新高考2025届高考英语小题必练16阅读理解之主旨大意题

Page12小题必练16小题必练16：阅读理解之主旨大意题主旨大意题主要考查对全文内容或某一段的内容的归纳总结实力，是在对原文深刻理解基础上的高度概括实力，是高考中的难点之一。主旨大意题最关键的就是把握主题句和主题词。1.标题归纳题【典例】（2024·浙江卷C篇节选）Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage,astudypublishedWednesdayinthejournalNeurologysuggests.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkillsB.OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobsC.YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharpD.CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。“Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage”是本文的主题句。结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲解并描述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持灵敏，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持灵敏”适合作本文标题。故选C项。【点拨】标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面，一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括——精确而又简短，能覆盖全文大意。针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。一般文章的标题可依据主题句来推断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，须要依据文中的事实细微环节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。2.文章大意题【典例】（2024·全国2卷B篇）Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist. D.Ateachingprogram.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力嬉戏的探讨，介绍了探讨考虑的因素，探讨过程和结果。所以是关于科学探讨的。B.Ascientificstudy(一项科学探讨)符合以上说法，故选B项。【点拨】①主题句出现在文首。开宗明义，提出主题，用细微环节来说明或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或争论文通常采纳这种写法。②主题句出现在文末。在表述细微环节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。③主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。④主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细微环节描述——归纳主题——进一步说明。3.段落大意题【典例】（2024·全国1卷D篇节选）Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项探讨发觉，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项探讨中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的好处。故选D。【点拨】答段落大意题的关键是抓住段落的主题句。①采纳归纳法的段落，细微环节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾;②采纳演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特别，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多出现在说明文和争论文中;③若作者采纳“特别→一般→特别”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。④若没有写出明显的主题句，要学会依据段落的内容概括出主题句。ARodneySmithisamanwithatask.TheBermudanativeisinthemidstofatripthatwilltakehimtoeverystateinthenation,mowinglawns（修理草坪）.Fiveyearsago,Smithcameacrossaseniormanmowinghislawnandstoppedtohelp.“WhenIcameacrosstheelderlyman,mylifechanged,”hesaid.Afterthat,SmithwentontocreatetheRaisingMenLawnCareService(RMLCS)tomowlawnsfortheelderly,disabled,singlemomsandformersoldiersfreeofcharge.Aspartofprovidingfreeyardwork,theorganizationteacheschildrenaboutservingtheircommunitiesandlawnmowersafety.AkeycomponentofRMLCSisits50-yardchallenge,whichsetsagoalforchildrennationwidetomow50lawnsforfreeintheircommunity.Whenakidsignsupforthechallenge,thegroupsendsthemawhiteshirtwiththeRaisingMenlogo（标识），shadesandearprotection.Theparticipantsreceiveadifferentcoloredshirtafterevery10thlawntheymow.Whentheyhavecompletedthetaskfor50yards,theyreceiveaspecialvisitfromSmithorsomeonewithRMLCS.Theygivethevolunteeranewlawnmower,freeofcharge,andcutotherlawnswiththem.Sincethischallengestartedin2024,12kidshavealreadycompletedthechallenge.Andbothboysandgirlsarepartofit.Atpresenttheyhave130kidsnationwidetakingpartinthischallenge,including7inBermudaandtheU.K.andoneinCanada.Soit’sspreadingworldwide.EventheQueenofEnglandtooknotice—thegovernorofBermudapresentedSmithwithanawardlatelastyearonbehalfofher.ItwasalsolastyearthatSmithcameupwiththe50States50Lawnscampaign.Now,in2024，he’sontheroadagain.1.WhatisthepurposeoftheRaisingMenLawnCareService?A.Educatechildrentoworkhard. B.Offerfreelawncuttingservice.C.Makelawnmowersofhighquality. D.Trainprofessionallawnmowingworkers.2WhyistheQueenofEnglandmentioned?A.Topraisethequeenforhercare. B.ToproveSmithisrespectedbyeveryone.C.ToshowSmith’sbehaviorgotrecognized. D.TointroducewhereSmith’smotivationcamefrom.3.