《计算机专业英语（第3版）》 教案 张强华 u1 Computer Hardware- u5 Operating Systems

《计算机专业英语》《计算机专业英语（第3版）》电子教案任课部门：_____________任课教师：_____________教学班级：_____________

教学目标通过对专业英语的学习，掌握相关的英语词汇，具有阅读专业资料的能力，具有一定的专业翻译能力，能够用英语表达专业意义并实现业务沟通。教学重点1）学习计算机专业核心词汇；2）掌握阅读技巧；3）具备一定的计算机专业翻译能力教学方法综合使用讲授法、讨论法、练习法、读书指导法以及任务驱动法。教学过程课文概述2）词汇学习（详见教学内容）3）Notes（详见教学内容）4）课文讲解5）作业6）教学扩展作业【Ex1.】、【Ex2.】和【Ex3.】为必做题，【Ex4.】为选做题。学习在线资源扫码课文旁的二维码，听课文教学扩展1）WordBuilding2）CareerTraining3）软件水平考试试题解析

Unit1教学内容TextA课文概述Thearticleprovidesanoverviewofcomputerhardware.Itstartsbydefiningacomputerasamachinethatcarriesoutarithmeticorlogicaloperationsthroughcomputerprogramming.Itmentionsthatmoderncomputerscanperformawiderangeoftasksbyfollowingprograms.Theterm"computersystem"isusedtorefertoacompletecomputersetup,includinghardware,operatingsystem,andperipheralequipment.Thearticlealsomentionstheuseofcomputersascontrolsystemsinvariousindustrialandconsumerdevices.Thehardwarecomponentsofacomputerarediscussed,includingthecentralprocessingunit(CPU),memory,inputandoutputdevices,andperipheralequipment.TheCPUconsistsofthecontrolunit,arithmeticlogicunit(ALU),andregisters.Thecontrolunitmanagesthecomputer'scomponentsandinterpretsprograminstructions.TheALUperformsarithmeticandlogicoperations.Thememorystoresdataandinstructions,andinput/outputdevicesfacilitateinteractionwiththecomputer.Differenttypesofinputandoutputdevicesarementioned,suchaskeyboards,mice,monitors,printers,andspeakers.Thearticleexplainsthefunctioningofthecontrolunit,whichmanagesprograminstructionsandcoordinatesoperationswithinthecomputer.TheCPU,ALU,andregisterscollectivelyformthecentralprocessingunit.TheALUiscapableofperformingarithmeticandlogicoperations,includingaddition,subtraction,multiplication,division,andcomparisonoperations.ThearticlealsomentionstheuseofbooleanlogicoperationslikeAND,OR,XOR,andNOT.ItexplainsthatmoderncomputerscanhavemultipleALUs,allowingforparallelprocessing.Thecomputer'smemoryisdescribedasalistofcellsusedtostorenumbers.Eachcellhasanaddressandcanstoreasinglenumber.Thearticlenotesthatmemorycanstoreanytypeofinformationifitcanberepresentednumerically.Itdiscussestheuseofregisters,whicharefasterthanmainmemoryandholdfrequentlyuseddata.Thetwomaintypesofcomputermemorymentionedarerandom-accessmemory(RAM)andread-onlymemory(ROM).RAMcanbewrittentoandreadfrom,whileROMcontainspreloadeddataandsoftwarethatdoesn'tchange.ThearticleexplainsthatROMiscommonlyusedtostorethecomputer'sstart-upinstructions.Theconceptofmultiprocessingisintroduced,wherecomputersdistributeworkacrossmultipleCPUs.Thisisseeninsupercomputers,mainframecomputers,andservers.Thearticlementionsthatsomecomputersfeatureuniquearchitecturesandspecializedhardwareforspecifictaskslikesimulation,graphicsrendering,andcryptography.Overall,thearticleprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofcomputerhardware,explainingthedifferentcomponentsandtheirfunctionsinacomputersystem.TextA重点单词讲解computer(n.):adevicethatcanperformvarioustasksbyexecutinginstructionsstoredinitsmemorye.g.Iusemycomputertoaccesstheinternetandcompleteworkassignments.controller(n.):adeviceorprogramthatmanagesanddirectstheoperationofotherdevicesorprogramse.g.Thegamecontrollerallowsyoutonavigateandcontrolthemovementsofthecharacteronthescreen.cryptography(n.):thepracticeandstudyoftechniquesforsecurecommunicationinthepresenceofthirdpartiese