（高考英语作文炼句）第2篇译文老师笔记

PAGEPAGE11.好的教育为学生日后成功打下坚实基础,政府应该承诺为每个学生提供平等机会,特别是那些贫困家庭出身的学生.Goodeducation

laysfirmfoundationsfor

(1.为……打下坚实基础)students'

futuresuccess(2.未来成功).

Thegovernmentshould

becommittedto

(3.承诺做某事)providing

equalityofopportunity

(4.机会平等)foreverystudent,especiallyforthosefrom

disadvantagedbackgrounds

(5.贫困家庭出身).

1-layfirmfoundations

forsomething为……打下坚实基础

laythefoundationsof/for

■to

producethebasicideasorstructuresfrom

whichsomethingmuchlarger

develops

打下…的基础;为…打下基础•Thetwoleadershavelaid

the

foundations

ofaneweraincooperation

betweentheircountries.两位领导人为两国合作的新纪元打下了基础.•Hehelpedtolaythe

foundations

of

Englishdrama.他在奠定英国戏剧的基础方面做出了贡献.

外刊例句：

MrFoxhelpedto

lay

firmfoundationsfor

housingfinanceinordertomake

cheaper

loansavailabletomoreMexicanswhileprovidingthecountry's

pension

fundswithmortgage-backedsecuritiesinwhichtoinvest.(The

Economist)

可供替换的表达：layasolidfoundation

forsomething/laysolidfoundationsforsomething/

laythegroundwork

forsomething

注意：这里foundation是可数名词,不能写成layfirm

foundation

forsomething,要写成

layafirm

foundationforsomething或者

lay

firm

foundationsforsomething

2-

futuresuccess

含义是"未来成功”

外刊例句：

Therearescores

of

amazingteachersandmanypeoplegrowupwithfondmemoriesofan

inspirationalteacherwhomadeallthedifferencetotheirformative

years.

Thisdoesn'tmean,however,thattheyarethesolefactor

determining

children's

futuresuccess.(The

Guardian)

注意：futuresuccess是一个固定搭配,不能写成future’ssuccess,也不能写成latersuccess

3-

becommittedto

doingsomething

承诺做某事,这里也可以写成

the

governmentshouldcommititselftodoingsomething

[kə'mɪt]

verb

(-tt-)

to

promiseorgiveyourloyalty,timeormoneyto

aparticularprinciple,

personorplanofaction

承诺,保证;(使)忠于;(使)致力于;投入(时间或金钱)•[R]Likesomanymen,he

hasproblems

committinghimself

to

arelationship.像许多男人一样,他也有用情不专的问题.•Thegovernmentmust

commit

itself

to

improving

health

care.政府必须致力改善医疗保健服务.•Oncewehavecommitted

to

this

courseofactionthereisnogoingback.一旦我们承诺采取这个行动,就没有回头路.

外刊例句：

Chinais

committed

to

makingitscurrency,the

yuan,fullyconvertible,relaxing

thecontrolsthatkeepforeignmoneyout

anddomesticmoneyin.(The

Economist)

4-

equalityof

opportunity是一个固定表达,含义是"机会均等”,不能写成equalityofopportunities

equalityequal∙ity

/

iˈkwɔləti;

NAmE

iˈkwɑː-

/

◙noun

[U]

•the

factofbeingequalinrights,status,advantages,etc.

•

平等;均等;相等：

»racial

/social/sexualequality

种族/社会/男女平等

»equality

ofopportunity

机会均等

»the

principleofequalitybeforethelaw

(=

thelawtreatseveryone

thesame)

法律面前人人平等的原则

外刊例句：

Anyonewhosets

footinstateschoolsregularlyknowsthatinspirationalandheroic

workis

happeninginthemeveryday.Itisnotstateschoolswhichare

theobstacle

to

equalityofopportunity,but

thelack

ofpoliticalwilltoremovetheunfairadvantagesenjoyedbythe

childrenoftheprivileged.(TheGuardian)

可供替换的表达：give

every

studentanequalchance

5-

disadvantaged

backgrounds

是一个固定表达,含义是"贫困家庭出身”,也可以说deprivedbackgrounds

外刊例句：

Toomanybright

childrenfrom

disadvantaged

backgrounds

fallby

thewaysideatsecondaryschooldespiteachievingtop

resultsat

primarylevel,accordingtoanalysiscommissionedbytheSutton

Trust.

