（高考英语作文炼句）第4篇译文老师笔记

PAGEPAGE11.好的家庭教养不仅能帮助儿童开发智力,而且有助于帮助他们建立一些个人良好品质,比如自制、勤奋.

GoodParenting

(1.好的家庭教养)notonlyhelpschildren

developintelligence(2.开发智力),butalsohelpsthemdevelopsomegood

personalqualities

(3.个人品质)suchas

self-control

(4.自制)and

diligence(5.勤奋).

1-goodparentingparenting指的是家长对孩子的抚养、培育,除了保证孩子正常生活,还侧重关爱、指导.

词典释义：parenting

●○○○○1.N-UNCOUNT

不可数名词

育儿;养育子女

Parenting

istheactivity

ofbringingupandlookingafteryourchild.

【搭配模式】：oft

Nn1.

•Parentingisnot

fullyvaluedbysociety.养儿育女没有得到社会的充分重视.2.

•...parenting

classes.育儿课程

外刊例句：Maybeifyoudirectlytaxedliteracyand

usedthemoneytosubsidizeilliteracyitwouldbeworse.Youcouldtax

goodparenting

andsubsizechild

abuse.(TheEconomist)

替换词：upbringing、nurture

学生错误表达：(1)goodfamilybreeding点评：这里不能写成goodfamilybreeding,breeding是指动物的饲养或者人的教养,礼貌,与"家庭教育”有所区别.(2)domesticupbringing点评：domesticupbringing为生造表达,不建议使用.(3)goodfamilymanner点评：manner一般指礼貌、礼仪,不能指家庭教养.

2-developintelligencedevelop作为"(使)开发、发展”,有"逐渐形成”的含义在其中.develop的其它宾语搭配见下方字典.

词典释义：3.

FEELING

感觉,Ttostarttohavea

feelingorqualitythatthenbecomesstronger形成,产生：•Hehaddevelopedacertainaffectionforme.他对我产生了某种喜爱之情.developasense/awareness

/knowledgeofsth.•Thechildrenarebeginningtodevelopasenseof

responsibility.这些孩子开始培养责任感.•Itwasincollegethathedevelopedatastefor(=

startedtolike)rugbyfootball.他是在大学里开始喜欢上橄榄球的.4.

SKILL/ABILITY

技术/能力,I,Tifyoudevelopaskill

orability,orifitdevelops,itbecomesstrongerormoreadvanced加强,增强：•Thecourseisdesignedtohelpstudentsdevelop

theirspeakingskills.这门课程旨在帮助学生提高口头表达能力.

外刊例句：Oneofthebugaboosthatauthorsofsciencefiction

sometimesusetoscaretheirhumanreadersistheideathatantsmay

developintelligence

andtakeover

theEarth.(TheEconomist)

替换词：playapositiveroleintheintellectualdevelopment

学生错误表达：

(1)

developchildren’stalents点评：talent是指人的天资,天赋,与智力不同.(2)

developchildren’smentality点评：mentality是指心态,思想方法,也与智力不同.(3)

explorechildren'sintelligence点评：explore是"探索”,与培养不同.

Intelligence与intellect的区别：Intellect

and

intelligence

both

refermoreexactlyandmoreformallythanmindtomentalability.

Intellect

isusuallyappliedonlytoman,and

suggestsaloftier,morefinelydevelopedandmoreesteemedfacultythanthe

morewidelyused

intelligence,which

generallydenotesinnatecapacitytoperformmentaltasks,toremember,to

solveproblemsandtoperceiverelationships.[Dr.Smithisamanofgreat

intelligence

butProfessorBrownearnsthe

respectofhiscolleaguesforhishigh

intellect.]

Intelligence

isalsothetermpreferred

tosuggestlackofmentalskillsorthedegreetowhichtheyarepossessed

singlyorincombination：aclassoflow

intelligence;

weakinmechanicalskillsbutreflectingabove-average

intelligence;teststodetermineverbal

intelligence

inpre-schoolchildren.

3-personalqualitiespersonalquality是一个固定的表达,一般指认身上的优秀品德,例如宽容、诚实.

