工程心理学与人类行为课件

EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance工程心理学与人类行为工程心理学与人类行为FeaturesInteresting趣Significant益Hard难2工程心理学与人类行为IntroductionofBi-languageCourseEnglishtextbookEnglishPPTChinese&Englishoralpresentation100basicEnglishglossaries3工程心理学与人类行为Introductionofthetextbook以人的认知信息加工心理学为基础，系统阐述与工程技术设计有关的心理学问题，理论性强、与技术设计联系密切;引用大量的工程心理学实验结果，立论依据充足，科学性强;内容新颖，引用的文献大多反映最近10年来美国工程心理学的研究成果。ChristopherD.Wickens，JustinG.Hollands出版社：PrenticeHall4工程心理学与人类行为ReferencebooksC.D.Wickens，J.G.Hollands著，朱主祥等译.《工程心理学与人的作业》,华东师范大学出版社,2002[美]唐纳德.A.诺曼著，梅琼译.《设计心理学》,中信出版社,2003方俐洛，于国丰，汪慧丽.《工程心理学》,团结出版社,19895工程心理学与人类行为Chapter1IntroductiontoEngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance工程心理学与人类行为OverviewWhatispsychology?

Science,study,ofthemindanditsprocesses.HumanpsychologyAnimalpsychologyChildpsychologyEngineeringpsychology…Societypsychology7工程心理学与人类行为WhatisEngineeringPsychology?Reduceerror(减少错误)Promoteproductivity(提高生产率)Increasesafetyandcomfort(增加安全性和舒适度)Abranchofpsychology,usingpsychologyinengineering.8工程心理学与人类行为EngineeringpsychologyWhen？

Where？

Why？

What？

How？20Century50sWorldWarIIUSA9工程心理学与人类行为Why?——3MotivationsPracticalneeds(实践需要)“trainingthehumantofitthemachines”“designingthemachinestofitthehuman”InWorldWarII

AfterWorldWarII

!Aircraftaccidentswithwell-trainedoperators（Table1）Psychologistsanalyzedtheoperator-machineinterface10工程心理学与人类行为11工程心理学与人类行为Why?——3MotivationsTechnologyevolutionarytrends(科技进步)

Morerapid,morecomplex,moreandmoreinterrelatedelements,forcingthedesignertoconsiderthedistributionoftasksbetweenhumanandmachines.12工程心理学与人类行为Why?——3MotivationsInformationtheoryandcybernetics(信息论和控制论)InformationtheoryCybernetics(控制论)Stimulus-responselanguageofbehaviorpsychologyTerms:feedback,channelcapacitybandwidth…Sametermsasmechanical,electronic,informationsystem,helpintegratehumansandmachinesinsystemdesignandanalysis.WorldWarⅡ13工程心理学与人类行为Applicationfield14工程心理学与人类行为What?——Researchscope

Information-processingcapacitiesofthehumanbrain.(人脑的信息加工过程)“工程心理学的目的不是简单的比较一件设备的两种可能的设计（这是人类因素学的任务），而是要说明人的能力以及限度（产生实验数据的基础），并可以根据这种能力限度直接推断并选择出一种较好的设计”。

——Poulton，1966！注意与人因工程学的研究范畴区分开是否涉及人脑的信息加工过程。15工程心理学与人类行为IntroductionoftheteachingcontentChapter1Introduction(工程心理学介绍)Chapter4SpatialDisplay(空间显示)Chapter5NavigationandInteractioninRealandVirtualEnvironment(现实与虚拟环境中的导航与交互)Chapter6LanguageandCommunication(语言与通讯)Chapter9SelectionofAction(行动的选择)Chapter12StressandHumanerror(应激和人为差错)Totally40hours16工程心理学与人类行为17工程心理学与人类行为18工程心理学与人类行为19工程心理学与人类行为20工程心理学与人类行为How？——ResearchMethodsFieldStudies现场研究Accident/IncidentReports事故/事件报告Surveys调查TaskSimulation任务模拟LaboratoryExperiments实验室研究Literature(researchandhandbooks)文献Models(humansimulations)模型21工程心理学与人类行为FieldStudiesFeature:evaluationsofrealusersemployingthesysteminquestion“inthefield”.Forms:videotapes,userreportseg:ATMvideotapes22工程心理学与人类行为Accident/IncidentReports——focusonthecauseofeventswhenthingswentwrong.limitationsWithoutcontrol:difficulttodeterminethespecificcauseofbehavior

Numberofaccidentissmall:hardtodrawstatisticallyvalidconclusionsfromsmallsampleseg:aviationindustry(blackbox)23工程心理学与人类行为Surveys——revealuser’sattitudestowardsthestrengthsandweaknessofaparticularsystem.limitationsThesampleofusermaybesmallorbiased.Whatpeoplelikemaynotalwayscorrespondwithwhatsupportsthebestperformance.eg:colordisplay24工程心理学与人类行为TaskSimulation——capturemuchofthecomplexityinreal-world——offercontrolovertheeventsandcircumstancesinwhichperformanceisobserved.eg:drivingsimulator,virtualenvironment25工程心理学与人类行为LaboratoryExperiments——identifyandmanipulatevariablesthatareexpectedtoinfluenceperformancewiththesysteminquestion,whilecontrollingothervariables.Advantages:suchexperimentscangenerateacrossawiderangeofdesignapplications.Limitations:theconditionsinthelabishighlycontrolled,maynotreal.26工程心理学与人类行为Literature(researchandhandbooks)——not“rawdata”,beencollectedbyothersandcompliedinliteratureorindesignprinciplesandstandards.Note:thecontextoftheprincipleorstandardisappropriateforthecontextofthecurrentproduct.27工程心理学与人类行为Models(humansimulations)——aspecial

