翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟真题三

翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟真题三英译汉1.

BiotechCrops

Biotechcropsbringhigheryieldswithsolidenvironmentalbenefits:lessuseofenergy,（江南博哥）bettersoilconservation,lessfertilizeremployedandthereforelesspollutingrunoffintogroundwater.Butthevoicesopposedarealsoloud.Prof.BruceChassy,anAmericanexpertinthefield,wasrecentlyinBeijingforaninternationalconference;ourjournalisttooktheopportunitytointerviewhimonthesubject.

Q:Thepeoplewhodenouncebiotechnologicalcropssaytheyareworriedaboutthepossibilityofthealiengenesingeneticallymodifiedcropsspreadingtootherspecies.

Forexample,supposeherbicide-tolerantcottontransmitsitsgenestoweeds—thentheweedscouldbecome"superweeds".Doyouthinkthisconcernisjustified?

A:BeforeanewbiotechcropcanbegrownintheUSA,itmustbeapprovedbytheUSDepartmentofAgricultureandtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Theyrequiredeveloperstoprovideevidencethattherewillbenounexpectedordamagingenvironmentalconsequencesifthecropisplanted.Thequestionsrequireanexaminationofthepotentialforgeneflowandanyconsequencesthatwouldensue,includingissuessuchassuperweedsandtheimpactonavarietyofnon-targetspeciessuchasbirds,butterflies,earthwormsandfrogs.Resistancetotheherbicidesusedinconventionalagriculturedoesoccurfromtimetotime,andthereisnoreasontobelievethatbiotechcropswillproduceanydifferentkindofherbicide-resistantweedsthanwealreadyseeinagriculture.Infact,aftersixyearsofplantingherbicide-resistantcropsintheUS,wehavenotseentheemergenceofherbicide-resistantweeds.

Q:IntheUSwhatpercentageofpeoplesupportbiotechcrops?Anddothosewhosupportbiotechcropsalsoeatbiotechcrops?Whatpercentageoffoodonthemarkethasgeneticallymodifiedingredients?

A:USconsumershavebeensubjectedtoaveryeffectiveanti-biotechnologypropagandacampaignforthelastfewyears,butaccordingtopollsover70%supportbiotechnology.Forexample,inarecentreferenduminOregon,votersrejectedaproposaltorequirespeciallabelsonallproductscontainingbiotechingredientsbyanoverwhelming73%to27%.That'sprobablybecauseconsumersknowthatwehaveaneffectiveregulatorysystem.Manymayalsoknowthat70%-80%oftheprocessedfoodproductsonsupermarketshelvescontainoneormoreingredientsderivedfrombiotechcrops.AllAmericanseatbiotechcropsunlesstheydeliberatelyseekoutproductsthatarelabeledotherwise.Evidencesuggeststhatthisislessthan5%ofconsumers.正确答案：转基因农作物

采用生物技术的转基因农作物不仅产量高，对环境也有很大益处，如能量消耗少、对土壤保护有利、化肥用得少，因而汇入地下水的污流也随之减少。但是反对生物技术的呼声也很高。最近，转基因领域的美国专家布鲁斯·沙西教授来到北京参加国际会议，本报记者就此问题采访了他。

问：指责生物技术的人们说，他们担心转基因农作物中的外来基因会扩散到其他物种中。比如，倘若抗除草剂的棉花把“抗除草剂基因”传给了杂草，那就会出现超级杂草。您觉得这种担心有道理吗?

答：在美国，一种新的采用转基因技术的农作物在种植前，必须经过美国农业部与环保局的批准。他们要求研制者提供证明，证明该农作物种植后不会对环境产生预料不到的或是有害的后果。这些问题要求对基因转移以及任何由此产生的后果的可能性，包括超级杂草、对于非目标性物种如鸟类、蝴蝶、蚯蚓、青蛙等各物种的影响进行检验。对传统农业使用的除草剂产生抵抗力在自然界时有发生，因此没有理由认为采用生物技术的农作物会产生出与我们在农业中已经见到的那些抗除草剂杂草所不同的杂草。实际上，美国种植了六年的抗除草剂作物，我们并没有看到抗除草剂杂草的出现。

问：美国人当中有多大比例支持利用生物技术种植作物?支持生物技术的人也吃这种农产品吗?市场上的食品有多大比例含有转基因成分?