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.MowLawnsinOrdertoTravel B.LawnMowing—aNewTrendC.ChooseMowingLawnstoHelp D.Smith—aManLovesMowingLawnsBAdolescentchimpanzeesadopttheiryoungersiblings(兄弟姐妹)iftheirmothersdie.Theoldersiblingskeepaclosewatchontheyoungstersandgivethemlotsofcomfortinghugs.Thefindingaddstotheevidencethatchimpanzeescanunderstandwhenothersaresufferingandcan,tosomeextent,helpthem.Similarly,asecondstudyhasshownthatchimpanzeeshaveastrongemotionalresponsewhentheyseethatanotherchimporafamiliarhumanisinjured.RachnaReddyandJohnMitaniattheUniversityofMichiganweretrackingagroupofabout200chimpsinKibaleNationalPark,Uganda,whenadeadlydiseasestrucktheanimalsbetweenDecember2024andFebruary2024.Twenty-fivechimpsdiedand13losttheirmothers.ReddyandMitanikeptaclosewatchonfourpairsofyoungchimpanzeesiblings,wheretheolderofthetwoeffectivelyadoptedtheyounger.Theolderchimpswere10-17yearsoldwhiletheyoungersiblingswere6to7yearsold.Thepairsspentmuchmoretimetogetheraftertheirmothers'deathsthantheydidbefore.Theyalsocomfortedeachother."Itwasliketheywerebothseekingphysicalcontactallthetime,"saysReddy."Thebehaviormakesevolutionarysense,becausebyhelpingtheirsiblings,theolderchimpsareactingintheinterestoftheirowngenes."Wecan'tbesurewhatisgoingthroughtheirminds,butReddysaystheyoungersiblingswereclearlyscaredandupsetandtheoldersiblingsseemedtotakethesituationseriously."Iamhesitanttouseawordlike'responsibility',"saysReddy,butshesaystheywererespondingtotheirsiblings'suffering.Inlinewiththis,chimpsreactwhenoneoftheirmembersisinjured:theymayinspectorhelpdealwithawound,forinstance.YutaroSatoatKyotoUniversityinJapanandhiscolleagueshavenowfoundthatchimpsrespondonanemotionalleveltoseeinganinjury.Theyshowedsixchimpsahumanwithwhomtheywerefamiliar,andwhohadaseriouswound.Thecamerasshowedatemperaturedropinsidethechimps'noses,whichisknowntohavelinkswithastrongnegativeemotion.4.Whydidtheolderchimpanzeesadopttheyoungersiblings?A.Becausetheyenjoyedhavingplaymates.B.Becausetheyobservedthelawofjungle.C.Becausetheyweretaughttotakeresponsibility.D.Becausetheyunderstoodtheirsiblings'suffering.5.Whatisthepurposeofparagraph3?A.Toshowhowtheyconductedtheresearch.B.Tomakeananalysisofthefindings.C.Tocomparethetworesearches.D.Todescribeamovingstoryintheresearch.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"this"referto?A.Chimps'unwillingnesstohelp.B.Chimps'mindsfullofsadness.C.Chimps'reactiontotheirsiblings'suffering.D.Thedecreaseofchimps'nosetemperature.7.Whichisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ChimpsreallydocareB.ThemysteryofchimpsC.Chimps:tobeornottobeD.ThepowerofevolutionCWoodhasmanygreatcharacteristicsthatmakeittheperfectbuildingmaterial.Itischeap，durable(耐用的),easilyavailable，andmostimportantly，environmentallysustainable.Theonethingitisnot,istransparent(透亮的).NowthankstoateamofscientistsatStockholm’sKTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology，thematerialmayevenbeabletoaddthatfeaturetoitsalreadyimpressivelist.LeadresearcherDr.LarsBerglundsaidhewasinspiredtocreatethetransparentwoodafterlearninghowJapaneseresearchershaddevelopedasee-throughpaperforuseinflexibledisplayscreensforelectronicdevices.Theteambeganbypullingoutthewood'slignin(木质素).Thelignin-freewoodwasthendippedintoapolymer(聚合物)andbakedatatemperatureof158Fforfourhours.Theresultwasahybridproductthatwasnotonlystrongerandlighterthantheoriginalwoodbutalso，almosttransparent.Theresearcherswereabletoadjusttheleveloftransparencybyvaryingtheamountofthepolymerinjectedandalsobychangingthethicknessofthewood.Whilescientistshavepreviouslycreatedasee-throughwoodforsmall-scaleapplicationslikecomputerchips,hetransparentwoodisthefirstonebeingconsideredforlargescaleapplications.Theresearchers,whorevealedtheirfindingsinBiomacromoleculesonApril11,pictureusingthetransparentwoodinbuildingstoallowformorenaturallight,ortocreatewindowsthatletinthedesiredamountoflightwithoutsacrificingprivacy.Woodthatallowslighttopassthroughcouldleadtoabrighterfutureforhomesandbuildings.Berglundalsothinksthewoodcouldplayasignificantroleinthedesignofsolarpanels.Thesemi-transparentmaterialwouldbeabletokeeplightlongerandgiveitmoretimetointeractwiththeconductor,thusresultinginbettersolarefficiency.Additionally,substitutingthecurrentlyusedglasswiththisnewproductwouldhelpsolarenergymanufacturersimprovetheircarbonfootprintandlowerthecost.Theyarenowexperimentingwithwaystoscaleupthemanufacturingprocesssothatthetransparentmaterialiscost-effectivetomakeandeasytouse.8．