词典释义：3.N-COUNT

可数名词

优秀品质;品德

Someone's

qualities

arethegoodcharacteristicsthattheyhavewhicharepartoftheirnature.

【搭配模式】：usu

pl1.

•Sometimesyou

wonderwhereyourkidsgettheirgoodqualities...有时你会想,孩子们身上的优秀品质是从何而来呢?2.

•Hewantedto

introducematurepeoplewithleadershipqualities...他想引进具有领导素质的成熟人才.3.

•Ajobanalysis

shouldalsoincludewhatskillsandpersonalqualitiesarerequired.工作岗位分析也应当包括必备技能与个人素质.

外刊例句：Whenhebecametheparty’sleaderin2012,morewasknown

aboutMrXi’sfamilyand

personal

qualities

thanabouthispolitics.(TheEconomist)Thisdidnothappenbyaccident.MrsPalinhasrare

political

qualities.Sheisbold：

sheembracedtheteapartieswellbeforetheirimpactbecameobvious.(The

Economist)

替换词：personalitytraits

学生错误表达：(1)

personaltraits点评：没有personaltraits这个表达,应该改为personalitytraits

4-self-control

词典释义：self-control

●○○○○1.N-UNCOUNT

不可数名词

自制力;自我克制

Self-control

istheabilitytonotshowyourfeelingsornotdothethings

thatyourfeelingsmakeyouwanttodo.1.

•His

self-control,reserveand

aloofnesswerealmostinhuman...他自制、矜持和冷漠得几乎有些不近人情.2.

•Ibegantowish

I'dshownmore

self-control.我开始想当时若是更自制一些就好了.

外刊例句：Empathyis"sugarysoda,temptinganddeliciousandbadfor

us”.Initsstead,MrBloomprescribesanutritiousdietofreason,

compassionand

self-control.(The

Economist)

替换词：self-discipline/self-restraint

学生错误表达：(1)

self-contained点评：self-contained是指"(人)独立的,自立的”,不能指自控.(2)self-command点评：self-command含义是"镇定自若,自信”,与自控不同.

5-diligence

词典释义：

dili∙gence

/

ˈdilidʒəns

/

◙

noun

[U]

•(formal)carefulandthoroughworkoreffort

•

勤勉;勤奋;用功：

»Sheshowsgreatdiligenceinher

schoolwork.

她上学非常用功.

外刊例句：BeforethewordmeritocracywascoinedbyMichaelYoung,a

Britishsociologistandinstitutionalentrepreneur,inthe1950stherewasa

differentnameforthenotionthatpower,successandwealthshouldbe

distributedaccordingtotalentand

diligence,

ratherthanbyaccidentofbirth：American.(TheEconomist)

可供替换的表达：assiduity/industriousness

学生错误表达：(1)

industrious/hardworking点评：industrious和hardworking都是形容词,这里应该使用名词.

Q：

"建立一些个人良好品质”这里的"建立”可以翻译成"build”吗?A：

quality的常见搭配为developquality,很少有buildquality的说法,不建议使用.

很多同学写句子很粗心,本来是句子成分是名词,却写的是其形容词形式,还有主谓一致问题,经常会犯,希望同学们写句子回过头写完检查下句子结构和成分,尽量不要犯低级错误,如：Thegreatupbringingisnotjustabouthelpingchildrento

developintelligence,butalsoabouthelpingthembuildgoodqualities,such

asself-controlandhard-working.其中hardworking就搞错词性.

2.在线学习可以满足不同学生的需要,符合"因才施教”的教育理念.

Onlinelearning

(1.在线学习)can

suittheneedsof

(2.适应……的需要)differentstudents,

conformingtotheideathat

(3.符合……的理念)studentsshouldbetaught

inaccordancewith

(4.与……相符合)their

aptitudes(5.天资).

1-

onlinelearningonlinelearning是"在线学习”的固定表达,此时online是adj,learning作为动名词短语侧重事物,例如onlinebanking,在线银行"业务”,类似表达还有online

shopping、onlinechatting;learning

online是动名词短语/现在分词短语,其中online是adv,侧重的是动作.online和加连字符的on-line通用.