答：过去几年中，美国消费者遭遇到很有声势的反生物技术的宣传运动，但根据问卷调查，有超过70%的人支持生物技术。比如，在最近俄勒冈州的一次全民公决中，选民们以73%对27%的压倒多数否决了在含转基因成分的食品上贴特殊标签的提议。这可能是因为消费者知道我们拥有有效的法规体系，很多人也可能知道超市货架上70%至80%的加工食品都含有一种或多种源于转基因作物的成分。几乎所有的美国人都吃转基因农产品，除了那些刻意寻找标明没有转基因成分的人。有证据表明，这样的人不到全体消费者的5%。

汉译英1.

农村经济

我们的任务是：全面繁荣农村经济，加快城镇化进程。统筹城乡经济社会发展，建设现代农业，发展农村经济，增加农民收入，是全面建设小康社会的重大任务。加强农业基础地位，推进农业和农村经济结构调整，保护和提高粮食综合生产能力，健全农产品质量安全体系，增强农业的市场竞争力。积极推进农业产业化经营，提高农民进入市场的组织化程度和农业综合效益。发展农产品加工业，壮大县域经济。开拓农村市场，搞活农产品流通，健全农产品市场体系。

农村富余劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移，是工业化和现代化的必然趋势。要逐步提高城镇化水平，坚持大中小城市和小城镇协调发展，走中国特色的城镇化道路。发展小城镇要以现有的县城为基础，科学规划，合理布局，同发展乡镇企业和农村服务业结合起来。消除不利于城镇化发展的体制和政策障碍，引导农村劳动力合理有序流动。正确答案：RuralEconomy

Ourtasksaretomaketheruraleconomyflourish(toinvigoratetheruraleconomyandspeedup/hasten/accelerate/expediteurbanization.Amajortaskforbuildingawell-offsociety(asocietywitharelativelycomfortablestandardofliving)inanall-roundwayistomakeoverallplanningfortheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentinbothcitiesandthecountryside(forurbanandruraleconomicandsocialdevelopment),buildmodernagriculture,developtheruraleconomyandincreasetheincomeoffarmers.Wemuststrengthenthepositionofagricultureasthefoundationoftheeconomy,carryontherestructuringofagricultureandtheruraleconomy,protectandraisethecomprehensivegrainproductioncapacity,improvethesystemforensuringthequalityoffarmproduce,andenhancethecompetitivenessofagricultureinthemarket.Wemust[actively]pushforwardtheindustrializedoperationofagriculture,betterorganizefarmersintheiraccesstothemarketandimprovetheoverallefficiencyofagriculture.Wemustdevelopfarmproduce/productprocessingindustryandpromote/boostthecountyeconomy.Wemustopenupmoreruralmarketsandenliven/invigoratethedistribution/circulationoffarmproducebyimproving/streamliningitsmarketsystem.

Itisaninevitabletrendofindustrializationandmodernizationforredundant/surplusrurallabortomoveto/swarmintonon-agriculturalindustriesandtocitiesandtowns.Itisessentialtoraisethelevelofurbanizationgraduallyandpersistinthecoordinateddevelopmentoflarge,mediumandsmallcitiesandsmalltownsalongthepathtourbanizationwithChinesecharacteristics.Weshoulddevelopsmalltownsonthebasisofexistingcountyseats,andmakescientificplanningandarationallayout,integratingtheirdevelopmentwiththeexpansionoftownshipandvillageenterprisesandtheruralservicesector.Alltheinstitutionalandpolicybarrierstourbanizationmustberemovedandtheflowofrurallaborguidedinarationalandorderlyway.

翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题60英译汉1.

Sleeplessness

Everdaydreamingduringameeting,jerkawakewhileatyourcomputer,orsnoozethroughpartofaTVshow?MillionsofAmericansdo,andthat'scauseforconcern.ArecentpollbytheNationalSleepFoundation,anonprofitresearchgroupinWashington,foundthattwo-thirdsoftheU.S.populationgetslessthantherecommendedhoursofsleepatnight.Thatmeanssleeplessnessisof"epidemicproportionsinthiscountry,"saysDr.WilliamDement,directoroftheSleepDisordersCenteratStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine.

Whetherit'stheresultofinsomniaortoday'sburnthemidnightoillifestyle,notgettingenoughsleepleadstopoorjudgment,lackofcreativity,impairedmemory,evendepression.Italsocanmakeyoumorevulnerabletoviralandbacterialinfections.ResearchersattheUniversityofChicagohavefoundthatinadequatesleepoverjustsixnightsimpairsmetabolicandhormonalfunctions.Overtime,thiscanprovoketheonsetorincreasetheseverityofhypertensionandTypeIIdiabetes,themorecommonformofthatdisease.

