02+专题二+句子成分和基本句型+课件 高三英语一轮复习

专题二

句子成分和基本句型第二部分语法专项复习1.

（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷）As

a

little

girl,

I

________

（wish）

to

be

a

zookeeper

when

I

grew

up.wished[解析]

考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，设空处作主句的谓语，根据后文的grew可知用一般过去时，故填wished。真题演练2.

（2023·全国乙卷）As

a

photographer,

I

have

spent

the

last

two

years

__________

（record）

everything

I

discovered.[解析]

考查非谓语动词。句意：作为一名摄影师，我花了过去两年时间记录我发现的一切。spend

time

doing

sth.意为“花费时间做某事”。故填recording。recording3.

（2022·全国新高考Ⅱ卷）When

he

saw

a

young

child

hanging

from

a

sixth-floor

apartment

balcony（阳台）,

Henry

ran

one

hundred

metres,

jumped

over

a

1.2-metre

fence,

and

held

out

his

arms

to

catch

the

_______（fall）child.falling[解析]

考查现在分词作定语。句意：当亨利看到一个小孩挂在六楼公寓的阳台上时，他跑了100米，跳过了1.2米高的栅栏，伸出了双臂去接正在掉下来的孩子。表示在坠落中的孩子，应该用现在分词。故填falling。4.

（2021·全国乙卷）Minimize

the

impact

of

________（visit）

the

place.visiting[解析]

考查动名词作宾语。设空处作介词of的宾语，因此应使用动名词形式，故填visiting。5.

（经典高考）Chinese

researchers

hope

to

use

the

instruments

onboard

Chang'e-4________（find）

and

study

areas

of

the

South

Pole-Aitken

basin.to

find[解析]

考查不定式作状语。设空处作目的状语,主语Chinese

researchers与find为主动关系,

故填to

find。一、句子成分

组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。在英语中，按功能分，句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等。必备知识1.主语主语是谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者，一般位于句首。能够充当主语的有名词（短语）、代词、数词、动名词（短语）、不定式（短语）或从句等。不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句等作主语时,为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语。（人教必修一Unit

1）My

adviser

recommended

that

I

should

sign

up

for

advanced

literature...我的指导老师建议我选修高级文学……（名词短语作主语）It's

impossible

to

defeat

a

person

who

never

gives

up.打败一个永不放弃的人是不可能的。（动词不定式短语作真正的主语）2.谓语谓语表示主语的行为动作或所处的状态,常位于主语之后。谓语可分为简单谓语和复合谓语两大类。简单谓语由单个动词或短语动词构成;复合谓语由情态动词或助动词加主要动词构成，也可由系动词加表语构成。Early

to

bed

and

early

to

rise

keeps

a

man

healthy,

wealthy

and

wise.早睡早起让人健康、富足和明智。（单个动词作谓语）The

world

belongs

to

the

energetic.世界属于充满活力的人。（短语动词作谓语）（外研必修二Unit

5）Over

time,

this

could

make

her

a

danger

to

people

living

in

the

area.随着时间的推移，这可能会使它成为该地居民的威胁。（复合谓语）3.宾语宾语是动作的承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词的后面，由名词（短语）、代词、动名词（短语）、不定式（短语）或从句等充当。有时，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。Nothing

can

take

the

place

of

persistence.没有任何东西可以代替坚持。（名词作宾语）They

enjoy

playing

soccer.他们喜欢踢足球。（动名词短语作宾语）She

decided

to

quit

her

job.她决定辞职。（不定式短语作宾语）I

know

that

she

is

a

talented

artist.我知道她是一位有才华的艺术家。（从句作宾语）4.表语表语一般位于系动词（如be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等）之后,用以说明主语的身份、特征或状态等,由名词（短语）、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、介词短语、副词或从句等充当。Deeds

are

more

powerful

than

words.行为比言语更有力量。（形容词作表语）（人教必修一Welcome

Unit）I

think

that

tomorrow

will

be

a

great

day!

我认为，明天将是非常不错的一天！（名词短语作表语）His

favorite

pastime

is

spending

quality

time

with

his

family

and

friends.他最喜欢的消遣是与家人和朋友共度美好时光。（动名词短语作表语）5.定语定语修饰名词或代词，用来说明人或事物的品质或特征，可由形容词、数词、代词、介词短语、动名词（短语）、分词（短语）、不定式（短语）或从句等充当。单个词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面；短语、从句等作定语时常置于被修饰词的后面。I

have

a

great

aim

and

the

determination

to

achieve

it.我有一个远大的目标，并有决心实现它。（不定式短语作定语，放在被修饰词determination后）The

black

car

is

mine.那辆黑色的汽车是我的。（单个形容词作定语，放在被修饰词car前）The

dog

that

is

barking

outside

my

window

is

hers.那条在我窗外叫的狗是她的。（从句作定语，放在被修饰词dog后）6.状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词（短语）、状语从句等充当。状语一般表示时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、方式等意义。By

helping

others,

you

will

feel

good

about

yourself.