词典释义：online(also

on-line)

adjective

[beforenoun]

UK

[ˈɒn.laɪn]

US

[ˈɑːn.laɪn]

describesproducts,servicesorinformationthat

canbeboughtorusedontheInternet

(产品、服务或信息)联网的,在线的,网上的•an

online

newspaper/magazine/dictionary网上报纸／网络杂志／在线词典•online

banking/shopping网上银行服务／购物

外刊例句：Theconvenience

of

onlinestudy

makesit

especiallysuitableforworkingpeople.AccordingtoPhilRegier,deanof

ArizonaStateUniversity(ASU)Online,themarketforonlinedegreesin

Americaisthe30morso25-to40-year-oldswhodroppedoutofcollegefirst

timeround.(TheEconomist)Oneofthegreat

advantagesof

onlinelearning

is

theabilitytoworkatmassivescale,whichmakesproductionofcourses

studyingthetiniestnichesubjectseconomical.(TheEconomist)

替换词：distance

learning/onlineeducation/e-learning

2-

suittheneeds

ofsuitneeds、suitsomebody都可以表示"满足需要”.

词典释义：4.VERB

动词

对…方便;满足…需要;合…心意

Ifsomething

suits

you,itisconvenientforyouoris

thebestthingforyouinthecircumstances.

【语法信息】：Vn

【搭配模式】：no

cont1.

•Theywillonly

releaseinformationifit

suitsthem...他们只会发布对他们有利的信息.2.

•Theyshouldbe

abletofindyouthebestpackageto

suit

yourneeds.他们应该能提供满足你需要的最佳套餐.

外刊例句：Ratherthan

beingsofocusedonwealthaccumulation,theassetmanagementindustryneeds

toprovideproductsthat

suitthe

needs

ofindividuals.(TheEconomist)

替换词：meet/satisfy/fulfill/serve

theneeds/demands/requirementsofsomebody,caterfortheneedsof

学生错误表达：(1)

content

differentdemandsofstudents点评：content做动词时含义是"使满意,使满足”,没有contentdemands这个搭配.

3-

conformtothe

ideathat...conformto/with

something表示"按……方式做事”,idea表示"看法、理念”,这里用theideaofsomething/theideaofdoingsomething,或者同位语从句theideathat...都是可以的.

词典释义：UK

[kən'fɔ：m]

US

[-'fɔ：rm]

verb

intransitive

conformto/withsth

■toobeyaruleorreachthenecessarystatedstandard,

ortodothingsinatraditionalway

遵守,遵照;符合,达到;依照•Beforebuyingapram,makesurethatit

conforms

totheofficialsafetystandards.购买婴儿车之前,要确保它符合官方的安全标准.•Membersmust

conform

toa

strictdresscode.成员们必须遵守严格的衣着规定.

外刊例句：Evenduringthe

campaigninWalestherewerecomplaintsthattheWelshToriesdidnothave

thefreedomtocampaignastheywouldhavewished,havingtoconformto

planslaiddownatCentral

OfficeinLondon.(TheEconomist)

学生错误表达：(1)catertotheeducationconcept点评：cater

to含义是"迎合(某人的需要)”,不与concept搭配

4-

inaccordance

withaccord的基本含义是"和……相一致、相符合”它的动词短语形式是accordwith

something

词典释义：accordanceUK

[ə'kɔ：.dənts]

US

[-'kɔ：r-]

formal

noun

inaccordancewitharule/law/wish/etc.

■followingorobeyingarule/law/wish/etc.

依照规则／法律／意愿等•In

accordance

withher

wishes,shewasburiedinFrance.

按照她的遗愿,人们把她安葬在法国.

外刊例句：TheKremlinhad

warnedthatanattackwascoming."Comradesareworking

inaccordancewith

triedandtestedschemes,”VladimirPutin’s

spokesman,DmitryPeskov,saidlastmonth,predictinganattemptto"rockthe

boat”aheadofelectionsinRussia.(TheEconomist)Employees

increasinglyexpecttobeable,forexample,todress

inaccordancewith

theirfaithwhileatwork,andbegiven

appropriatetimesandplacesforprayer.(TheEconomist)

替换词：be

congruentwith

5-

aptitudeaptitude指的是天生的、或后天习得的才能,而且尤其是指能够进一步学习,使人变得更加能胜任某项工作的才能.