.g.Theencryptionalgorithmusedinonlinebankingensuresthesecurityofcustomer'spersonalinformation.device(n.):apieceofequipmentormechanismdesignedtoperformaspecifictaske.g.TheGPSdevicehelpsdriversnavigateandfindthebestroutestotheirdestinations.display(vi.):toshoworpresentsomethingonacomputerscreenorotherelectronicdevicee.g.Thewebsitedisplaysthelatestnewsheadlinesandupdatesinreal-time.equipment(n.):thenecessarytools,machines,orotheritemsneededforaparticularpurposee.g.Thelaboratoryisequippedwithstate-of-the-artequipmentforscientificresearch.hardware(n.):thephysicalcomponentsofacomputersystem,suchastheprocessor,memory,andperipheralse.g.Thehardwareupgradeimprovedtheperformanceandspeedofthecomputer.information(n.):facts,data,orknowledgeaboutsomethinge.g.Thewebsiteprovidesinformationaboutupcomingeventsandactivitiesinthelocalarea.instruct(vt.):togivedirections,guidance,orcommandstosomeoneorsomethinge.g.Theteacherinstructsthestudentsonhowtosolvethemathproblemsstepbystep.Internet(n.):aglobalnetworkofcomputersthatallowsforthesharingofinformationandcommunicatione.g.IusetheInternettoresearchandgatherinformationformyschoolprojects.keyboard(n.):asetofkeysorbuttonsonacomputerortypewriterusedtoinputdataorcommandse.g.Itypedmyessayusingthekeyboardonmylaptop.microprocessor(n.):acomputerprocessorthatincorporatesthefunctionsofacentralprocessingunit(CPU)onasingleintegratedcircuite.g.Themicroprocessorisresponsibleforexecutinginstructionsandperformingcalculationsinacomputer.motherboard(n.):themaincircuitboardofacomputerthatconnectsandallowscommunicationbetweenvariouscomponentse.g.ThemotherboardhousestheCPU,memory,andotheressentialcomponentsofthecomputer.mouse(n.):ahand-helddevicethatcontrolsthemovementofacursoronacomputerscreene.g.Iusethemousetoclickandnavigatethroughdifferentapplicationsandfilesonmycomputer.network(n.):asystemofinterconnectedcomputersordevicesthatcancommunicateandshareresourcese.g.Thecompany'snetworkallowsemployeestoaccesssharedfilesandcollaborateonprojects.printer(n.):adevicethatproducesahardcopyorphysicalrepresentationoftextorimagesfromacomputere.g.Ineedtoprintoutthedocumentsfortomorrow'smeeting.program(n.):asetofinstructionsorasequenceofcodedcommandsthatdirectsacomputertoperformspecifictaskse.g.Thesoftwareprogramhelpsusersorganizeandmanagetheirpersonalfinances.program(v.):towriteorcreateinstructionsorcodeforacomputertoexecutee.g.Theprogrammerwillprogramthesoftwaretoincludenewfeaturesandfunctionalities.register(n.):asmallamountofmemoryinacomputer'sCPUusedtostoredataorinstructionstemporarilye.g.ThevalueisstoredintheregisterbeforeitisprocessedbytheCPU.robot(n.):amachineordevicethatcanbeprogrammedtoperformtasksautonomouslyorunderremotecontrole.g.Therobotisdesignedtoassemblepartsinthemanufacturingprocess.screen(n.):thesurfaceofacomputerorelectronicdeviceonwhichimagesorinformationisdisplayede.g.Thescreenonmysmartphoneshowsnotificationsandincomingmessages.store(v.):tosaveorkeepdataorinformationinacomputer'smemoryorstoragedevicee.g.Istoreallmyimportantdocumentsandfilesonanexternalharddrive.supercomputer(n.):apowerfulandhigh-performancecomputercapableofprocessinglargeamountsofdataandperformingcomplexcalculationse.g.Supercomputersareusedforscientificresearch,weatherforecasting,andsimulations.TextA重点词组讲解binarydigit:asingleunitofinformationinbinarynotation,representingeithera0or1