《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-三、稻曲病绿色防控（双语）

三

稻曲病绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut

三稻曲病绿色防控稻曲病RiceFalseSmut

又称假黑穗病、绿黑穗病、青粉病等，广泛分布于世界各水稻主产区。水稻发生稻曲病后，不仅造成大量瘪粒病粒，降低稻谷产量及质量，而且病粒含对人畜有害的毒素，这种毒素能引起人畜慢性中毒，极大的影响了粮食高产稳产和粮食食品安全。

alsoknownas"pseudo-smut","greensmut"and"Lakshmi(goddessofwealthandprosperity)disease",iswidelydistributedinmajorrice-producingareasaroundtheworld.Thericefalsesmut,ifoccurs,causesconsiderablelossesintermsofgrainyieldandqualityduetoalotofemptyricegrainsbutalsoactsasahealthhazardtohumansandanimalsduetopoisonousmycotoxins,whichcancausechronicpoisoningofhumansandanimals.Therefore,thehighyieldandstableyieldofgrainandgrainfoodsafetyaregreatlyaffected.（一）症状识别

SymptomIdentification

主要在水稻抽穗扬花期感病，病菌主要侵染水稻的穗部。

Itismainlysusceptibletoinfectionattheheadingandfloweringstageandthepathogenmainlyinoculatestheearofrice.

稻曲病前期症状SymptomsofRiceFalseSmutatEarlyStage三稻曲病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut稻曲（薄膜破裂）RiceFalseSmut(filmBroken)

稻曲病中期症状SymptomsofRiceFalseSmutatMiddleStage三稻曲病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut

稻曲病后期症状SymptomsofRiceFalseSmutatLateStage三稻曲病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut（二）病原菌

PathogenicBacteria

无性态：半知菌亚门绿核菌属的稻绿核菌TheanamorphisUstilaginoideavirensoftheUstilaginoideaBref,Deuteromycotina.有性态：子囊菌亚门麦角菌属的稻麦角菌TheteleomorphisClavicepsoryzae-sativae

oftheClaviceps,Ascomycotina.稻曲病病原菌

PathogenicBacteriaofRiceFalseSmut

1.菌核萌发出子座

Thesclerotiagerminatetoproducethestroma.2.子座顶部纵剖面Longitudinalsectionatthetopofthestroma

3.子囊及子囊孢子

Ascusandascospores

4.厚垣孢子及其着生在菌丝上的状态（叶恭银，植物保护学，2006）Chlamydosporesandtheirstateofimplantationonhyphae(YeGongyin,PlantProtection,2006)三稻曲病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut（三）发生规律

OccurrenceRegularity

病菌以落入土中菌核或附于种子上的厚垣孢子越冬。次年7～8月间开始抽生子座，上生子囊壳，其中产生大量子囊孢子；厚垣孢子在条件适宜时萌发产生分生孢子。子囊孢子和分生孢子借气流、雨水传播，侵害花器和幼颖，引起谷粒发病。

Thepathogenoverwinterswithsclerotiathatfallintothesoilorchlamydosporesattachedtoseeds.FromJulytoAugustofthefollowingyear,thestromabegantogrowontheascospores,andperitheciumisproduced,onwhichalargenumberofascosporesareproduced.Chlamydosporesaregerminatedtoproduceconidiawhenconditionsareappropriate.Ascosporesandconidiaarespreadbyairflowandrainwater,infectingflowerorgansandyoungspikelets,andfurthercausinggraindisease.

厚垣孢子在再侵染中起决定作用。在南方稻区则以早稻上的厚垣孢子为再侵染源为害晚稻，或早抽穗的水稻上的厚垣孢子可能成为迟抽穗水稻的侵染源。带菌种子的调动是主要的远距离传播方式。

Chlamydosporesplayadecisiveroleinsecondaryinfection.Insouthernriceregions,chlamydosporesonearly-seasonricearethesecondaryreinfectionsourcesthatdamagelate-seasonrice,orchlamydosporesonearly-headingricemaybecomeinfectionsourcesoflate-headingrice.Themobilizationofseedswithfungiisthemainmodeofdistanttransmission.三稻曲病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut不同水稻品种间的抗性存在较明显差异。矮秆、叶片宽、角度小、枝梗数多的密穗型品种较感病，反之则较抗病；抗病性一般表现为早熟>中熟>晚熟，糯稻>籼稻>粳稻；此外，颖壳表面粗糙无茸毛的品种发病重。