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thatfeature”inParagraph1referto?A．Cheapness. B．Durability. C．Sustainability. D．Transparency.9．Whichofthefollowingisnottheprocessinwhichthetransparentwoodismade?A．Dipthewoodintoapolymer.B．Reducetheamountofthepolymer.C．Makethewoodlignin-free.D．Bakethewoodforsometime.10．Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?A．Berglundgottheideaoftransparentwoodwhilemakingpaper.B．Varyingtheamountofthepolymerchangesthewood'shardness.C．Thecostofmakingthetransparentwoodstillneedstobecutdown.D．Thetransparentwoodwouldbeusedonlyforhomesandbuildings.11．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout？A．Thebrightfutureofthetransparentwood.B．Thewood'sroleinthedesignofsolarpanels.C．Thedisadvantagesofthecurrentlyusedglass.D．Solarenergymanufacturers'carbonfootprint.DDolphins,Africangrayparrotsandsomeotheranimalsunderstandtheideaof“zero,”butresearchersweresurprisedtofindthathoneybeesalsocomprehendthisabstractconcept,consideringtheinsects’tinybrains,accordingtoanewstudy.Honeybeeshavefewerthanonemillionneurons(神经元),comparedwiththe86billionneuronsinhumans—andyet,theygraspaconceptthathumans,bysomemeasures,don’tstarttounderstandbeforepreschool.Theresearcherssetuptwocards,eachofwhichhadasetofsymbolsonthem,liketrianglesorcircles.Then,theytrainedagroupofthebeestoflytothecardwiththelowernumberofsymbols.Thebeesquicklylearnedwhatthehumanswantedthemtodotogettheirdelicious,sweetrewards.Thetrainedbeeswerethenshownacardthatwasemptyandonethathadsymbolsonit.Thereisnoneedforthebeestobetrainedtoflymoreoftentotheemptycard—thusshowingthattheyunderstoodthat“zero”wasanumberlessthantheothers.Althoughtheyflewmoreoftentoanemptycardthantoonethathadonesymbolonit,itbecameeasierforthemtodistinguishwhenthesymbolsonthecardincreasedinnumber.Forexample,theymoreoftenflewtothezerowhentheothercardhadfoursymbolsthanwhenithadone.Perhapsthesefindingswillexplainthebrainmechanism(机制)behindwhatallowsustounderstandtheconceptof“nothing,”AdrianDyer,aresearchersaid.Thisunderstanding,inturn,couldhelpinthedevelopmentofartificialintelligence(AI)thatalsounderstandsthisconcept.“Ifbeescanunderstand‘zero’withabrainoflessthanamillionneurons,itsuggeststherearesimple,efficientwaystoteachAInewtricks,”Dyersaidinthestatement.12．Whatisasurprisingfindingfortheresearchers?A．Manyanimalsalsocomprehendthemeaningof“zero”.B．Thenumberofneuronsofhoneybeesismuchsmaller.C．Honeybeescanunderstand“zero”withtheirtinybrains.D．Humansfailtorecognizeabstractideasbeforepreschool.13．Whatcanthebeesdowithoutfurthertraining?A．Flydirectlytothecardwithmoresymbolsonit.B．Flylessoftentothecardwithfewersymbolsonit.C．Flyquiteslowlytothecardwithoutanythingonit.D．Flymoreoftentothecardwithoutanysymbolonit.14．WhatdoesAdrianDyersayaboutthesefindings?A．Theyofferinspirationtothedevelopmentoftechnology.B．Theyenablepeopletounderstandmoreabstractconcepts.C．Theysuggestwaystoteachhumanssomecomplextricks.D．Theyallowpeopletosetanewtypeofbrainmechanism.15．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Honeybeesknowabouttheconceptof“zero”.B．Honeybeescanunderstandmuchashumansdo.C．HoneybeeswillhelptoimproveAIinthefuture.D．Honeybeescanbetrainedtocomprehend“zero”.答案与解析答案与解析A【答案】B【解析】推理推断题。依据其次段“SmithwentontocreatetheRaisingMenLawnCareService(RMLCS)tomowlawnsfortheelderly,disabled,singlemomsandformersoldiersfreeofcharge.”可知，史密斯创办RMLCS是为了给老人，残疾人，单亲妈妈和退役军人免费修理草坪。故选B。【答案】C【解析】细微环节理解题。依据第四段“EventheQueenofEnglandtooknotice—thegovernorofBermudapresentedSmithwithanawardlatelastyearonbehalfofher.”可知，甚至英国女皇都知道史密斯，并派总督代表她给史密斯颁奖。故选C。【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。全篇叙述了史密斯为特定人员免费修理草坪，并且为全国孩子设立目标：为自己的家园免费修理50码的草坪。这一系列的举动，都是和修理草坪相关，是一种助人的行为。故选C。B【答案】D【解析】理解题干，快速定位到文本其次段第一句话“Thefindingaddstotheevidencethatchimpanzeescanunderstandwhenothersaresufferingandcan,tosomeextent,helpthem.”由此推断选D项。【答案】A【解析】读懂第三段主要介绍视察对象、过程和结果，即如何详细实施探讨，故选A项；第四段介绍了科学家的分析，因此把干扰项B解除；文章介绍了两个试验，第三段中没有进行比较，因此选项C解除；文章是说明文体裁，没有进行故事描写，解除D项。故选A项。【答案】C【解析】理解第三段最终一句话中的“theywere