帮助他人，你会自我感觉良好。（介词短语作方式状语）You

become

a

winner

the

moment

you

believe

you

can

win.你一相信自己能赢，你就成了胜利者。（the

moment

引导的从句作时间状语）7.补足语补足语主要起补充说明的作用,包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）、介词短语等充当。Laziness

will

never

make

your

dreams

come

true.懒惰永远不能让你的梦想成真。（不带to的不定式作宾语补足语）The

old

man

didn't

allow

the

kids

to

play

football

outside

his

house.那位老人不让那些孩子在他的房子外面踢足球。（不定式短语作宾语补足语）He

was

found

dancing

in

the

room

just

now.刚才有人发现他在房间里跳舞。（现在分词短语作主语补足语）8.同位语同位语是对其前面的词、短语或句子作进一步补充说明或描述，并与其所修饰的成分在语法上处于同等地位，起相同的句法作用，通常由名词、代词（不定代词、反身代词、指示代词）、数词、动名词（短语）、从句等充当。He

himself

finished

the

project.他自己完成了这个项目。（反身代词作同位语）His

hobby,

collecting

stamps,

is

very

interesting.他收集邮票的爱好是非常有趣的。（动名词短语作同位语）We

are

not

looking

into

the

question

whether

he

is

worth

trusting.我们不是在调查他是否值得信任的问题。（从句作同位语）分析下列句子的成分并尝试翻译1.

What

you

need

is

a

great

teacher

who

lets

you

make

mistakes.分析:

What

you

need在句中作①____语;a

great

teacher

who

lets

you

make

mistakes作②____语,其中who

lets

you

make

mistakes是③______从句。翻译：你需要的是④__________________________。主表定语一位允许你犯错误的好老师针对训练12.

By

opening

a

novel,

I

can

leave

behind

my

burdens

and

enter

a

world

where

I

become

a

new

character.分析:By

opening

a

novel作方式①____语；第一个I是主句的②____语;can

leave

behind和（can）enter是主句的并列③____语;my

burdens和

a

world是主句的④____语；where

I

become

a

new

character是⑤______从句，修饰world。翻译：打开一本小说,⑥______________________________________________。状主谓宾定语

我能放下我的负担,进入一个我能变成新角色的世界3.

As

I

began

my

own

personal

weight

program,

I

was

filled

with

the

fear

that

I

would

run

into

the

same

difficulties

as

before.分析:

句子主干为①_________________________;As引导②__________从句；fear后的that

引导③________从句，解释说明fear的内容。翻译：④____________________________________________________________________________。I

was

filled

with

the

fear时间状语同位语当我开始自己的个人减肥计划时，我充满了恐惧，担心自己会遇到和之前相同的困难二、基本句型1.主语+谓语

（SV）特点

谓语动词是不及物动词，后面不需要接宾语，本身能表达完整的意思。常见的不及物动词有apologize、arrive、disappear、exist、happen、rise等。The

train

has

left.火车已经开走了。2.主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）特点

谓语动词是及物动词，不能表达完整的意思，其后要接宾语，即动作的承受者。英语中大部分动词为及物动词，常见的有make、keep、require、cause、set、accept、allow、offer等。We

accepted

his

invitation.我们接受了他的邀请。3.主语（+系动词）+表语（SP）特点

系动词不能单独表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语的身份、特征、类属、状态等的表语。系动词除了be动词之外，还有：①表示感官的动词：feel、smell、taste、sound等；②表示状态延续的动词：remain、stay、keep等；③表示转变、变化的动词：become、get、turn、go、run、fall、come、grow等。Train

fares

are

likely

to

remain

unchanged.火车票价很可能会保持不变。4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

（S

V

IO

DO）特点

直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或物。间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时，其前通常需要加介词for或to。Don't

tell

him

the

news.=Don't

tell

the

news

to

him.不要把这个消息告诉他。I

bought

him

a

special

gift.=

I

bought

a

special

gift

for

him.我给他买了一个特别的礼物。5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（SVOC）特点

谓语动词后虽然已有一个宾语，但意思还不完整，需要再加上宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明。What

he

said

made

me

very

angry.他说的话让我很生气。6.主语+谓语+状语（SVA）特点

谓语动词是不及物动词。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词（短语）、不定式（短语）等来充当。一般来说，状语在句中的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句末，对句子进行修饰或补充。Time

passed

quickly.时光飞逝。7.主语+谓语+宾语+状语（SVOA）特点

宾语后面接副词、介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）等作状语。You

can

put

the

dish

here.你可以把菜放在这里。8.存现句（There

be...）特点

There

be...表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”,

属于倒装结构，后面的名词是句子的主语。There

be...中的be有时可以用lie、stand、used

to

be、seem

to

be、appear

to

be等替换。There

stands

an

ancient

temple

on

the

top

of

the

mountain.山顶上有一座古老的寺庙。用基本句型完成下列句子1.

（人教必修一Welcome

Unit）The

class

was

difficult,

but

_________________________________（老师却很和蔼可亲）.the

teacher

was

kind

and

friendly2.