Forsomepeople,however,theproblemisnotsomuchsettingasidetimetosleepasfallingasleep.Wakefulnessisoftentheresultofbadsleephabits.Sleepinginforhoursonweekends,forexample,confusesthebody'sinternalclockandleadstowideeyednightsandgroggymornings.Sowilllongnaps,althoughshortones(20minutesorso)topaybacksleeplostthenightbeforeorinanticipationofalatenightareO.K.

Totrainyourbodytogettosleepmoreeasily,trythesetips:

1.Sticktoaregularbedtimeschedule.

2.Trytoavoidintensementalactivitiessuchasstudyingyourstockportfoliobeforebedtime.Instead,considerdeepbreathing,yoga,orlightstretchingtoalleviatetheday'sstress.Expertsalsoadvisekeepinganotepadonyournightstandtojotdownworriestobedealtwiththenextday.Followingthesameroutinenightafternightbeforebedtimeseemstohelpprepareboththemindandthebodyforsleep.

3.Giveyourselfaphysicalenvironment.Drownoutdisturbingnoiseandcreateasoothingbackground.Keepitcool—peopleusuallysleepbestinroomsthatarebetween65Fand69F.Andmakesureyourbediscomfortableandhasplentyofroom.Sleepexpertsurgecouplestoconsiderakingsotheywon'tdisturbeachotheratnight.

4.Limitalcoholconsumptionandavoidtobacco.

Alcoholcanproducetroubledsleep.Smokingstimulatesthesystemasmuchasanicecoldshower.正确答案：失眠

你是否曾经在开会时走神，是否曾经在电脑前猛然醒过神来，或者在看电视节目时打瞌睡?成千上万的美国人都这样，这就令人关注了。华盛顿一个非赢利性的研究机构——国家睡眠基金会最近一项民意调查显示，三分之二的美国人夜间睡眠都达不到专家建议的时间。斯坦福大学医学院睡眠障碍中心主任威廉·迪蒙特医生说，这意味着睡眠不足“在这个国家已到了流行病地步。”

不管是由失眠症引起的，还是当今流行开夜车的生活方式造成的，睡眠不足都会使人判断力下降，创造力缺乏，记忆力减退，甚至得忧郁症。它也会使你更容易受病毒和细菌的感染。芝加哥大学的研究人员发现，睡眠不足只要超过六个夜晚，就会损害新陈代谢和激素分泌的功能。久而久之，这会引发或加重高血压以及该疾病的常见形式——乙型糖尿病。

然而对有些人来说，问题不在于保证睡眠时间，而在于能否入睡。失眠往往是不良睡眠习惯的结果。例如，周末睡几个小时的懒觉就会打乱人体的生物钟，使人晚上兴奋不眠，而早晨昏沉沉。午睡时间长也会如此。而短时间午睡(20分钟左右)以补偿前晚欠缺的睡眠或准备今晚熬夜，则是有益的。

要培养易于入睡的习惯，可试试以下方法：

第一：坚持每晚定时睡觉。

第二：睡前尽量避免紧张脑力活动，诸如研究厚厚的公文等。相反，试试深呼吸，瑜珈功或轻轻伸展一下身体以减轻一天的压力。专家们还建议在床头柜放一个笔记本，记下第二天要办的琐事。每晚睡前坚持这样做，就会让身心都做好睡眠准备。

第三：给自己一个良好环境，消除干扰的噪音，创造一个放松的氛围。保持凉爽——人们通常在华氏65°-69°的房间内睡得最好。尽量使你的床舒适并有足够的空间。睡眠专家建议夫妻睡特大号床，这样就不会在晚上互相干扰。

第四：少喝酒，不抽烟。酒精使睡眠不安宁。香烟的刺激作用就像洗冷水淋浴一样。

汉译英1.

延缓衰老进程的药物

这听起来有点像科幻影片，但可延缓衰老进程的药物有望变为现实。

俄罗斯的科学家正在试验一种新配方，他们宣称该配方可以延缓衰老进程。他们希望这种正在老鼠、小鼠、鱼以及狗身上试验的药片能够将人类的寿命至少延长到120岁。莫斯科国立大学项目的研究员马克西姆·斯古拉乔夫(MaximSkulachev)博士称：“大量的衰老病症进展更为缓慢。”科学家正在使用一种“新型抗氧化剂”，他们希望会影响线粒体，线粒体是细胞中的能量产生部分，被认为会引发人体老化。

