《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-一、花生叶斑病绿色防控

一花生叶斑病绿色防控

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GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot

花生叶斑病通常指花生叶部斑点类型病害，主要包括褐斑病、黑斑病和网斑病。花生褐斑病和黑斑病是常见的叶斑病，花生网斑病是近年来我国花生产区的新病害。

花生叶斑病导致受害叶片的叶绿素被破坏，光合作用下降，造成早期落叶，影响干物质积累和荚果的成熟，一般减产10～20%，严重的达30%以上。一花生叶斑病绿色防控I

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot

Peanutleafspotgenerallyreferstothediseaseofpeanutleafspot,mainlyincludingbrownspot,blackspot,andreticularspot.Peanutbrownspotandblackspotarecommonleafspots,andpeanutreticularspotisanewdiseaseinpeanutproductionregionsofChinainrecentyears.Peanutleafspotcausesthedamageofchlorophyllintheaffectedleavesandthedegradationofphotosynthesis,resultinginearlydefoliation,whichaffectstheaccumulationofdrymatterandthematurityofpods.Generally,theyieldisreducedby10~20%,andmorethan30%inseverecases.（一）症状识别

多发生在花生生长的中后期，主要为害叶片。先在植株下部老叶上开始发病，逐渐向上蔓延。叶柄、托叶、果针、茎杆等部位均可受害。1、黑斑病

叶片受害后，初生褐色针头大小病斑，逐渐扩大为圆形黑褐色病斑，直径约1～5mm。茎秆与叶柄上的病斑呈椭圆形，黑褐色。发病严重时，叶片大量脱落，茎秆变黑枯死。一花生叶斑病绿色防控I

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot(I)SymptomIdentification

Itgenerallyoccursinthemidandlatestagesofpeanutgrowthandmainlyharmsleaves.Itbeginsontheoldleavesatthelowerpartoftheplantandgraduallyspreadsupward.Petioles,stipules,fruitneedles,stems,andotherpartscanbeharmed.1.Blackspot

Aftertheleavesareharmed,theprimarybrownneedle-sizedspotsgraduallyexpandintorounddark-brownspotswithadiameterofabout1~5mm.Thespotsonthestemandpetioleareovalanddarkbrown.Whenthediseaseissevere,alargenumberofleavesfalloffandthestemsturnblackanddie.2、褐斑病

叶片受害后，初为圆形或近圆形黄褐色小斑点，病斑逐渐扩大，直径约4～10mm。病斑颜色较黑斑病浅，呈茶褐色或暗褐色，周围产生明显的黄色晕圈。一花生叶斑病绿色防控I

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot2.BrownspotAftertheleavesareharmed,smallroundornearlyroundyellowish-brownspotsappearinitially,andthespotsgraduallyexpandtoadiameterofabout4~10mm.Thecolorofthespotsislighterthanthatofblackspots,whicharelightbrownordarkbrown,withobviousyellowhaloaround.3、网斑病

叶片病斑表现有两种类型，一种是网斑型，发病初期在叶片正面产生星芒状小黑点，后扩大为边缘网状，不规则而模糊的黑褐色病斑

；另一种是污斑型，病斑较大，近圆形，黑褐色，病斑边缘较清晰，穿透叶片，但叶背面病斑较小，坏死部分可形成黑色小点。一花生叶斑病绿色防控I

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot3.Reticularspot

Therearetwotypesofleafspots.Oneismeshspot,whichproducesstar-shapedsmallblackspotsonthefrontoftheleafattheearlystageofthedisease,andthenexpandsintoirregularandblurryblackbrownspotswithmeshededges.;Theotheristhestainspot.Thespotsarelarge,nearlyround,anddarkbrown.Theedgesofthespotsareclearandpenetratetheleaves,butthespotsonthebackoftheleavesaresmall,andblackdotscanbeformedinthenecroticpart.（二）病原黑斑病

病原菌为球座尾孢菌，属半知菌亚门球座尾孢属。褐斑病

病原菌为花生尾孢菌，属半知菌亚门花生尾孢属。网斑病

病原菌为花生茎点霉，属半知菌亚门茎点霉属。球座尾孢菌花生尾孢菌一花生叶斑病绿色防控I

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot(II)EtiologyBlackspot:ThepathogenisCercosporaocculta,whichbelongstothegenusCercosporaoccultaofDeuteromycotina.Brownspot:ThepathogenisCercosporapeanutica,whichbelongstothegenusCercosporapeanuticaofDeuteromycotina.Reticularspot:ThepathogenisPhomapeanutum,whichbelongstoPhomagenusofPhyllumsubphylumofDeuteromycotina.CercosporaoccultaCercosporapeanuta（三）发生规律均以分生孢子器、分生孢子座或菌丝团在病残体内越冬生长发育温度范围10～30℃，最适温度为25～28℃，低于10℃或高于37℃则停止生长发育。病原菌对湿度要求较高，80%以上的相对湿度有利于病害的发生。一花生叶斑病绿色防控I