(TheGuardian)

可供替换的表达：from

poor

families2.固守陈旧观念的人觉得很难融入当代社会.Thosewho

clingto

(1.固守)outmodedbeliefs

(2.固有观念)findithardto

fitinto

(3.融入)modernsociety(4.当代社会).

1-clingto的含义是"固守……,抓住……不放”

clingtosth

torefusetostopbelievingorhopingforsomething

坚持,保持,死死抱住(信念或希望)•She

clings

tothehopethat

herhusbandwillcomebacktoher.她坚信丈夫一定会回到自己身边.外刊例句：Nobodyshould

clingto

theoldcoldwarlogic.Nobodyshouldarguethatonlya

particularregimeorpersoncanguaranteeacountry'sstability.Theonly

guaranteeofstabilityisthepeople.(TheGuardian)可供替换的表达：stickto/adhere

to

2-outmoded的含义是"过时的”,常见搭配有outmoded

ideas/beliefs

outmodedUK

[ˌaʊt'məʊ.dɪd]

US

[-'moʊ-]

disapproving

adjective

■old-fashioned;nolongermodern,usefulor

necessary

过时的;废弃的;无用的•Outmoded

workingpractices

arebeingphasedout.过时的操作规范正被逐步淘汰.

外刊例句：

Sometimesthesenotionshaveabasisin

fact,butmoreoftenthey'rebasedon

outmoded

beliefs

thatdon'tbearanyrelationtothewayourbodiesactuallywork.

(TheDailyMail)

注意："固有观念”不能写成traditionalsense,sense的意思是"感觉,感悟”,与"观念”不同.

3-fitinto的含义是"与……相处融洽”

VERB

动词与…相配;与…相协调;符合Ifsomethingfitssomethingelseor

fitsintoit,itgoestogetherwellwiththatthingorisabletobepartof

it.

Herdaughter

doesn'tfitthecurrentfeminineideal.她女儿并不符合当今的完美女性标准.

Fosteringisafull-time

jobandyoushouldcarefullyconsiderhowitwillfitintoyourcareer.抚养孩子是全天候的事,应该仔细考虑如何将它与事业协调起来.

There's

somethingaboutthewayhetalksofherthatdoesn'tfit.他谈论她的样子有点不对劲.另外一个类似的短语是

fitin

fitin

phrasalverb

[fittinginfittedinfittedinfitted

infitsin]

tofeelthatyoubelong

toaparticulargroupandareacceptedbythem

•

It'snosurpriseshe'sleaving-sheneverreally

fittedin.

外刊例句：

Asaboy,my

perceptionoftranssexualswasofburlymenindresses;unfortunatepeople

whodidn't

fitinto

societyand

wereasourceofridicule.(TheGuardian)

可供替换的表达：integrate

intosociety/becomeassimilatedintosociety

4-modern

society是指"现代社会”,另一个相似的说法是contemporarysociety,它是指"当代社会”,范畴要比"现代社会”窄.

外刊例句：

Thecovenant

betweenhumanismandsciencehasdefinedmodernsociety：thelatterhelps

peopleachievethegoalssetbytheformer.(TheEconomist)

Q：关于"观念”,似乎有许多单词可以对应,concept,idea,

belief,point,perception等等.希望能得到老师的指点,知道这些词之间的差别.

A：

idea,concept,conception,impression,

notion,thoughtAllthesewordsdenotesomethingthatexistsinthemind

duringtheprocessesofperceiving,thinkingorwilling.

Idea

isthemostgeneralterm,applicableto

almostanypartoraspectofmentalactivity.[The

idea

ofdeathisfrighteningtomostpeople;Ihadno

idea

ofgoingtotheparty;Shehasageneral

idea

ofthecostoftherepairjob.]A

concept

isan

idea

ofacategoryorkindthathasbeengeneralizedfromparticularinstances.

Thus,the

concept

of"cat"

arisesfromthemanycatswesee.

