即的意思,例:Theoutstandingsumshouldbesettledforthwith.应该立即清还所欠的款项。其实,所谓立即,可以理解为最短的合理时间。35.frivolous()[单选题]*A.withoutparticularplansorarrangements;notbusyB.actuallyexistingorhappeningandnotimaginedorpretendedC.existinginequity;availableorsustainablebyanactioninequity,orundertherulesandprinciplesofequity.D.lackingalegalbasisorlegalmerit;notserious;notreasonablypurposeful(正确答案)答案解析:frivolousa.无意义的;不重要的:当一方当事人的辩护显然不充分而且没有攻击到对方辩护的实质要点时,这种辩护就是「无意义的」,法律上推定其是在拖延诉讼或使另一方当事人感到为难。当事人没有基于法律上和证据上合理的理由而提出的主张或反驳即是无意义的。根据美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则,无意义的辩护依其情形可以以适当的形式加以修正,也可以由法庭以命令予以取消。民事诉讼中原告的申索理由,或者被告的抗辩理据,如果是Frivolous琐屑无聊,对方可以根据高等法院规则向法庭申请,将该申索或抗辩剔除,并索取诉讼费。36.garnishee()[单选题]*A.anAmericanlegalorderforcollectingamonetaryjudgmentonbehalfofaplaintifffromadefendant.B.agroupofsoldierslivinginatownorforttodefendit;thebuildingsthesesoldiersliveinC.asmallamountoffoodthatisusedtodecoratealargerdishoffoodD.apersonwhoiswarnedorrequiredbyacourtorder(agarnisheeorder)topayadebtorpartofthedebt,whichthepersonowedinfavourofajudgmentdebtor,toajudgmentcreditor(agarnishor).(正确答案)答案解析:garnisheen.案外债务人/第三债务人【相当于债权人代位权诉讼中的次债权人】:占有属于被告的金钱或财产的人,或对被告负有债务的人,此项金钱、财产或债务由法院扣押或冻结。相应的,garnishor就是债权人代位权诉讼中的债权人(judgmentcreditor)。37.guarantee()[单选题]*A.theassurancethatacontractorlegalactwillbedulycarriedout.(正确答案)B.apersonwhoagreestoberesponsibleforsomebodyorformakingsurethatsomethinghappensorisdoneC.apersonwhomakesacontractualoffer,personallyorbyanagent,soastobecomeapartytothecontractonacceptance.D.anofferee'sassent,eitherbyexpressactorbyimplicationfromconduct,tothetermsofanofferinamannerauthorizedorrequestedbytheofferor,sothatabindingcontractisformed.答案解析:guaranteen.(1)被保证人:即主债权人。B错,因为它是指“保证人”(guarantor),正好相反。(2)保证合同,A对。(3)保证人的责任v.保证保证人承担保证责任的行为。38.hearing()[单选题]*A.thefinaldecisionrenderedbyacourtinacivilorcriminalproceeding.B.ajudicialsession,usu.opentothepublic,heldforthepurposeofdecidingissuesoffactoroflaw,sometimeswithwitnessestestifying(正确答案)C.acourt'swrittenstatementexplainingitsdecisioninagivencase,usu.includingthestatementoffacts,pointsoflaw,rationale,anddicta.D.thenameofthegroupofpeoplewhoareelectedtomakelaws,intheUSconsistingoftheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives答案解析:hearingn.听审;听证:指可就系争问题提供证据,陈述理由,并由有裁判权的个人或机关作出裁决的相对正式的程序。听审的目的在于为争议各方,尤其是可能被剥夺权益的一方,创造陈述意见的机会。听审不限于由司法机关举行,立法机关和行政机关也可以举行听证。包括通知在内的听审是公正程序的基本组成部分。其他:A为judgment;C为opinion;D为congress。39.Hearsayorhearsayevidence()[单选题]*A.“legalese”foropeningargumentsmadeincourt.B.reliancethatmayresultinpromissoryestoppel.C.holdingofabeliefthatgoesagainstgenerallyacceptedstandards.D.atypeofevidencethatisoftenexcluded,unlessitfallswithinanacceptedcategory.