Theresistanceofdifferentricecultivarsissignificantlydifferent.Densepaniclecultivarswithshortstalks,wideleaves,smallangles,andmanybranchesarepronetobesusceptible,andconversely,theyaremoreresistant.Diseaseresistanceisgenerallycharacterizedbyearlymaturity>mediummaturity>latematurity,glutinousrice>indicarice>japonicarice.Inaddition,cultivarswithroughandfluffyglumesurfacesaremoreaffected.

在水稻孕穗至抽穗期，连续低温、多雨、日照少，有利于发病。长期灌水过深，田水落干过迟病害发生严重。施氮肥过量，尤其在穗期追施氮肥过多的田块发病加重。

Ricebootingandheadingstagesmeetingwithperiodiclowtemperatures,rain,andlittlesunshineareconducivetothedisease.Theseverityofthediseaseismostlikelytooccurinlong-termandtoo-deepirrigationandtoolatedriedbedsoilinthefieldwater.Excessiveapplicationofnitrogenfertilizer,especiallyinfieldswithexcessiveapplicationoftopdressingofnitrogenfertilizerattheheadingstageaggravatesthedisease.三稻曲病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut（四）防治措施

ControlMeasures

（1）选育和种植抗病品种：选用抗病品种是防治稻曲病最经济有效的方法。如在重庆市区域内的主栽品种中，准两优527、K优88、金优725、岗优615、D优162、汕优149等品种病穗率、病粒率都较低，说明这些品种具有一定的抗病能力。

(1)Select,breedandplantdisease-resistantcultivars:Selectingdisease-resistantcultivarsisthemostcost-efficientandeffectivewaytocontrolricefalsesmut.Forexample,amongthemaincultivarsinChongqing,thecultivarsincludingZhiliangyou527,KYou88,Jinyou725,Gangyou615,DYou162,andShanyou149havealowdiseasedearrateanddiseasedgrainrate,indicatingthatsuchcultivarshadcertaindiseaseresistance.

（2）加强栽培管理：建立无病留种田，避免在发病田繁殖或制种。合理密植，适时移栽或适当提前播种，使抽穗期避开适宜发病的天气条件。在施肥上应施足基肥，早施追肥，合理使用氮、磷、钾肥，增强稻株抗病能力，切忌迟施、偏施氮肥。降低田间湿度，提高水稻的抗病性。

(2)Strengthencultivationmanagement:Establishdisease-freeseedfieldstoavoidreproductionorseedproductionindiseasedfields.Conductreasonablydenseplanting,timelytransplanting,orappropriateearlysowing,sothattheheadingstageavoidstheweatherconditionssuitablefordisease.Applysufficientbasefertilizer,applytopdressingearly,andproperlyusenitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumfertilizerstoenhancethediseaseresistanceofriceplants.Lateapplicationofortoomuchnitrogenfertilizersshouldbeavoided.Reducefieldhumidityandimprovediseaseresistanceofrice.三稻曲病绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceFalseSmut（3）药剂防治

Chemicalcontrol

①种子处理：选用经包衣处理的抗病良种和无菌稻种。带病种谷应在播种前用10％盐水选种，淘汰病粒，同时进行种子消毒，具体方法：用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1000倍液，早、中稻浸种2d，晚稻浸种1d；40％福尔马林50倍液或0.5％硫酸铜浸种或闷种3h。用以上药剂浸过的种子，要用清水洗净药液后，再催芽播种。

①Seedtreatment:Selectcoatedandresistantimprovedcultivarsandsterilericecultivars.Thediseasedseedgrainshouldbeselectedandeliminatedwith10%salinebeforesowingandseeddisinfectionshouldbeperformedatthesametime.Specificmethodsareasfollows:Use1:1,000dilutionof50%carbendazimwettablepowdertosoakearly-andmid-seasonricefor2daysandlate-seasonricefor1day;oruse1:50dilutionof40%formalinor0.5%coppersulfatetosoakorsmotherse