Concept

alsoreferstoawidelyheld

idea

of

whatsomethingisorshouldbe：The

concept

ofgovernmentofmanysmallnationshasbeeninfluencedbythelegislative

andjudicialinstitutionsofBritain.Themeaningof

conception

ismuchlikethissecondsenseof

concept,butdiffersinthatthe

idea

ofwhatathingisorshouldbeishere

heldbyanindividualorsmallgroupandisoftencolouredbyimaginationand

feeling：Achild’s

conception

ofthe

universeisformedbyhislimitedexperienceandhisownfancies.A

thought

isan

idea

basedonintellectualactivity,andisnotdirectlyattributabletoasense

impression：Hehasmany

thoughts

on

thematter.A

notion

isavagueor

capricious

idea,oftenwithoutany

soundbasis：tohavea

notion

that

thesharemarketwillrise.An

impression

isanideathatarisesfromsomethingexternal.Itsuggestseithera

half-formedmentalpictureorasuperficialvieworconclusion.[Aninfant

mayhavethe

impression

thatits

fatherisagiant;My

impression

is

thathewaslying.]3.家长和老师应该纠正理科是男生专属的偏见,因为女生在这些学科上也很有竞争力.Teachersandparentsshould

correctthebias

(1.纠正偏见)that

sciencesubjects

(2.理科)are

thepreserveof

(3.……的专属)boys,asgirlsarealso

competitivein

(4.在……上有竞争力)thesesubjects.

1-correctbias是常见搭配,含义是"纠正偏见”.外刊例句：Historianstryto

correctthisbias

bytellingusaboutthemassesofordinary

Romans,butrarelydowehaveworkswrittenbyoraboutthesepeople.(The

Guardian)

可供替换的表达：correctprejudice

也可以说

inaneraofsomething,例如：Weliveinaneraofinstant

communication.

我们生活在一个信息即时交流的时代.

注意：intheageofdigital

revolution不能写成inanageof

digitalrevolution

2-

"理科”是sciencesubjects,"文科”则是artssubjects

外刊例句：

Theproportionofboysstudying

sciencesubjects

isstill

considerablyhigherthantheproportionofgirls.(TheGuardian)

3-

bethepreserveofsomebody是一个常见表达,含义是"……是某人的专属”,这里也可以写成sciencesubjectsareamalepreserve

或者

sciencesubjectsareexclusivetoboys.

UK

[prɪ'zɜ：v]

US

[-'zɝ：v]

noun

个别的行为

onlysingular

■anactivitywhichonlyonepersonoraparticular

typeofpersondoesorisresponsiblefor

(某人或群体的)专门活动•Owningracehorsesisthe

preserve

of

therich.拥有赛马是富人的专利.•Sportusedtobeamale

preserve.体育曾经是男性的专利.

外刊例句：

ItiscertainlythecasethatIbenefited

fromsomeaspectsofanallgirls’education.Ineversufferedfromthesense

thatsomesubjectswere

thepreserve

of

boys,orthatbeingfemalewouldholdmebackinanyway.(The

Guardian)

4-

competitive含义是"有竞争力的”

com∙peti∙tive

/

kəmˈpetətiv

/

◙

adj.

1.

~(withsb/sth)

asgoodasorbetterthanothers

•(与…)一样好的;(比…)更好的;有竞争力的：

»ashopsellingclothesatcompetitive

prices

(=aslowasanyothershop)

在服装价格上有竞争力的商店

»Weneedtoworkhardertoremain

competitivewithothercompanies.

我们必须更加努力工作以保持对其他公司具有竞争力.

»togaina

competitiveadvantage

over

rivalcompanies

占有超越对手公司的竞争优势

外刊例句：

Surveyssuggest

somecompaniesareenjoyingaboostfromtheweakpoundasitmakestheir

goodsandservicesmore

competitive

inoverseasmarkets.

注意：competitive不能与competent混淆,competent是指"胜任的,合格的”,与competitive(有竞争力的)有所不同.

Q：bias与prejudice有哪些区别?

A：bias与prejudice都有"偏见”的意思,但prejudice还有一个词义,"损害”.可以参考《英语常用词疑难用法手册》里面的说明：

prejudice无论是作为名词或是动词,最主要、最为人所熟悉的词义,就是"偏见”、"成见”,尤其是JaneAusten的著名小说《傲慢与偏见》(Prideand

Prejudice)用了这个单词作书名,这个词义就更为人们所熟知.但是prejudice还有一个词义,就是"损害”,它同"偏见”这个词义"本是同根生”,都是拉丁文的prae(前面,事先)+judicium(判断),但是经过岁月演变,在好几种欧洲语文中都衍生了两个"姑表”式的不同词义.