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot(III)OccurrenceRegularityAlloverwinterindiseasedresiduesaspycnidia,pycnidiumormyceliumThegrowthanddevelopmenttemperaturerangeis10~30°C,andthemostsuitabletemperatureis25~28°C.Ifthetemperatureisbelow10°Corabove37°C,thegrowthanddevelopmentwillstop.Pathogenicbacteriarequirehighhumidity,andtherelativehumidityabove80%isconducivetotheoccurrenceofdiseases.（三）发生规律花生生育前期发病轻，后期发病重；幼嫩器官发病轻，老龄器官发病重，三种病害发生高峰均在收获前20～30d左右。品种抗病性表现为，直立型品种较蔓生型与半蔓型品种抗病，叶形小、叶色深绿的品种较叶型大而浅绿的品种抗病。连作发病重，轮作发病轻，生荒地发病更轻，基肥充足发病轻，瘠薄地或植株生长弱的地块发病重。一花生叶斑病绿色防控I

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot(III)OccurrenceRegularityThediseaseisgentleintheearlystageofpeanutfertilityandsevereinthelatestage;thediseaseisgentleinyoungorgansandsevereinoldorgans.Thepeakofthethreediseasesisabout20~30dbeforeharvest.Thediseaseresistanceofcultivarsinclude:Uprightcultivarsaremoreresistanttodiseasethanvinesandsemi-vines,andcultivarswithsmallleavesanddarkgreenleavesaremoreresistanttodiseasethanthecultivarswithlargerleavesandlightgreenleaves.Thediseaseissevereincontinuouscropping,gentleinrotationcropping,gentlerinwasteland,gentleinthefieldwithsufficientbasefertilizer,andsevereinbarrenlandorplotswithweakplantgrowth.（四）防治技术（1）选用抗病品种

不同花生品种对叶斑病、网斑病的抗性差异较大，一般直立型较蔓生型品种抗病，叶形小而深绿的品种较叶型大而浅绿的品种抗病，叶片厚、气孔直径小的品种抗病。应结合本地的种植习惯，选择适宜本地种植的高产、抗病品种。（2）清除菌源

冬前或早春深耕深翻，将部分生土翻到地表，全面覆盖地面，将越冬病菌埋于地表10cm以下，可以明显减少越冬病菌初侵染的机会。清除田间病残体，播前清除所有田间花生秸，作牲畜饲料，或深埋沤肥，防止产孢。一花生叶斑病绿色防控I

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot(IV)ControlTechnique(1)Selectdisease-resistantcultivarsTheresistanceofdifferentpeanutcultivarstoleafspotandreticularspotvariesgreatly.Generally,uprightcultivarsaremoreresistanttodiseasethanvines,darkgreencultivarsaremoreresistanttodiseasethanlargeandlightgreencultivars,andthecultivarswiththickleavesandsmallstomataldiametersaremoreresistanttodisease.High-yieldanddisease-resistantvarietiessuitableforlocalplantingshouldbeselectedincombinationwithlocalplantingpractices.(2)RemovebacterialsourceDeepploughingbeforewinterorinearlyspring:Plowpartoftherawsoiltothegroundsurface,fullycovertheground,andburytheoverwinteringpathogens10cmbelowthegroundsurface,whichcansignificantlyreducethechanceofprimaryoverwinterinfection.Removediseasedresiduesinthefield,removeallpeanutstrawsinthefieldbeforesowing,usethemaslivestockfeed,orburythemdeeplyasrettingfertilizertopreventsporulation.（3）加强栽培管理

适时播种，合理密植，施足基肥，特别是施足有机肥，可促进花生健壮生长，提高抗病力。（4）药剂防治

在发病初期病株率为20%时及时喷药防治，可使病害减轻，一般可增产15～20%。可用1：2：150～200的波尔多液、70%代森锰锌400倍液、70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂1000倍液、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1000倍液等，一般每隔10～15d喷药一次，连喷2～3次。如果天气干旱，病害停止发展，喷药间隔时间可适当延长一些。由于花生叶面光滑，在喷药时，可适当加入粘着剂，防治效果会更好。一花生叶斑病绿色防控I

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutLeafSpot(3)StrengthencultivationmanagementTimelysowing,reasonabledenseplanting,andsufficientbasefertilizer,especiallysufficientorga