斯古拉乔夫说：“线粒体会引发心脏发作，也与阿尔兹海默症和帕金森氏综合症等疾病有关。”他指出东非的鼹鼠以长寿和明显对癌症免疫而闻名。他表示，现实的目标是将人类的寿命延长到120岁，抗衰老药物“在技术上是可行的”。“我不相信我们能活到800岁的高龄。”“但很可能的是出现一些新疾病。比如说，120岁老人的典型病——癌症。以前人们的寿命较短时，很少有人患有这种病。”

他说，他们的试验在延长寿命上还未取得突破性进展，但已经推迟了衰老的开始。“如果证明疾病发展的更为缓慢，我们通过线粒体抗击衰老的想法就是正确的。”斯古拉乔夫补充道。他已经在完善抗衰老试验上研究了数十年。正确答案：APillThatSlowsDowntheAgingProcess

Itsoundslikesomethingfromasciencefictionfilm,butapilltocountertheagingprocesscouldbecomeareality(apillthatslowsdowntheagingprocessisexpectedtobecomeafact).

ScientistsinRussiaaretestinganewformula(areexperimentingwithanewdrug),whichtheyclaimcandelay/postponethestart/onsetoftheagingprocess.Theyhopethetablet/pill,whichisbeingtestedonrats,mice,fishanddogs,willallowpeopletolivetoatleast120.ResearcherDr.MaximSkulachev,fromtheMoscowStateUniversityproject,said:"Alotofagingdiseasesdevelopedmuchslower/atamuchslowerrate."Thescientistsareusinga"newtypeofantioxidant",whichtheyhopewillimpactonthemitochondria,theenergy-producingpartofcells,whichisseenastriggeringaging(isbelievedtosetoffsenility).

"Themitochondria,"headded,"cancauseheartattacks,anddiseaseslikeAlzheimer's,andParkinson's".Hepointedtothemole-ratofeastAfricarenownedforlongevityandevidentlyimmunetocancer.Healsosaidthatarealisticgoalwastoaimforalifespanforhumansof120,andanti-agingmedication(ananti-senilitydrug)was'technicallypossible'."Idon'tbelievewewillbeabletoliveto800,"hesaid."Mostprobably,somenewdiseasewillemerge,let'ssay,atypicaldiseasefora120-year-old.Thatwasthecasewithcancer,whichwasararediseasewhenancientpeoplediedmuchyounger."

TheRussiantestshavenotledtoasignificantlifespanincrease,butdelayedtheonsetofaging,hesaid."Ifitturnsoutthatdiseasesdevelopmoreslowly,ourideatofightagingthroughmitochondriaistherightone",addedDr.Skulachev,whohasbeenworkingtoperfecthistreatmentfordecades.

翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题62英译汉1.

AirPollutionandtheImportanceofTrees

Airpollutionisnotapopularsubject,whichiswhylittlenoticehasbeentakenofanEUjudgmentagainsttheUKonthesubject,butitdeservesfullattention:itshowshowmuchwecareabouttheenvironmentandourhealth.

LondonhastheworstairqualityofanycapitalcityinEuropeandthereare12otherareasofBritainwithseriousairpollutionproblemslargelycausedbyvehicles.Aftersmokingitisthebiggestthreattohealth.Despitethis,thegovernmentplanstodelayintroducingmandatorycutstopollutantlevelsasrequiredbytheEuropeanCommission,andfaceslargefinesasaresult.

IamfortunatetoliveinoneofthefewplacesinBritainwheretheairqualityissogoodrarelichenssurvivestillandthelightiscrystalclear;wheneverIvisitLondon,withinminutesmyeyesbecomeirritatedandmythroatsore,andIfeelpoisoned,whichofcourseIam,anditisextraordinarythatmillionsofpeopleinBritainandmostworldcitiesarebeingdamagedtosuchanextentthattheirlifeexpectancyisbeingreduceddaily.

Theofficialconcernisoftheimpactofthesepollutantsonpublichealth,butmyconcernextendstoincludetheeffectonthebirds,insectsandmammalswhichshareourcitiestoo.Theyaresosmall,andsosuffersomuchmore.

Itseemsthat,inordertocomplywiththelaw,thegovernmentisconsideringintroducinganationalzonesystemfromwhichtheworstpollutingvehicleswillbebanned.Itwillhelp,butcouldleadtothetrafficbeingdivertedtopollutethecountrysideinstead.Whydotheynotconsiderbanningpollutingvehiclesaltogether?Itwouldbesomucheasieraswellascleaner—butthenbusinesscirclewouldbeupset,andthatwouldneverdo.Wouldit?