(正确答案)答案解析:LEC2011/5第2题。hearsay是“传闻证据”的意思,Hearsayisanout-of-courtstatement,madebysomeoneotherthanthetestifyingwitness,whichisofferedtosupporttheclaimsofthewitness.Thesestatementsarenotadmissibleintoevidenceunlessanexceptionprovidesotherwise.指证人不是以自己对某事实的亲身感知为基础,而是就自己从别人那里听说的事实所作的陈述。因此,其内容通常最初是在法庭外未经宣誓作出的,而在庭审时被作为证据提出来证明其所称之事实为真实。由于传闻证据本质上是证人对其所听说之事实的重述,因而属于间接证据或二手证据。依英美法的证据规则,传闻证据不具有可采性〔admissibility〕,因为对这种证据不能通过在公开法庭上交叉询问〔cross-examination〕的方式来验证其真实性。所以,为了确保提供给法庭的证词的可靠性,对传闻应予排除。所以正确选项为D.40.impliedterm()[单选题]*A.atermofperiodnotexpresslyspecifiedbythepartiesbutinsteadreadintothecontractbyacourtasbeingimplicit.B.(especiallyintheUK)thefirstofthethreeperiodsintheyearduringwhichclassesareheldinschools,universities,etc.C.atermendingsomethingintimeorexistenceD.aprovisionnotexpresslyagreedtobythepartiesbutinsteadreadintothecontractbyacourtasbeingimplicit.(正确答案)答案解析:默示条款:在合约中并没有明文订立的条款,但因为事实的需要,法例的规定或者有关行业的惯例,在合约中加诸的条款。例如在雇佣合约中,虽然没有订明雇员必须尽忠职守,勤力工作,但其实这些条件,经已默示在合约当中,被视为有效的条款。41.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueintheUnitedStates?()[单选题]*A.TheSupremeCourtbeginsitsannualsessionortermonthefirstMondayofOctober.B.Tworequirementsarethemostimportantinlawschooladmission:theapplicant'sundergraduateGPAandscoresontheGRE.(正确答案)C.Lawreviewsarelegalacademicjournalseditedandinpartwrittenbystudents.D.Tochoosethejurors,theprosecutorsandsometimesthelawyersaskprospectivejurorsquestionstodetermineiftheywillbeabletodecidethecasefairly.答案解析:LEC2017/5第14题。美国法学院入学的两个最重要的参考条件是:LSAT成绩和GPA。LSAT是法学院入学考试,全称为LawSchoolAdmissionTest。GPA是指平均学分绩点,借此可对学生学习质量进行评定,全称为GradePointAverage.GRE是美国研究生人学考试,全称为GraduateRecordExamination。选项B错误。42.Thestatesmay,undertheU.S.Constitution,doallofthefollowingEXCEPT__.()[单选题]*A.maintaineducationalsystemsB.setuptheirownpolicedepartmentsC.provideforstandingarmiesforself-defense(正确答案)D.maketheirownlawsregulatingcommercewithintheirborders答案解析:LEC2017/5第15题。1787年在费城召开的“制宪会议”,对standingarmy(常备军)进行检查,允许总统指挥军队,国会可以通过短期立法为常备军提供资金。《宪法》颁布后,在第一条第八款中列出“军队条款”,该条款规定,国会(congress)有权……筹集和支持军队,但用于该用途的拨款的期限不得超过两年,因此为自卫而供养“standingarmy”(常备军)是国会而不是州政府。所以选项C错误。43.Thecourtsofappealsusuallyassignapanelofthreejudgestoeachcase.Afterthesubmissionof_______,thejudgesdiscussthecaseprivately,consideranyrelevantprecedents,andreachadecision.()[单选题]*A.briefs(正确答案)B.lawofficememosC.letterofintentD.letterofopinion答案解析:LEC2017/5第16题。Briefs是指律师的辩论意见书,律师向法庭提交的表明其对案件的观点的书面辩论文件。通常包括对案件事实的概述、相关法律及关于对案件事实如何适用法律以支持律师主张的争论。上诉法院通常为每个案件指派一个由三名法官组成的合议庭(panel)。在提交辩论意见书(Briefs)之后,法官们私下讨论案件,考虑任何相关的先例,然后做出决定。44.Whatistheleg

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