因此,遇到prejudice,要注意有时候是"害”不是"见”.【例如】...alawthatoperatedto(in)theprejudiceofblacks…一部损害黑人利益的法律/Iwilldonothingtotheprejudiceofmybrother.任何对我弟弟有损害的事我都不做./Whenfactionsarecarriedtoohighandtooviolently,itisa

signofweaknessinprinces;andmuchtotheprejudice,bothoftheir

authorityandbusiness.(SirFrancisBacon,TheEssays)如果派别的地位抬得太高,闹得太厉害,这就表示侯王的力量削弱了,这对他们的权威和事业都是不利的./Thesearestillretained,totheprejudiceofourinterests,not

lessthanofourrights.(AlexanderHamilton.FederalistPapers,No.15)这些东西仍然扣在人家手里,损害了我们的利益,也同样损害了我们的权利./

...youshalldonothinginapassion,nothingtomyprejudiceortoyour

mother'sprejudice,withoutmyknowledgeandconsent.(DanielDefoe,The

Fortunes&MisfortunesoftheFamousMollFlanders)...你不可以凭一时的冲动,不事先告诉我并且得到我的同意,就做出不利于我或是不利于你母亲的事情./Aswithstandardlegaltrials,Hartmannsays,thedefendants

willhavetherighttoamilitarylawyer,therighttoremainsilentwithout

prejudice,therighttoexamineallevidence,andtherighttocall

witnesses.(USNews&WorldReport,Feb.25,2008,p.15)哈特曼说,同标准的司法审判一样,被告们将享有聘请一位随军律师的权利、保持沉默而不蒙受不利影响的权利、审阅所有证据的权利,以及传唤证人的权利./SuchhumbletalentsasGodhasgivenmeIwillendeavourtoput

totheirgreatestuse;ifIamabletoamuse,Iwilltrytobenefittoo;and

whenIfeelitmydutytospeakanunpalatabletruth,withthehelpofGod,I

willspeakit,thoughitbetotheprejudiceofmynameandtothedetriment

ofmyreader'simmediatepleasureaswellasmyown.(AnneBrontё,TheTenant

ofWildfellHall)上帝赐了我区区一点才能,我一定努力好好利用;如果我能够使人开心,我也会设法做到;而如果我觉得自己有义务把不合口味的真话说出来,哪怕是有损于我自己的名声,有损于读者眼前的愉快心情和我自己的愉快心情,我也一定会说出来.

4.只有通过促进工业界和高等教育界的合作,政府才能成功创造就业机会.

Onlythrough(1.只有……)

promotingco-operation

between

(2.促进……的合作)theindustrialandhighereducationsector

(3.工业界和高等教育界)willthegovernmentsucceedin

creatingjobs(4.创造工作).

1-Onlythrough/by

…

can/will…

是一个常见的倒装句式,含义是"只有……才能……”

外刊例句：Ilearnedthatonlythroughconstructivepoliticalactioncanwe

fulfilthepromiseofabetterfutureinwhichweareabletoclothe,feed,

andhouseourfamiliesinconditionsofliberty,equalityanddemocracy.(The

Guardian)

注意：Onlyby/through

在这里引导的倒装句型是

Onlyby/through…canthegovernment…

不能写成

Onlyby/through…,thegovernmentcan…

这里也可以使用onlyifonlyif

•(rather

formal)usedtostatetheonlysituationinwhichsthcan

happen

•

只有：

»Onlyifateacherhasgivenpermissionis

astudentallowedtoleavetheroom.

学生只有得到老师的许可才能离开教室.

»Onlyiftheredlightcomesonisthere

anydangertoemployees.

只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情.但句子的结构要调整为：Onlyifthegovernmentpromotestheco-operation

betweentheindustrialandhighereducationsectorwillitsucceedin

creatingjobs.也可以说

inaneraofsomething,例如：Weliveinaneraofinstant

communication.

我们生活在一个信息即时交流的时代.

注意：intheageofdigital

revolution不能写成inanageof

digitalrevolution

2-

promote/encouragecooperation(co-operation)是常见搭配,含义是"促进合作”

外刊例句：Mostresearchersusedtoth