Itisrefreshingtohearofaquietbutverysignificantreportbyexpertswhichwillconfirmtheimportanceoftreesandforestsforthemaintenanceofessentialeco-systems,

forfloodmanagement,reductionofcarbonemissions,wildlifebenefitsandpublicenjoyment.

Thefindings,tobepublishedtoday,willassert,Ibelieve,thatthisfreebutimmenselyvaluableresourcehasbeenignoredandunderestimatedfortoolong,andthatthenumberofforestedareasinEnglandshouldbeincreasedby50percentoverthenextfewdecades,aswellasbeingheldintrustforthepeopleofBritainratherthanbeingsoldoffforprofitasonceintendedbygovernment.Itisgoodnews.

However,themoneyissueonceagainwilldeterminetheoutcomeofthereport.Itisironicthatjustasthereiscriticismledbypoliticiansandthemediaaboutbankerstryingtomakeprofitoutofmarketmanipulation,thosesamepoliticiansaredrivenbyanintenttouseBritishresourcestomaximumfinancialbenefit,whatevertheymaybe,howevertreasuredandiconic.Theymaypaylipservicetorespectingourheritageandenvironment,butgiventhechoicebetweenmakingmoneybyfellingtimberingreatquantitiesandinvestingincaringforanddevelopingourwoodlands,profitusuallywillbethepreferredchoiceofaction.Itmaynotbeillegalasitisinthecaseofthebankers'activities,butformeitisjustasunethicalaswellasbeingveryshort-sighted.

ThereportonEngland'sforestsdeservesfullattentionbutitwillbeovershadowedbybusinesstycoons'determinationtoreapagreaterprofit.Whatacontrastofvalueswehave.正确答案：空气污染及树木的重要性

空气污染不是一个流行的议题。这就是为什么最近欧盟对英国的一项裁定案并未引起人们多少关注。但是这事值得我们关注：事关我们对环境和健康的重视程度。

欧洲国家首都中，伦敦空气质量最差。由于交通原因，英国还有12个地方的空气污染也非常严重。空气污染已是继吸烟之后人类健康第二大杀手。尽管如此，英国政府还是未能遵循欧盟委员会的强制要求，并且计划延迟引入污染等级强制削减计划，最终面临巨额罚款。

我很幸运：我住在英国少数几个污染并不严重的地区，这里空气质量尚佳、稀有菌类依旧可见、日间光线通透明亮。每每造访伦敦，双眼数分钟内即感不适、喉咙酸痛，有种被囚禁的感觉，事实上我也的确被囚禁了。英国及世界其他城市中数百万居民受到空气污染的威胁，他们的预期寿命日腹月减。

政府担忧污染物会对公众健康产生不良影响。但更多的担忧集中在空气污染对和我们居住在一起的鸟类、昆虫和哺乳动物的影响。他们如此赢弱，却比人类承受更多。

为遵循法律条款，政府似乎正在考虑引进全国区域系统——区域内对环境污染最为严重的机动车辆禁止行驶。这可能起点作用，但也可能导致车流涌向乡村，造成当地空气污染。为什么不考虑全面禁止排污严重的车辆行驶呢?这样就方便又清洁——可能商企界会为此不安，所以这做法永远无法实施。这做法可行吗?

一则低调发布但却意义重大的专家报告让人为之欣慰。报告确认了植树造林对于维持生态系统、抗洪减排、野生动物保护及大众游憩等方面的重要性。

我相信今天就要发布的报告结论将佐证人们长久以来忽视或低估了这种免费且价值巨大的资源，并将佐证森林面积应在接下来的数十年中增加百分之五十。为了民众，政府应保护森林，而非像之前的做法——砍伐树木获利。这不啻于一则鼓舞人心的好消息。

然而，资金问题将再一次决定该报告的最终结果。讽刺的是，正如政客和媒体对银行试图通过市场操控获利的行为大肆批判一样，这些政客本身也想着动用本国资源，使其商业利益最大化——不管这些资源是什么，也不管它们是如何的珍贵或是带有地区标志性。他们可能动动嘴皮子说尊重我们的历史遗产和环境，但是在伐树获利和注资于发展林木之间，利益总是放在优先考虑的位置。银行家的行为或许不犯法，但是就我看来，其行为无德且短视。

这份英国森林调查报告值得我们注意，但是与商界大佬决意追求利润的背景相形见绌。我们和他们的价值观差异可谓天壤之别!

汉译英1.