e.g.Inbinary,thenumber1011isrepresentedbyfourbinarydigits.booleanvalue:avaluethatcanonlybetrueorfalsee.g.Thebooleanvalueoftheexpressionistrueiftheconditionismet.computerchip:asmallelectronicdevicemadeofsemiconductingmaterial,containingintegratedcircuitsandusedtoperformvariousfunctionsinacomputere.g.Thecomputerchipisresponsibleforprocessingandexecutinginstructionsinacomputer.computer-aideddesign:theuseofcomputertechnologytoassistintheprocessofdesigningandcreatingmodelsorplanse.g.Thearchitectusedcomputer-aideddesignsoftwaretocreatethe3Dmodelofthebuilding.conditionalstatement:astatementinprogrammingthatisexecutedbasedonacertainconditionorcriteriae.g.Theprogramusesaconditionalstatementtocheckifanumberispositiveornegative.controlunit:thepartofthecomputer'scentralprocessingunit(CPU)thatdirectsandcoordinatestheoperationsofotherhardwarecomponentse.g.ThecontrolunitmanagestheflowofdataandinstructionsbetweentheCPUandotherpartsofthecomputer.diskdrive:adeviceusedtoreadfromandwritetodiskstoragemedia,suchasaharddiskdriveorafloppydiskdrivee.g.Isavedthedocumentonthediskdriveforfutureaccess.electricalcircuit:apathornetworkofinterconnectedelectricalcomponentsthatallowstheflowofelectriccurrente.g.Theelectricalcircuitpowersthevariouscomponentsoftheelectronicdevice.flashmemory:atypeofnon-volatilecomputerstoragethatcanbeelectricallyerasedandreprogrammede.g.TheUSBdriveusesflashmemorytostoreandtransferdata.floatingpoint:anumericalrepresentationthatallowsfortherepresentationofdecimalfractionsandverylargeorsmallnumberse.g.Thefloating-pointarithmeticallowsforprecisecalculationsinvolvingdecimalnumbers.graphiccard:acomputerhardwarecomponentthatgeneratesanddisplaysvisualimagesonamonitore.g.Thegraphiccardisresponsibleforrenderinghigh-qualitygraphicsinvideogames.inputdevice:adeviceusedtoenterdataorcommandsintoacomputer,suchasakeyboard,mouse,ortouchscreene.g.Theusercaninteractwiththecomputerusingvariousinputdevices.integratedcircuit:acompleteelectroniccircuitthatisetchedorprintedontoasmallchipofsemiconductingmateriale.g.Theintegratedcircuitcontainsthousandsoftransistorsandotherelectroniccomponents.operatingsystem:thesoftwarethatmanagesandcontrolsthebasicoperationsandfunctionsofacomputere.g.WindowsandmacOSareexamplesofoperatingsystemsusedinpersonalcomputers.peripheralequipment:additionaldevicesorequipmentconnectedtoacomputersystemthatprovideinput,output,orstoragecapabilitiese.g.Theprinterandscannerareexamplesofperipheralequipment.TextA重点缩写讲解ALU(ArithmeticLogicUnit):adigitalcircuitwithinacomputer'scentralprocessingunit(CPU)thatperformsarithmeticandlogicaloperationse.g.TheALUperformscalculationsandcomparisonsintheCPU,suchasaddition,subtraction,andlogicalAND/ORoperations.BIOS(BasicInput/OutputSystem):afirmwarethatinitializesandcontrolsthebasicfunctionsofacomputersysteme.g.TheBIOSperformsaself-testwhenthecomputeristurnedonandthenloadstheoperatingsystem.CPU(CentralProcessingUnit):themaincomponentofacomputerthatcarriesoutinstructionsandperformscalculationse.g.TheCPUisresponsibleforexecutingprograminstructionsandmanagingdataprocessinginacomputer.PC(PersonalComputer):acomputerdesignedforusebyanindividualforpersonaltasksandapplicationse.g.IusemyPCforbrowsingtheinternet,writingdocuments,andplayinggames.RAM(RandomAccessMemory):atypeofcomputermemorythatallowsfordatastorageandretrievalinanyrandomordere.g.ThemoreRAMacomputerhas,thefasteritcanaccessandprocessdata.ROM(Read-OnlyMemory):atypeofcomputermemorythatstorespermanentdataandisnoteasilymodifiedorerasede.g.TheROMcontainsthefirmwareinstructionsthatarenecessaryforthecomputertobootup.TextA课文讲解及翻译详见PPTTextANotes详见课本TextB概述ThearticleprovidesanoverviewofJohnVonNeumann,arenownedmathematicianandcomputerscientist.Ithighlightshisearlyaccomplishments,includinghisexceptionalmathematicalabilitiesasachildprodigyandhisearlyeducationinBudapest.VonNeumann'sacademicjourneytookhimtovariousuniversities,andheexcelledinfieldslikechemistry,mathematics,andquantummechanics.ThearticlementionsVonNeumann'sassociationwithPrincetonUniversityandhisappointmentasoneoftheoriginalprofessorsofmathematicsattheInstituteforAdvancedStudies.ItalsodiscusseshisacquisitionofUScitizenshipwiththehelpofOskarMorgansternandhisinvolvementinwartimework.ThearticlenotesVonNeumann'sinteractionwithAlanTuringduringTuring'stimeasagraduatestudentatPrinceton.ItsuggeststhatVonNeumannwasfamiliarwithTuring'sideas,althoughitquestionswhetherhedirectlyappliedthemtothedesignoftheIASMachine.VonNeumann'sinterestincomputersischaracterizedbyhisrecognitionoftheirapplicationsinappliedmathematicsforspecificproblems.Thearticledescribeshisengagementinvariousprojectsduringthewar,utilizinghisexpertiseindisciplineslikehydrodynamics,ballistics,andgametheory.ThearticlementionsVonNeumann'sencounterwithHowardAiken'sHarvardMarkIcomputerandhiscorrespondencewithotherprominentfiguresincomputing,suchasGeorgeStibitzandJanSchilt.ItemphasizeshisroleasanexecutivemanagementconsultantduringWorldWarII,facilitatingcollaborationbetweendifferentscientificgroups.Post-war,VonNeumannfocusedondevelopingtheInstituteforAdvancedStudies(IAS)computeranditsglobalcopies.HisworkwiththeLosAlamosgroupinvolvedtheapplicationofcomputerstonuclearproblemsrelatedtothehydrogenbomb.ThearticlehighlightsthelackofrecognitionVonNeumannreceivedinhisobituariesregardinghiscontributionstothefieldofcomputing.ItacknowledgesHermanGoldstine'scomprehensiveperspectiveonVonNeumann'sinvolvementincomputingandhisapplicationofmathematicalconceptstothefield.VonNeumann'sinsightsintotheorganizationofmachinesledtothedevelopmentofthe"VonNeumannArchitecture."ThearticlediscusseshisinvolvementinthecreationoftheFirstDraftofaReportontheEDVAC,whichintroducedthestoredprogramconcepttotheindustry.ThearticlealsoincludesanecdotesaboutVonNeumann'sencountersandinteractions,showcasinghisbrillianceinmathematicsandhisuniqueproblem-solvingabilities.ItconcludesbymentioningtheIEEEJohnVonNeumannMedal,anannualawardestablishedbytheIEEEtohonorexceptionalachievementsincomputer-relatedscienceandtechnology.Overall,thearticleprovidesanoverviewofJohnVonNeumann'slife,contributions,andhisimpactonthefieldofcomputingandmathematics.TextB重点单词讲解expertise(n.):specializedknowledge,skills,orexpertiseinaparticularfieldorsubjecte.g.ThecompanyhiredanITspecialistwithexpertiseincybersecurity.infrastructure(n.):thefundamentalsystems,facilities,andstructuresthatsupportandenabletheoperationofacomputernetworkorothertechnologicalsystemse.g.Thecity'sinfrastructureincludesthenetworkoffiberopticcablesforhigh-speedinternetaccess.statistics(n.):thecollection,analysis,interpretation,presentation,andorganizationofnumericaldatae.g.Thestatisticsshowadecreaseinsalesforthepastquarter.TextB重点词组讲解settheory:abranchofmathematicsthatstudiescollectionsofobjectsandtheirpropertiese.g.Settheoryisusedincomputersciencetorepresentandmanipulatedatastructures.TextB课文讲解及翻译详见PPTWordBuilding详见课本CareerTraining详见课本