（外研必修一Unit

1）After

I

had

pictured

it

over

and

over

again

in

my

mind,

__________________________（这一重要的日子终于来了）：my

first

day

at

senior

high!the

big

day

finally

arrived针对训练23.

____________________________________（我们学校将举办音乐节）

next

Saturday.4.

___________________________________________（比赛将在我们学校的体育馆举行）on

the

morning

of

July

8th.5.

_____________________________________（老师给我讲述了一个鼓舞人心的故事）

the

moment

I

wanted

to

give

up.Our

school

will

hold

a

music

festivalThe

match

will

take

place

in

our

school

gymThe

teacher

told

me

an

inspiring

story6.

With

an

experience

of

two

years

in

Canada,_________________________________________（我能流利地与外国人交流）.I

can

communicate

with

foreigners

fluently7.

我们都认为这次活动富有挑战性但很有意义。______________________________________but

very

meaningful.We

all

consider

this

activity

challenging8.

在农场有各种各样的水果和蔬菜。________________________________________on

the

farm.There

is

a

variety

of

fruits

and

vegetables技巧点拨典例

（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）No

matter

where

I

buy

them,

though,

one

steamer

basket

is

_______

（rare）

enough,

yet

two

seems

greedy,

and

so

I

am

always

left

_________

（want）

more

next

time.rarelywanting思路点拨

第一空修饰形容词enough，需用副词作状语，故填rarely。分析句子结构可知，第二空为“leave

sb.+宾语补足语”的被动语态，其中原来的宾语补足语转化为主语补足语。主语I与动词want构成主动关系，且表示“一直想要”的意思，故填wanting。分层特训Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.

（2021·全国甲卷）Supposedly

you

can

do

it

in

two

hours,

but

we

stopped

at

the

different

gates

and

watchtowers

to

take

pictures

or

just

to

watch

the

local

people

going

about

their______（day）

routines.daily[解析]

设空处修饰routines，作定语，应使用day的形容词形式，故填daily。2.

The______________（disappear）

of

dinosaurs

is

not

necessarily

caused

by

astronomical

incidents.[解析]

设空处在句中作主语,结合空前的定冠词可知应用名词disappearance。3.

In

the

1950s

in

the

USA,

most

families_____（have）

just

one

phone

at

home,

and

wireless

phones

hadn't

been

invented

yet.had[解析]

设空处在句中作谓语,结合句首的时间状语In

the

1950s和语境可知,设空处应用一般过去时。故填had。disappearance4.

I

cannot

control

my

body

well.

My

legs

become

________（pain）.painful[解析]

设空处在句中作表语,应用形容词形式。故填painful。5.

Susan

made

it

clear

to

me

that

she

wished_________（make）

a

new

life

for

herself.to

make[解析]

wish后接不定式作宾语,故填to

make。6.

I

opened

the

door

and

noticed

a

man_________（stand）

at

the

door.standing[解析]

设空处在句中作宾语补足语,且stand与宾语a

man之间是主动关系,且表示动作正在进行，故填standing。7.

Although

birds

use______（they）

feathers

for

flight,

some

of

their

feathers

are

for

other

purposes.their[解析]

设空处在句中作feathers的定语,故填形容词性物主代词their。8.

I

found

the

test

difficult,

but

I

tried

hard

to

do

it;

suddenly

Mary,

my

best

friend,_______（ask）

me

to

share

my

answers

with

her.asked[解析]

分号后的句子的主语是

Mary,

my

best

friend是同位语,所以设空处是该句的谓语动词。根据分号前句子中的found和tried可知,此处也要用一般过去时。故填asked。9.

Only

you

can

fully

realize

which

aspects

of

a

college

will

make

you

truly

happy

and_________（satisfy）,

so

keep

that

at

the

front

of

your

mind.[解析]

will

make为从句的谓语，设空处在句中与happy共同作宾语补足语，此处表示“满意的，满足的”，故填satisfied。satisfied1.

（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）I

think

it's

not

a

good

idea

_____________________________________________________________________（随机给学生分组）

for

the

spoken

English

training

after

class.to

randomly

pair

up

students/to

divide

students

into

groups

randomly2.

（2023·全国乙卷）When

I

was

in

my

primary

school,

I

___________________________________________

（我有机会参加音乐比赛）

held

in

my

school.had

an

opportunity

to

attend

a

music

contestⅡ.使用基本句型完成或翻译下列句子3.

（2022·全国新高考Ⅰ卷）_____________（他犹豫了一下）and

then

said

he

had

decided

not

to

run.He

hesitated4.

（2022·全国新高考Ⅰ卷）“I

was

afraid

that

kids

from

other

schools

would

laugh

at

him,”___________________________（他不安地解释道）.he

explained

uncomfortably5.

（2022·全国新高考Ⅰ卷）It

was

not

long

before______________________________________________（我发现这个节目非常有趣和有用）.I

found

the

program

very

interesting

and

useful6.

（2022·全国乙卷）______________________________（有18%的学生）

choosing

to

read

English

books.There

are

18%

of

the

students7.

（2023·全国甲卷）孔子是中国历史上著名的人物。[答案]

C