《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-三、小麦赤霉病绿色防控（双语版）

三小麦赤霉病绿色防控

III.GreenPreventionandControlofWheatScab

小麦赤霉病俗称麦穗枯、烂麦头、红麦头，是我国南方麦区冬麦类作物上重要病害之一，特别是长江流域冬麦区，严重影响小麦的产量和品质。病菌侵染后，除导致产量损失外，同时还因病粒内含有多种毒素，可引起人、畜中毒，发生呕吐、腹痛、头昏等现象。

Wheatscab,commonlyknownaswheatearblight,rottenwheatheadandredwheathead,isoneoftheimportantdiseasesofwinterwheatcropsinthesouthernwheatregionsofChina,especiallyinthewinterwheatregionsoftheYangtzeRiverbasin,whichseriouslyaffectstheyieldandqualityofwheat.Inadditiontoyieldloss,bacterialinfectionmayalsocausepoisoningtohumansandanimalsbecauseofavarietyoftoxinscontainedintheinfectedkernels,resultinginsymptomssuchasvomiting,abdominalpainanddizziness.三

小麦赤霉病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatScab（一）症状识别

SymptomIdentification

小麦自苗期至穗期均可受害，产生苗枯、茎基腐、秆腐和穗腐等症状，其中以穗腐危害最重。Wheatmaybedamagedfromtheseedlingstagetotheheadingstage,showingsymptomssuchasseedlingblight,basalstemrot,stemrot,andearrot,amongwhichearrotisthemostharmful.

穗腐一般在小麦灌浆乳熟时发生，先在小穗的基部发生淡褐色病斑，天气潮湿时病斑扩大呈水渍状，以后整个小穗变为黄褐色或枯黄色。Earrotgenerallyoccursatthefillingandmilkyripestages.Atfirst,lightbrownspotsappearatthebaseofaspikelet.Whentheweatheriswet,thespotsexpandandlooklikewaterstains.Later,thewholespikeletbecomesyellowbrownorwitheredyellow.三

小麦赤霉病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatScab（一）症状识别

SymptomIdentification

湿度大时，病部产生粉红色胶质霉层（分生孢子座及分生孢子）。麦穗成熟后期，受害部出现小黑点（子囊壳）。三

小麦赤霉病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatScab

Whenthehumidityishigh,apinkcolloidalmildewlayer(ofsporodochiaandconidia)wouldbegeneratedatthediseasedpart.Atthelaterstageofearripening,smallblackspots(perilhecia)wouldappearattheaffectedpart.WheatScab—PinkMildewLayerFormedatEar（一）症状识别

SymptomIdentification

受害的麦粒皱缩、空秕，表面有白色至粉红色霉层。

Theaffectedkernelsareshrunkenandhollow,withawhite-to-pinkmildewlayeronthesurface.三

小麦赤霉病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatScabHealthyGrainsDiseasedCrains（二）病原

Etiology无性态为禾谷镰刀菌，属半知菌亚门镰孢菌属真菌The

anamorphonesareFusariumgraminearum,fallingintoFusariumfungi,Deuteromycotina有性态为玉蜀黍赤霉，属子囊菌亚门赤霉属真菌TheteleomorphonesareGibberellazeae,fallingintoGibberellafungi,Ascomycotina小麦赤霉病菌(Wheatscabpathogen)1.子囊壳(Perithecium)

2.子囊壳纵剖面(LongitudinalSectionofPerithecium)3.子囊及子囊孢子

(AscusandAscospores)4.分生孢子座及分生孢子(ConidiosporiumandConidia)

5.分生孢子放大(AmplifiedCondidium)三

小麦赤霉病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatScab（三）发病规律

OccurrenceRegularity

病原菌腐生能力强，可在多种植物残体上越夏、越冬。带病种子和病残体上的子囊壳、分生孢子是下一个小麦生长季节的主要初侵染来源。

Thepathogenicbacteriahaveahighsaprophyticability,andcanoversummerandoverwinteronavarietyofplantresidues.Perilheciaandconidiaoninfectedseedsandresiduesarethemainsourcesofprimaryinfectioninthenextwheatgrowingseason.三

小麦赤霉病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatScab

小麦抽穗后至扬花末期是最易感病期，病菌主要通过凋萎的花药侵入小穗。子囊孢子借气流和风雨进行传播。

Wheatisthemostsusceptiblefromheadingtotheendofflowering.Mainly,thepathogeninvadesspikeletsthroughwitheredanthers.Theascosporesspreadbymeansofwindandrain.（三）发病规律该病发生的最适温度为24～28℃，最适相对湿度为80%～100%。小麦抽穗以后降雨次数多，降雨量大，相对湿度高，极易造成赤霉病的发生和流行。地势低洼、排水不良、粘重土壤，偏施氮肥、密度大，田间郁闭发病重。

Forthisdisease,theoptimumtemperatureis24-28℃,andtheoptimumrelativehumidityis80%-100%.Afterwheatheading,theoccurrenceandprevalenceofscabwouldbeeasilycausedbymorerainfall,heavyrainfalland/orhighrelativehumidity.Low-lyingterrain,poordrainage,stickysoil,biasedapplicationofnitrogenfertilizer,highdensityand/orcanopyclosurewouldmakeitworse.三

小麦赤霉病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatScab（四）防治措施

Preventionandcontrolmeasures1、农业防治

Agriculturalcontrol

因地制宜选用抗病品种，并精选种子，减少种子带菌率。控制氮肥的施用量，按需合理施肥，氮肥作追肥时不能太晚。小麦扬花期不能大水漫灌，多雨地区要注意排水降湿。为了减少初侵染菌源，要在小麦扬花前尽可能处理完麦秸、玉米秸等植株残体；作物收获后应及时翻耕灭茬，尽快促使植株病残体腐烂(沤肥)，减少田间菌源的数量；小麦成熟后要及时收割脱粒晒干，减少霉垛造成的损失。Selectdisease-resistantcultivarsbasedonlocalconditions,andselecteliteseedstoreducethebacterialbearingrate.Controltheamountofnitrogenfertilizertobeapplied,applyfertilizerreasonablyasneeded,andnitrogenshouldnotbeappliedtoolateastopdressing.Nofloodirrigationisallowedduringwheatflowering,anddrainageanddampnessreductionshouldbeenhancedinrainyareas.Inordertoreducethesourceofprimaryinfection,plantresiduessuchaswheatstrawandcornstrawshouldbetreatedasmuchaspossiblebeforewheatflowering;aftercropharvest,thefieldshouldbeplowedandstubbleremovedimmediatelytofacilitatethedecompositionofplantresidues(makingcompost)assoonaspossible,andreducethenumberofmicrobialsourcesinthefield;andthewheatshouldbeharvested,threshedanddriedinatimelymannerwhenitisripe,reducingthelossescausedbymoldystacks.三

小麦赤霉病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatScab

2、药剂防治

Chemicalcontrol

种子处理是防治芽腐和苗枯的有效措施，可选用50％多菌灵可湿性粉剂，每100kg种子用药

100～200g湿拌。Seedtreatmentisaneffectivemeasuretopreventandcontrolbudrotandseedlingwithering.50%carbendazimwettablepowdermaybeused,100-200gforevery100k