词典释义：aptitude

●○○○○1.N-VAR

可变名词

天资;天赋;才能

Someone's

aptitudefor

aparticularkindofworkor

activityistheirabilitytolearnitquicklyandtodoitwell.

【搭配模式】：usu

Nforn/-ing1.

•An

aptitude

forcomputingis

beneficialforstudentstakingthisdegree.计算才能对于攻读这个学位的学生有益处.2.

•Somestudents

havemore

aptitude

foracademic

workthanothers.一些学生比其他学生更有学术才能.

外刊例句：Ontheother

handitisencouragingschoolstodevelopaspecialism(eg,technologyor

music)andisallowingsuchschoolstoselectupto10%oftheirintakebyaptitude

forthespecialistsubject.Finally,onthe

questionofinnatetalent,theyaskedquestionssuchas,"Beingatopscholar

of[discipline]requiresaspecial

aptitude

thatjustcan’tbetaught”,designedtoelucidatehowimportantrespondents

thoughtitwasintheirown,particularfields.

替换词：talent

Q：关于连字符,之前有同学cooperation写成co-operation,加了横杠,还有这次的online也是,写成on-line,这样的写法对吗?

A：co-operation以及on-line的写法都是正确的.我们可以通过查词典来确定连字符的使用是否正确,举个例子,在剑桥词典中可以看到,on-line以及co-operation的写法都是支持的.

cooperation(UK

also

co-operation)

UK

[kəʊˌɒp.ər'eɪ.ʃən]

US

[koʊˌɑ：.pə'reɪ-]

noun

uncountable

online(also

on-line)

adjective

[beforenoun]

UK

[ˈɒn.laɪn]

US

[ˈɑːn.laɪn]

Q："可以"我用的是could,这里我有些不大明白could和can的使用了?

A：can在语气上比较强烈、肯定,强调能力;could在语气上比较委婉,不确定,强调可能性.举个例子：

Mymomcanarriveanytimenow.(表示我妈妈有能力随时会到,强调能力)Mymomcouldarriveanytime

now.(表示我妈妈现在有可能随时会到,强调可能性)

回到原文例句,

(1)Online

learningcansuittheneedsof…(2)

Onlinelearningcould

suittheneedsof…

前者强调在线教育可以适应学生的需求,后者强调有能力适应学生的需求.

关于can与could的更多区别可以查阅《英语语法新思维中级教程》

1.要注意名词的单复数问题,例如Onlinelearningcould

meettheneedsofallsortsofstudent要改为Online

learningcouldmeettheneedsofallsortsofstudents

3.公众很担心学生的时间精力被学业占据,以至于难以参与课外活动.Thepublic

areconcernedthat

(1.担心……)students'timeandenergiesare

takenupwith

(被……占据)schoolwork

tosuchanextentthat

(3.以至于)theycanhardly

participatein

(4.参与)extracurricularactivities(5.课外活动).

1-beconcerned

thatconcern的含义是"使……担心”,所以不管是在时态中还是在非谓语中的使用,主语是人的情况下需被动.

词典释义：concernedUK

[kən'sɜ：nd]

US

[-'sɝ：nd]

adjective

忧虑的

■worried

担心的;忧虑的;挂念的•I'mabit

concerned

about/for

yourhealth.我有点担心你的健康.•[+(that)]Aren'tyou

concerned

(that)

shemighttellsomeone?难道你不担心她会跟别人讲吗?•[+

to

infinitive]Hewas

concerned

to

hearthattwoofhistrustedworkerswereleaving.听到他信任的两名工人要走,他感到担忧.•Concerned

parentshave

complainedaboutthedangerousplayground.忧心忡忡的家长抱怨那个儿童游乐场太危险.

外刊例句：Thetrustbusters

areconcernedthat

thereis

insufficientcompetition.Fourbigbanks—Barclays,RBS,HSBCandLloyds—dominate

themarket,withacombined77%shareofpersonalcurrentaccounts(and85%

ofbusinessaccounts).(TheEconomist)

替换词：There

is(agrowing)publicconcernthat...