环境恶化

人类有史以来不断改变自然环境，以改善自己的生活方式。人类借助技术工具改变了地球的许多自然特征。他将林地和草原改造成为农田，使江河变成湖泊和水库，用于灌溉或用于水力发电。人类还通过给沼泽地排水、凿石劈山、修建公路和铁路等方式，改变了地球的面貌。然而，人类改变自然环境并不总是带来有益的结果。今天，空气和水的污染给地球的健康造成越来越严重的危害。每天机动车辆的排气管排出成千上万吨废气。工厂释放的烟雾污染了工业区和周围乡村的空气。水污染同样有害，海洋的整个生态平衡正在受到破坏，工业废水已使许多河流的生物死亡。现在，环境保护比以往任何时候都更为紧迫。我们知道，对环境的大规模破坏已经带来负面影响，甚至咄咄逼人地威胁到人类的生存。对这些问题漠不关心将意味着自我毁灭。正确答案：TheDeteriorationoftheEnvironment

Throughouthistory/Throughtheages,man/mankind/humanityhasbeenconsistentlychangingnature(haschangedhisphysicalenvironment)inordertoimprovehiswayoflife.Withthetools/instrumentsoftechnologyhehasalteredmanyphysicalfeaturesoftheearth.Hehastransformedwoodlands/forestsandprairiesintofarmsandmadelakesandreservoirsoutofriversforirrigationpurposesorhydroelectricpower(forirrigationandpowergeneration).Manhasalsomodified/alteredtheface/appearanceoftheearthbydrainingmarshes,cuttingthroughmountainsandbuildingroadsandrailways.However,man'schangestothephysicalenvironmenthavenotalwayshadbeneficialresults.Today,pollutionoftheairandwateris(foulairandfilthywaterconstitute)anincreasingdangertothehealthoftheplanet.Eachdaythousandsoftonsofgasescomeoutoftheexhaustsofmotorvehicles.Smokefromfactoriespollutestheairofindustrializedareasandthesurroundingareasofthecountryside.Thepollutionofwaterisequallyharmful.Thewholeecologicalbalanceoftheseaisbeingchanged,andindustrialwasteshavealreadymademanyriverslifeless.Nowenvironmentalprotectionismorepressingthaneverbefore.Asweknow,massivedestructionoftheenvironmenthasbroughtaboutnegativeeffects,andevenposedathreattoman's(very)existence(andevenhumanlifeisindanger/jeopardy)(andevenhumankindisthreatenedwithextinction).Indifferencetotheseproblemswillmeancommittingsuicide.(Ignoringthosedangersmeanssuicide/wouldbesuicidal.·

翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题70英译汉1.

NonverbalCommunication

Nonverbalmistakesareoftenmoredifficulttoavoidthanverbalones.Forexample,theamountofappropriateeyecontactvariesaccordingtothecountry.WhennegotiatingwiththeJapanese,Ihavelearnedtouseintermittenteyecontactacrossthebargainingtableratherthanstaringdirectly.SoutheastAsiansalsofindanintensegazeunpleasant.DuringmyfirstweekonassignmentinSingapore,

mysecretarynervouslyaskedme,"Boss,whydoyoualwayslookatussofiercely?"WhileyoumaylearntouseanindirectgazeinEastandSoutheastAsia,youhavetounlearnthatlessonwhendoingbusinessintheMediterraneanregion,WestAsia,andLatinAmerica.Theseexpressivepeoplebelievetodemonstrateinterestinthe"windowsofthesoul."Theywanttolookyouintheeyetodemonstrateinterestinthediscussionandtoshowthattheyarehonestandsincere.Ifyouuseindirecteyecontact,youmayberegardedasinsincere—perhapsevendishonest.

Appropriateeyecontactisalsoimportantsocially.IntheU.S.,peoplegenerallylookstraightaheadwhilewalkingside-by-sidewithafriend.ButinthemoreexpressivesocietiesofsouthernEurope,suchbehaviorwillbeconsideredcoldandimpersonal.Inthosecountries,peopleprefertoreadyoureyesandfacialexpressionsastheytalktoyou.

Anotherimportantconsiderationisbeingsensitiveofpeople'spersonalspace,whichvariesaccordingtotheculture.Forexample,twoU.S.businessmenmeetingforthefirsttimewillstandaboutanarm'slengthapartwhiletwoArabmenmaystandalmostface-to-face.ForWestAsians,beingkept"atarm'slength"signalsunfriendliness.