caseofdataprovidedbyliteratureandhandbooks.DesignparametersperformanceModelMathematicalequationsComputersimulationsinputoutputQuestion:comparethe7differentresearchmethods—cost,easeofproductchange,easeofcontrol,designrelevanceofconclusions?28工程心理学与人类行为Comparisonofdifferentresearchmethodologies29工程心理学与人类行为Howtostudythiscourse?It’snot

yourfault.(不是你的错)

当你在使用某物品遇到麻烦时，那不是你的错，而是设计出了问题。

——摘自《设计心理学》2003

Observecarefully.(仔细观察)

改变认识世界的方法，开始敏锐的观察周围的人和物，以及这两者之间的联系。30工程心理学与人类行为PerformanceMeasurement绩效测量4categoriesofrawdataMeasuresofSpeedortime(emergencyshutdownswitch)Workloadorcapacitydemands(vehicleGPS)Accuracyorerror(diagnosisdevice)Preference(consumerproducts)2sortsofderivedmeasuresEvaluatemeasures,orthefigureofmerit(评价测量或价值图)——haveacleardefined“good”or“bad”Strategicmeasures(全局测量)[accuracy+responsetime][accuracy-responserate]Highvaluesforslowbutaccuracyperformance31工程心理学与人类行为人类信息处理阶段的词汇定义Attentionresources注意力资源LongtermMemory长期记忆Workingmemory工作记忆Sensory感觉Perception知觉、感知Cognition认知Short-termsensorystore(STSS)短时感觉贮存ResponseSelection反应选择ResponseExecution反应执行32工程心理学与人类行为Fig1.1AmodelofHumaninformationprocessingstages33工程心理学与人类行为SensoryProcessing感觉加工visualreceptors(eyes)视觉接收器(眼)auditoryreceptors(ears)听觉接收器(耳)STSS:0.5sSTSS:2-4sShort-termsensorystore(STSS)短时感觉贮存:

Atemporarymechanismforprolonging(延长)therepresentationoftherawstimulusevidencefordurationsasshortasaround0.5second(visualSTSS),to2-4seconds(auditorySTSS).对持续时间半秒至2-4秒的原始刺激表征的暂时机制。Egs:

cartoonsandaninterestingexperimentseehear34工程心理学与人类行为Perception知觉、感知Decodethemeaningoftherawsensorydatarelayedtothebrain.粗糙的感觉材料传入脑中(或贮存在感觉中)必须通过知觉阶段加以解释或赋予意义。Proceeds

automaticallyandrapidly,requiringlittleattention

Bedrivenbothbysensoryinput(bottom-upprocessing)byinputsfromlong-termmemory(experience)(top-downprocessing)2importantfeatures例：原始刺激解码警铃(听觉)存在危险闪烁的信号灯(视觉)存在故障35工程心理学与人类行为Bottom-upProcessingTop-downProcessingSensorydataor“lower”channelsofneuralinformation(感觉或较低级神经信息通道)

Long-termmemoryPastexperience(经验、长时记忆)Danger！Danger！PerceptionPerceptionharmoniousHighsensoryqualityUnfamiliarcircumferencePoorsensoryqualityEg:thecabdriver自下而上自上而下36工程心理学与人类行为CognitionandMemory认知和记忆Perception:“存在故障”Cognition:“哪个部位出了故障”Q:What’sthedistinctionbetweenperceptionandcognition?A:Cognitionrequiremoretime,mentaleffort,orattention.Q:Why?CognitiveOperationsrehearsal(复述)reasoningImaging…Using

workingmemoryWorkingmemory:avulnerable(易损的，脆弱的),temporary(暂时的)storeofactivatedinformation.Note:Sometimesrehearsalinworkingmemorymayleadtolong-termmemory,whichislessvulnerable,morepermanent(永久的).37工程心理学与人类行为ResponseSelectionandExecutionCognitionPerceptionResponseSelectionResponseExecutionResponseSelection

ResponseExecutionRequiringthecoordinationofthemusclesforcontrolledmotion,toassurethechosengoaliscorrectlyobtained为了控制运动要对肌肉进行协调，以保证正确的获得选定的目标.

Justinbrain.

Eg:correctresponseselectionPoorexecutionLosecontrol38工程心理学与人类行为FeedbackEmphasizethatthe“flow”ofinformationcanbeinitiatedatanypoint.eg:aperceivedenvironmenteventacognitivemotivationEmphasizethatthe“flow”ofinformationiscontinuous,“actioncausesperception”or“perceptioncausesaction”

turnontheradio39工程心理学与人类行为AttentionAsupplyoflimitedmentalresources.Selectiveattention:manymentaloperationsarenotcarriedautomaticallybutrequiretheselectiveapplicationoftheselimitedresources.Dividingattention:when

therearesomanytaskstoperform,astrategym