学生错误表达：

(1)

The

publicconcernthat…点评：concern作为动词时,若取"使某人担忧”的含义,应该说somethingconcernssomebody,而没有somebody

concernsthat…的用法.

2-betakenup

withtakeup含义多样,这里取的是"占据时间”的含义.

词典释义：4.tofillaparticular

amountoftimeorspace占据〔一定的时间或空间〕：

betakenupwithsth.•ThelittletimeIhadoutsideofschoolwastakenup

withwork.课外的一点点时间我都用来工作了.takeupspace/room•oldbooksthatweretakingupspaceintheoffice占了办公室很大空间的旧书

外刊例句：Moreover,even

whenventure-capitalfundsdostumpupbigchunksofmoney,theyusuallyplan

tostayinvestedforjustadecadeorso,thelastyearsofwhich

aretakenupwith

designinganexit

strategy.(TheEconomist)

替换词：be

occupiedwith

3-tosuchan

extentthat这个表达在写作中非常实用,对"……以至于……”通常会想起"v.soadv.that...”,这时adv.的选择可能会成为问题,而tosuchanextentthat可以直接表达这层含义.

词典释义：5.PHRASE

短语

(表示强调)到…的地步,到…的程度

Youuseexpressionssuchas

totheextentof

,totheextentthat,or

tosuchanextentthat

inordertoemphasize

thatasituationhasreachedadifficult,dangerous,orsurprisingstage.

【语用信息】：emphasis1.

•Hesaidhedidn't

likethepresident,butnottothe

extent

ofwantingto

killhim...他说他不喜欢总统,但是还没有到想要刺杀他的地步.2.

•Ibecamepregnant

butthismanwasveryviolenttowardsmetothe

extent

thatIlostour

baby...我怀孕了,但是这个男人对我非常粗暴,致使我流产了.3.

•Ithasincreased

tosuchan

extent

thatGhanacan

nowexportmaize.玉米产量增长得如此迅速,现在加纳已经可以出口玉米了.

外刊例句：Intheeventthe

financialstrainhasbeenlifted,andmoneyrateshavefallen

tosuchanextentthat

forthelast

twoweeks,Bankrate,whichfellto6percentonOctober31st,hasbeen

ineffective,threemonths'billshavingfallenthisweektoabare5per

cent.(TheEconomist)

替换词：so...that...

4-participatein

词典释义：participate

●●●○○1.VERB

动词

参与;参加

Ifyou

participatein

anactivity,youtakepartin

it.

【语法信息】：Vin

n

【语法信息】：V-ing1.

•Theyexpectedhim

to

participate

inthe

ceremony...他们希望他参加典礼.2.

•Overhalfthe

populationofthiscountry

participate

insport.这个国家一半以上的人口参加体育锻炼.3.

•...specialcontracts

atlowerratesforparticipatingcorporations.为各参与企业提供的低费率特殊合同

外刊例句：InMilford,

Pennsylvania,forexample,DelawareValleyMiddleSchoolhasinstituteda

policyofmandatorydrugtestsforstudentswishingto

participatein

clubsorsports.(TheEconomist)Inthatcase,

tellingtent-dwellingenthusiastsofparticipatorydemocracytogohomeand

actually

participatein

our

democracyamountstotellingthemtosurrendertotheoligarchs.(The

Economist)

替换词：takepartin

5-

extracurricularactivities这是课外活动的固定表达.extracurricular也可以写为extra-curricular.

词典释义：extracurricularinBRIT,alsouse

英国英语亦用extracurricular1.ADJ

形容词

课外的

Extracurricular

activities

areactivitiesforstudentsthatarenotpartoftheircourse.

【搭配模式】：ADJ

n

【语域标签】：FORMAL

正式1.

•Eachchildhad

participatedin

extracurricular

activitiesat

school.每个孩子都参加了学校的课外活动.2.