Anothervariableaspectofbodylanguageistouchbehavior,whichdiffersgreatlyevenbetweensuchcloseneighborsastheBritishandtheFrench.ResearchersrecentlyvideotapedcouplesinParisandLondoncafesandcountedthenumberoftimestouchedeachotherinonehour.

Theyrecordedanaverageofabout100touchesperhourinParisandnotouchingatallinLondon.正确答案：非言语交际

非言语交际中出现的错误往往比言语交际中的错误难避免。比如说，会谈时目光交流多少次才是恰当的，在不同国家就差别很大。和日本人谈判时，我学会了在谈判桌上要不时地与对方的目光错开，不能一直盯着对方。东南亚人也对直视感到不舒服。我刚到新加坡工作的第一周，我的秘书就紧张地问我：“老板，你为什么老是那么严厉地盯着我们?”在东亚和东南亚要学会不去直视对方，而在地中海地区、西亚和拉丁美洲谈生意时，你就得故意忘掉这些。这些感情外露的人把眼睛当作“心灵的窗户”。在交谈中，他们直视你以表示他们对谈话感兴趣，还表示诚实和真诚。如果你不直视对方，你就会被认为是不真诚——甚至是不诚实的。

恰当的目光交流对社会交往也是很重要的。在美国，当人们和朋友肩并肩地行走时，目光通常是向前看的。但在感情丰富的南欧人看来，这种行为会被认为是冷酷和不近人情的。在这些地区，人们更喜欢在交谈时读懂你目光和面部表情中透露的含义。

另外一个重要的方面是注意谈话人之间的距离。这也因文化的不同而不同。比如，两个美国商人第一次见面时保持一个手臂长度的距离，而两个阿拉伯人首次见面就几乎是脸对着脸。对西亚人来说，“保持一臂的距离”是不友好的表示。

另一个形体语言的不同是人们之间的触摸方式，这种行为像英法这样的近邻之间差异都很大。研究人员最近对在巴黎和伦敦咖啡馆中的情侣们摄像，并数了他们在一个小时中相互触摸的次数。记录显示，在巴黎平均一小时触摸100次左右，而在伦敦，一次都没有。

汉译英1.

文化事业

我们要在全社会树立中国特色社会主义的共同理想，广泛开展社会主义荣辱观教育，培育文明道德风尚，尤其要加强青少年思想道德建设。加快发展文化事业和文化产业。推进文化管理体制改革，完善文化产业政策。繁荣新闻出版、广播影视、文学艺术。进一步发展哲学社会科学。着眼于满足人民群众文化需求，保障人民文化权益，逐步建立覆盖全社会的公共文化服务体系。突出抓好广播电视村村通工程、社区和乡镇综合文化站建设工程、全国文化信息资源共享工程、农村电影放映工程、农家书屋工程。继续建设一批国家重大文化工程。加强网络文化建设和管理。搞好文化遗产、自然遗产和档案保护。加强文化市场管理，坚持开展扫黄打非。积极发展体育事业和体育产业，加强城乡基层体育设施建设，大力开展全民健身活动，提高竞技体育水平。正确答案：CulturalUndertakings

Wewillfoster/cultivatethecommonidealofChinese-typesocialismamongallgroupsinsociety,launchanextensivecampaigntospread/instillthesocialistconcept/notionofhonoranddisgrace,anddevelop/nurtureanatmosphere/aclimateinsocietythatfosterscivilizedandethicalbehavior/conduct.Particularattentionwillbepaidtocultivatingidealsandethicsamongyoungpeople.Wewillacceleratetheprogressofculturalprograms/undertakingsandthedevelopmentofthecultureindustry,promotereformoftheculturalmanagementsystemandimprovethepolicyonthecultureindustry.Wewillpromotethegrowthofthepressandpublishing,radio,television,film,artandliterature(thepress,publications,radio,television,films,literatureandthearts).Wewillfurtherdevelopphilosophyandthesocialsciences.Tomeettheculturalneedsofthepeople,wewillupholdtheculturalrightsandinterestsofthepeople,andworktograduallyestablishasystemofpublicculturalservicesthatcoversallgroupsinsociety.Wewillgive/assignhighprioritytotheprojecttoextendradioandTVcoveragetoeveryvillage,theprojecttodevelopmulti-useculturalcentersforcommunities,townsandtownships,theprojecttosetupanationaldatabaseforsharingculturalinformationandresources,theprojecttoshowmoviesinthecountryside,andtheprojecttosetuplibrariesinruralareas.Wewillcontinuedevelopinganumberofkeyculturalprojects/undertakings.WewillstrengtheneffortstodevelopandmanagetheInternetcultureandeffectivelyprotect(doagoodjobinprotecting)ourculturalheritage/legacy,naturalheritage/inheritanceandarchives/historicalrecords.Wewillstepuptheadministrationoftheculturalmarket,continuetocombatpornographyandillegalpublications(strivetostampout/crackdownonpornographyandillicitpublications).Wewillmakedeterminedeffortstopromotesportsprogramsandthesportsindustry,improvetheurbanandruralgrass-rootssportsfacilities,energeticallylaunchanationwidefitnesscampaign,andimprove(raisethelevelof)

competitivesports.

翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题72英译汉1.

BetweenRomeandChina

ThesecondandfirstcenturiesBCmarkanewphaseinthehistoryofmankind.MesopotamiaandtheeasternMediterraneanarenolongerthecenterofinterest,andnolongerthedominantregionsoftheworld.Powerhaddriftedtothewestandtotheeast.Twogreatempiresnowdominatedtheworld,thisnewRomanEmpireandtherenascentEmpireofChina.RomeextendeditspowertotheEuphrates,butitwasneverabletogetbeyondthatboundary.Itwastooremote.BeyondtheEuphratestheformerPersianandIndiandominionsoftheSeleucidsfellunderanumberofnewmasters.

China,nowundertheHandynasty,whichhadreplacedtheTsindynastyatthedeathofShi-Huang-ti,hadextendeditspoweracrossTibetandoverthehighmountainpassesofthePamirsintowesternTurkestan.

Chinaatthistimewasthegreatest,bestorganizedandmostcivilizedpoliticalsystemintheworld.ItwassuperiorinareaandpopulationtotheRomanEmpireatitszenith.Itwaspossiblethenforthesetwovastsystemstoflourishinthesameworldatthesametimeinalmostcompleteignoranceofeachother.Themeansofcommunicationbothbyseaandlandwerenotyetsufficientlydevelopedandorganizedforthemtocometoadirectclash.

Yettheyreacteduponeachotherinaveryremarkableway,andtheirinfluenceuponthefateoftheregionsthatlaybetweenthem,uponcentralAsiaandIndia,wasprofound.Acertainamountoftradetrickedthrough,bycamelcaravansacrossPersia,forexample,andbycoastingshipsbywayofIndiaandtheRedSea.In66BCRomantroopsunderPompeyfollowedinthefootstepsofAlexandertheGreat,andmarcheduptheeasternshoresoftheCaspianSea.ButmanycenturieswerestilltopassbeforedefiniteknowledgeanddirectintercourseweretolinkthegreatparallelworldsofEuropeandeasternAsia.

Tothenorthofboththesegreatempireswerebarbaricwildernesses.WhatisnowGermanywaslargelyforestlands;theforestsextendedfarintoRussiaandmadeahomeforthegiganticaurochs.ThentothenorthofthegreatmountainmassesofAsiastretchedabandofdeserts,steppes,andthenforestsandfrozenlands.

IntheeastwardlapoftheelevatedpartofAsiawasthegreattriangleofManchuria.Largepartsoftheseregions,stretchingbetweenSouthRussiaandTurkestanintoManchuria,wereandareregionsofexceptionalclimaticinsecurity.Theyarelandstreacheroustoman.

ThewesternpartofthisbarbaricnorthwastheregionoforiginoftheNordicpeoplesandoftheAryanspeech.TheeasternsteppesanddesertsofMongoliawastheregionoforiginoftheHunnishorMongolianorTartarorTurkishpeoples—foralltheseseveralpeopleswereakininlanguage,race,andwayoflife.AndastheNordicpeoplesseemtohavebeencontinuallyoverflowingtheirownbordersandpressingsouthuponthedevelopingcivilizationsofMesopotamiaandtheMediterraneancoast,theHunnishtribessenttheirsurplusintothesettledregionsofChina.

Foratimethereweresimultaneouslytwofairlyeffectiveempiresintheworldcapableofholdingbackthebarbariansandevenforcingforwardthefrontiersoftheimperialpeace.ThethrustoftheHanEmpirefromnorthChinaintoMongoliawasstrongandcontinuous.TheChinesepopulationwelledupoverthebarrieroftheGreatWall.BehindtheimperialfrontierguardscametheChinesefarmerwithhorseandplough,ploughingupthegrasslandsandenclosingthewinterpasture.TheHunnishpeoplesraidedandmurderedthesellers,buttheChinesepunitiveexpeditionsweretoomuchforthem.Thenomadswerefacedwiththechoiceofsettlingdowntoth