Unit2教学内容TextA课文概述Thearticleprovidesanoverviewofsoftware,itsdifferenttypes,anditsroleincomputersystems.Softwareisthevariablepartofacomputersystem,whilehardwarereferstothephysicalaspects.Itcanbecategorizedintoapplicationsoftware,whichincludesprogramsthatdirectlybenefitusers,andsystemsoftware,whichincludesoperatingsystemsandprogramsthatsupportapplications.Middlewareisprogrammingthatmediatesbetweenapplicationandsystemsoftware.Utilitysoftwareisasmallprogramwithlimitedcapability,oftenseparatelyinstallableandusedindependentlyfromtheoperatingsystem.AppletsaresmallapplicationsthatcanbepartoftheoperatingsystemorcreatedindependentlyusingprogramminglanguageslikeJava.Softwarecanbeacquiredthroughvariousmeans,includingpurchasing,shareware,freeware,publicdomain,andopensource.ItcanbedistributedthroughCD-ROMsordownloadedfromtheinternet.Theemergenceofapplicationserviceprovidersallowssoftwaretobeusedatremotesites.Thearticlethendiscussesdifferenttypesofsoftwareinmoredetail.Operatingsystemsmanageotherprogramsinacomputerandprovideservicestoapplications.Theyhandlemultitasking,memorymanagement,input/output,andotherfunctions.Applicationsoftwareencompassesvariousprogramsthatperformtasksbeyondrunningthecomputeritself.Examplesincludeaccountingsoftware,mediaplayers,andofficesuites.Itcanbebundledwiththecomputerorpublishedseparately.Applicationscanbehorizontal(widespread)orvertical(designedforspecificindustriesordepartments).Middlewareactsasamediatorbetweendifferentprogramsandfacilitatescommunication.Itcanprovidemessagingservicesandenableenterpriseapplicationintegration.Firmwarecombinesprogramcodeanddatastoredinpersistentmemoryinelectronicsystems.Itisfoundindeviceslikeembeddedsystems,computers,anddigitalcameras.Firmwarecontrolsthedevice'sfunctionsandmaybeupdatedtofixbugsoraddfeatures.Overall,thearticleprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofsoftware,itsdifferenttypes,anditssignificanceincomputersystems.TextA重点单词讲解analytical(adj.):relatingtoorinvolvinganalysis,examination,orinvestigatione.g.Theanalyticalsoftwarehelpsidentifypatternsandtrendsinlargedatasets.applet(n.):asmallapplicationorprogramthatperformsaspecifictaskwithinalargersoftwareprogramorsysteme.g.Theappletallowsuserstocalculateandtracktheirdailycaloricintake.application(n.):asoftwareprogramorpieceofsoftwaredesignedforaspecificpurposeortaske.g.Thephotoeditingapplicationallowsuserstoenhanceandmodifytheirimages.batch(n.):acollectionofjobsortasksthatareprocessedorexecutedtogetherasagroupe.g.Thebatchprocessingsystemallowsforthesimultaneousexecutionofmultipletasks.boot(v.):tostartuporinitializeacomputersystembyloadingthenecessarysoftwareandoperatingsysteme.g.Ineedtorebootmycomputertoinstallthelatestupdates.bug(n.):aflaworerrorinacomputerprogramorsystemthatcausesittomalfunctionorproduceincorrectresultse.g.Thesoftwaredeveloperfixedthebuginthelatestsoftwareupdate.compile(vt.):toconvertsourcecodeintomachinecodeorexecutableformbyacompilere.g.Theprogrammerneedstocompilethecodebeforeitcanberunonthecomputer.delivery(n.):theactofsendingortransmittingsomething,suchasdataorinformation,toarecipiente.g.Theemailserverhandlesthedeliveryofincomingandoutgoingmessages.download(v.):totransferdataorfilesfromaremotecomputerorservertoalocaldeviceorcomputere.g.Ineedtodownloadthesoftwareinstallationfilefromthewebsite.Email(n.):electronicmail,asystemforsendingandreceivingmessagesovercomputernetworkse.g.Ireceivedanemailwiththemeetingagendaandattachments.firmware(n.):thesoftwareorprogramminginstructionsthatarepermanentlystoredinacomputerorelectronicdevicee.g.Thefirmwareupdateimprovestheperformanceandfunctionalityofthedevice.freeware(n.):softwarethatisavailableforuseordistributionwithoutchargee.g.Thefreewareapplicationallowsuserstoeditandmanipulateimages.interface(n.):thepointofinteractionorcommunicationbetweenacomputersystemordeviceanditsusere.g.Theuserinterfaceofthesoftwareisintuitiveandeasytonavigate.middleware(n.):softwarethatactsasabridgeorintermediarybetweendifferentapplications,systems,orcomponentse.g.Themiddlewareenablescommunicationanddataexchangebetweenthedatabaseandthewebserver.port(n.):aphysicalorvirtualconnectionpointonacomputerordeviceforconnectingperipheraldevicese.g.ThelaptophasmultipleUSBportsforconnectingexternaldevices.security(n.):measuresorprecautionstakentoprotectcomputersystems,data,andinformationfromunauthorizedaccess,use,ordamagee.g.Thesecuritysystemincludesfirewalls,encryption,anduserauthentication.shareware(n.):softwarethatisdistributedforuseonatrialbasisorwithlimitedfunctionality,oftenrequiringpaymentforfullaccesse.g.Thesharewareprogramallowsuserstotestitsfeaturesbeforedecidingtopurchasethefullversion.simulate(vt.):toimitateorreplicatethebehaviororcharacteristicsofsomethingusingacomputerorothertechnologye.g.Theflightsimulatorallowspilotstopracticeandsimulatedifferentflightscenarios.software(n.):programs,data,orinstructionsthatarestoredelectronicallyandcanbeexecutedbyacomputere.g.Thesoftwareenablesuserstoeditdocuments,createspreadsheets,andbrowsetheinternet.TextA重点词组讲解applicationprogram:asoftwareprogramdesignedtoperformspecifictasksorfunctionsfortheusere.g.Thewordprocessingapplicationprogramallowsuserstocreateandeditdocuments.applicationsoftware:softwaredesignedtoperformspecifictasksorfunctionsfortheuser,suchaswordprocessing,accounting,orgaminge.g.Thecompanyprovidesasuiteofapplicationsoftwareforprojectmanagementandcollaboration.dataflow:themovementofdatafromonelocationtoanotherwithinacomputersystemorbetweendifferentsystemse.g.Thedataflowdiagramillustrateshowinformationisprocessedandtransferredinthesystem.embeddedsystem:acomputersystemordevicedesignedforaspecificpurposeorfunction,typicallywithadedicatedfunctionandlimiteduserinterfacee.g.Theembeddedsystemcontrolsthetemperatureandhumidityinthegreenhouse.opensource:referringtosoftwarethatisfreelyavailableforuse,modification,anddistribution,withthesourcecodeaccessibletothepublice.g.Theopen-sourcesoftwarecommunityencouragescollaborationandsharingofcode.parallelprocessing:thesimultaneousexecutionofmultipletasksorinstructionsbydividingthemintosmallerpartsandprocessingthematthesametimee.g.Parallelprocessingimprovesthespeedandefficiencyofcomputations.programminglanguage:aformallanguageusedtowriteinstructionsorcodethatcanbeexecutedbyacomputere.g.JavaandPythonareexamplesofhigh-levelprogramminglanguages.systemsoftware:softwarethatprovidesthefoundationandessentialfunctionsforacomputersystemtooperate,suchastheoperatingsystemandutilityprogramse.g.Thesystemsoftwaremanagesthehardwareresourcesandprovidesaplatformforrunningapplicationsoftware.TextA重点缩写讲解API(ApplicationProgramInterface):asetofrulesandprotocolsthatallowsdifferentsoftwareapplicationstocommunicatewitheachothere.g.TheAPIprovidesdeveloperswithawaytoaccessandintegratefunctionalityfromothersoftwareservices.CRM(CustomerRelationshipManagement):asystemorstrategyusedbybusinessestomanageandanalyzeinteractionswithcustomersandimproverelationshipse.g.TheCRMsystemtrackscustomerinteractions,managessalesleads,andprovidesanalyticsformarketingcampaigns.EPROM(ErasableProgrammableRead-OnlyMemory):atypeofmemorythatcanbeerasedandreprogrammedmultipletimese.g.TheEPROMiscommonlyusedforfirmwarestorageindevicesthatrequireoccasionalupdates.GUI(GraphicalUserInterface):avisualinterfacethatallowsuserstointeractwithacomputerorsoftwareusinggraphicalelementssuchaswindows,buttons,andiconse.g.TheGUIoftheoperatingsystemmakesiteasyforuserstonavigateandperformtaskswiththehelpofvisualelements.HTML(HyperTextMarkupLanguage):alanguageusedforcreatingandstructuringwebpagese.g.HTMLisusedtodefinethestructureandcontentofwebpages,includingtext,images,andlinks.TextA课文讲解及翻译详见PPTTextANotes详见课本TextB概述Thearticleprovidesanoverviewofthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess,alsoknownasthesoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC).Itdiscussesdifferentmodelsandmethodologiesusedinsoftwaredevelopment.Thesoftwaredevelopmentprocessisastructuredapproachtodevelopingsoftwareproducts.Itcanbeconsideredasubsetofthesystemsdevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC).Thearticlementionsthatthereareseveralmodelsforthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess,eachdescribingdifferenttasksoractivitiesthattakeplaceduringdevelopment.Thearticlealsohighlightstheimportanceofeffectiveprojectmanagementinsoftwaredevelopmenttoensureprojectsaredeliveredontimeandwithinbudget.Itmentionstheroleofsoftwareengineeringprocessgroupsinfacilitatingprocessimprovementwithinorganizations.Thesoftwaredevelopmentprocessinvolvesvariousactivities,includingplanning,implementation,testing,documenting,deployment,andmaintenance.Planninginvolvesgatheringrequirementsandcreatingascopedocument.Implementationinvolvesprogramming,whiletestingensuresthesoftwareisfreeofdefects.Documentationisdonethroughoutdevelopment,anddeploymentinvolvesinstallationandcustomization.Maintenanceinvolvesenhancingandmaintainingthesoftwaretomeetchangingrequirements.Thearticlediscussesdifferentsoftwaredevelopmentmodels,includingthewaterfallmodel,whichfollowsalinearsequenceofphases,andthespiralmodel,whichemphasizesriskmanagement.Italsomentionsiterativeandincrementaldevelopment,wherethesystemisdevelopedincycles,andagiledevelopment,whichfocusesonflexibilityandcontinuousfeedback.Rapidapplicationdevelopment(RAD)isanothermodelmentioned,whichusesminimalplanningandemphasizesrapidprototyping.The"codeandfix"approach,characterizedbyimmediatecodingandfixingbugslater,isalsomentioned.Overall,thearticleprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess,itsdifferentmodels,andtheactivitiesinvolvedineachphase.TextB重点单词讲解efficiency(n.):theabilitytoaccomplishataskorgoalwiththeleastamountofwastedtime,effort,orresourcese.g.Thenewsoftwaresystemimprovestheefficiencyofdataprocessingandanalysis.evaluation(n.):theprocessofassessingorexaminingsomethin