•...extracurricular

sport.课外体育活动

外刊例句：Hesaysthat

thishasledstudentstogotoevergreaterlengthstodevelopacompetitive

advantageinapplyingforuniversityadmission—takingadvancedplacement

coursesandtestpreparatorycourses,andinvestingheavilyin

extracurricularactivities.(The

Economist)

替换词：afterschool

activities

(1)thepublic前面的冠词the一定不能省略,不能写成public(2)thepublic应该作为复数名词使用,不能说thepublicis

concernedthat…要说thepublicareconcernedthat…4.有些大学课本虽然严谨但却晦涩难懂,所以作者应该在传授知识和增强学生学习准确信息的兴趣之间取得一个微妙的平衡点.Someuniversitytextbooksare

rigorous

(1.严谨)but

impenetrable(2.晦涩难懂),andtheauthorshould

strikeadelicatebalancebetween

(3.在……和……之间取得一个微妙的平衡)impartingknowledgeand

sharpeningstudents’appetite

(4.增强学生的兴趣)forlearning

factsandfigures(5.准确信息).

1-rigorousrigorous可以指事物的系统、结构、逻辑严谨.

词典释义：rigorousUK

['rɪg.ər.əs]

US

[-ɚ-]

adjective

缜密的

approving

carefultolookatorconsidereverypartof

somethingtomakecertainitiscorrectorsafe

严密的,缜密的;严谨的•rigorous

testing/checking/methods精确的测试／严格的检查／严谨的方法

外刊例句：Thepaperpoints

outthatmostfinancialresearchappliesatwo-standard-deviation(or"two

sigma”inthejargon)testtoseeiftheresultsarestatistically

significant.Thisisnot

rigorous

enough.(TheEconomist)

学生错误表达：(1)Someuniversitytextbooksaresound点评：这里不能用sound来表示"严谨”,sound是指"合理的;可靠的”,例如soundadvice/

environmentallysound,与"严谨”存在区别.

替换词：with

rigour

2-impenetrable

词典释义：impenetrable[ɪm'pen.ɪ.trə.bl]

adjective

■impossibletoseethroughorgothrough

不能看透的;不能穿过的•Outside,thefogwasthickand

impenetrable.外面的雾很浓,甚么也看不见.•an

impenetrable

barrier无法跨越的障碍■impossibletounderstand

费解的,无法理解的•Someofthelyricsontheirlatestalbum

arecompletely

impenetrable.他们最新专辑中的一些歌词让人完全看不懂.

外刊例句：Thereare

multiplecomponentstothesefailures,involvingindividualmistakes,

organisationaldysfunction,andsystemsinaccessibletosomeand

impenetrable

tomany.(TheEconomist)

学生错误表达：(1)intangible点评：impenetrable不能与intangible(难以描绘的,难以形容的)相混淆.

替换词：opaque

3-strikea

balancebetweenstrikeabalance可以表达在不易权衡的两个重要方面努力寻找平衡,如果替换为achieve等动词,需要把"努力”这层含义表达出来,例如strivetoachieveabalancebetween

词典释义：[straɪk]

verb

strikeabalance

■Ifyoustrikeabalancebetweentwothings,youaccept

partsofboththingsinordertosatisfysomeofthedemandsofbothsidesin

anargument,ratherthanallthedemandsofjustoneside

(在争论中)找到折衷办法,求得平衡•It'saquestionof

striking

therightbalance

between

qualityandproductivity.问题在于要在品质和生产力之间求得适当的平衡.

外刊例句：Asbrandstryto

strikeabalancebetween

generatinginstantrevenueandrestrictingsupply(whichcreatesdemand,and

morerevenuelater),thesecondarytradethrives.(TheEconomist)

4-impart

knowledge"传授知识”一般都表达为impartknowledge.

词典释义：VERB

动词

传授;告知

Ifyou

impart

information

to

people,youtellit

tothem.

【语法信息】：Vn

【语法信息】：Vn

ton

【语域标签】：FORMAL

正式1.

•Theabilityto

impart

knowledgeand

commandrespectistheessentialqualificationforteachers...具备传授知识并赢得尊敬的能力是对教师的基本要求.2.

•Iamaboutto

impart

knowledgetoyou

thatyouwillneverforget.我会向你传授让你终生牢记的知识.

外刊例句：Thebest

civic-educationclassesdomorethan

impart

knowledge

abouthowgovernmentworks.Theycreateenvironmentsinwhich

pupilsgetusedtothetoolsofdemocracy,suchasdebatingcontroversial

issuesanddisag