阿尔兹海默病英文

演讲人：日期：阿尔兹海默病英文Alzheimer'sDisease:AnIntroductionSymptomsandDiagnosisofAlzheimer'sPathophysiologyofAlzheimer'sDiseaseTreatmentOptionsforAlzheimer'sDiseaseCaringforIndividualswithAlzheimer'sCopingwithAlzheimer'sDisease目录01Alzheimer'sDisease:AnIntroduction01Alzheimer'sdisease(AD)isaprogressiveneurogenerativedisorderthataffectsmultiplebrainfunctions,includingmemory,thinking,andbehavior02Itisthemostcommoncauseofdementia,accountingforanestimated60-80%ofallcases03ADischaracterizedbytheaccumulationofamyloidplaquesandneuroendocrinetanksinthebrain,whichleadstothedeathofnervecellsandlossofbraintissueDefinitionandBackgroundHistoryandDiscoveryThediseasewasfirstdescribedbyGermanpsychiatristandneuropathologyAloisAlzheimerin1906Heidentifiedthediseaseinawomanwhoshowedsymptomsofmemoryloss,languageproblems,andunpredictablebehaviorSincethen,researchonADhasgrownexponentially,leadingtoadvantagesindiagnosis,treatment,andunderstandingofthediseaseAlzheimer'sdiseaseeffectsmilesofpeopleworldwide,withthenumberexpectedtoriseasthepopulationagesTheeconomicandsocialcostsofADaresignificant,affectingnotonlytheindividualswiththediseasebutalsotheirfamiliesandcaregiversThereiscurrentlynocureforAD,buttreatmentsareavailabletohelpmanagesymptomsandimprovequalityoflifeItisamajorcauseofdisabilityanddependencyamongolderadultsPrevalenceandImpact02SymptomsandDiagnosisofAlzheimer'sMemoryLossOneoftheearliestandmostcommonsignsofAlzheimer'sismemoryloss,specificallyshorttermmemoryThiscanmanifestaspredictingrecentevents,conversations,orappointmentsDiversitywithFamilyTasksPeoplewithAlzheimer'smayhavetroublecompletingdailytasksthattheyhavedoneforyears,soascookingafamilyrecipeordrivingtoafamilylocationLanguageProblemsTheymayhavedifficultyfindingtherightwordorunderstandingwhatothersaresayingTheymayalsorepeatthemselvesorhavetroublefollowingaconversationEarlySignsandSymptomsModerateStageAsthediseaseprogresses,symptomsbecomemoreseverePeoplewithAlzheimer'smayhavemorediverserecognizingfamilyandfriends,comefusedaboutwheretheyareorwhatdayitis,andhaveincreasingtroublewithself-careMultipleStageInthelaterstagesofthedisease,peoplewithAlzheimer'smaylosetheabilitytospeak,walk,andevenswallowTheymayalsocomeintocontactandhavediversesleepingMemorylossandfusionbecomesevere,andtheymayneedfulltimecareProgressionoftheDiseaseMedicalHistoryandPhysicalExamThedoctorwillaskabouttheperson'ssymptoms,medicalhistory,andanyfamilyhistoryofdementiaTheywillalsoconductaphysicalexamtoruleoutotherpossiblecausesofthesymptomsMentalStatusTestingThedoctormayadministerabriefmentalstatustesttoassesstheperson'smemory,problemsolvingability,andothercognitivefunctionsBrainImagingIfthedoctorlooksatAlzheimer's,theymayorderbrainimagingtestssuchasaCTscanorMRItolookforsignsofthedisease,suchasatmosphereofcentralbrainregionsDiagnosticCriteriaandProceduresBloodtestsBloodtestsmaybeorderedtoruleoutotherpossiblecausesofdementia,suchasvitamindeficienciesorthyroidproblemsDiagnosticCriteriaandProcedures03PathophysiologyofAlzheimer'sDiseaseBrainChangesAssociatedwithADAlzheimer'sdiseaseischaracterizedbythelossofneuronsandsynapticdysfunctionsinspecificareasofthebrain,specificallyinthehippocampusandcortexNeuronLossandSynapticDysfunctionThesearethetwohallmarkbrainlesionsfoundinAlzheimer'sdiseaseAmyloidplaquesaredepositsofaproteinfragmentcalledbetaamyloid,whileneurofibrillarytanksaretwistedfibersofaproteincalledtauthataccumulateinsidebraincellsAmyloidPlaquesandNeurobriberyTanglesAcetylcholineDeficiencyOneoftheearliestchangesseeninAlzheimer'sdiseaseisareductionintheleveloftheneurotransmitterAcetylcholine,whichisimportantformemoryandlearningOtherNeurotransmitterChangesInadditiontoacetylcholine,otherneurotransmitterssuchasserotonin,norepinephrine,anddopaminemayalsobeaffectedinAlzheimer'sdisease,contributingtothecognitiveandbehavioralsymptomsRoleofNeurotransmittersinADGeneticRiskFactorsMutationsincancergenes,suchastheAPOE4gene,havebeenidentifiedasriskfactorsfordevelopingAlzheimer'sdiseaseHowever,itisimportanttonotethatgeneticsonedoesnotdeterminewhichsomeonewilldeveloptheissueEnvironmentalFactorsEnvironmentalfactorssuchaseducationlevel,lifestylechoices(e.g.,dieandexercise),andexposuretotoxinsorinfectionsmayalsoplayaroleinthedevelopmentofAlzheimer'sdiseaseAdditionally,vascularriskfactorssuchashypertensionanddiabeteshavebeenlinkedtoanincreasedriskofcognitivedepressionanddementiaGeneticandEnvironmentalFactors04TreatmentOptionsforAlzheimer'sDiseaseAcetylcholinesteraseinhibitorsThesedrugsworkbyincreasingthelevelsofacetylcholine,achemicalmessengerinvolvedinlearningandmemoryTheyarecommonlyusedtotreatmilltomodelAlzheimer'sdiseaseN-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)antagonistsThesedrinkstargetglucose,anotherchemicalmessengerinthebrainTheyareusedtotreatmodeledtosevereAlzheimer'sdisease,specificallyincaseswheretherearebehavioraldisturbancesOthertreatmentsDependenceonthesymptomspresented,othertreatmentssuchasantidepressants,antipsychotics,orantianxietydrinksmaybesubscribedtomanageaccompanyingpsychologicalsymptomsPharmaceuticalTreatmentsThisinvolvesactivitiesthatstimulatethinking,memory,andproblem-solvingskillsComputerizedcognitivetrainingprograms,forexample,havebeenshowntoimprovecognitivefunctionsinsomeindividualswithAlzheimer'sdiseaseRegularphysicalexercisehasbeenshowntoimproveoverallhealthandwellbeing,andmayalsohaveapositiveimpactoncognitivefunctionsinindividualswithAlzheimer'sdiseaseMaintainingsocialconnectionsandengaginginmeaningfulactivitiescanhelpindividualswithAlzheimer'sdiseasefeelmoreconnectedandlessisolatedCognitivetrainingPhysicalexerciseSocialinteractionNonpharmacologicalinterventionsHerbalremedies:Someherbs,suchasginkgobiloba,havebeenstudiedfortheirpotentialtoimprovecognitivefunctionsinindividualswithAlzheimer'sdiseaseHowever,theresultsofthesestudieshavebeenmixedandmoreresearchisneededAromatherapyandmass:ThesetherapiescanhelpindividualswithAlzheimer'sdiseasereleaseandreducestresslevelsTheymayalsoimprovemoodandoverallsenseofwellbeingAcquisition:Acquisitionhasbeenusedtotreatavarietyofconditions,includingAlzheimer'sdiseaseWhilethereislimitedresearchonitseffectivenessfortreatingAlzheimer'sspecifically,somestudiessuggestthatitmayhelpimprovecognitivefunctionsandreducebehavioralsymptomsAlternativeTherapy05CaringforIndividualswithAlzheimer'sManagingBehavioralChangesCaregiversoffacechallengesinmanagingthebehavioralchangesthatcomewithAlzheimer's,suchasaging,anxiety,andescalationCopingwithCommunicationDiversityAsthediseaseprogresses,individualswithAlzheimer'smayhavediversecommunication,whichcanbefrictionalandisolatingforboththecaregiverandtheindividualBalancingCarewithOtherResponsibilitiesCaregiversoftenhavetobalancecareforanindividualwithAlzheimer'swithotherresponsibilities,suchaswork,family,andself-careChallengesFacedbyCaregiversStrategiesforEffectiveCaregivingCaregiversshouldusesimpleandclearlanguagewhencommunicatingwithindividualswithAlzheimer's,avoidingcomplexorabstractconceptsUsingSimpleandClearCommunicationItisessentialtocreateasafeandsecureenvironmentforindividualswithAlzheimer's,freefromwizardsandwitheasyaccesstonecessaryitemsProvidingaSafeEnvironmentAconsistentroutecanhelpindividualswithAlzheimer'sfeelmoresecureandlessfusedEstablishingaRouteSupportGroupsJoiningasupportgroupcanprovidecaregiverswithemotionalsupport,practicaladvice,andasenseofcommunityEducationalMaterialsTherearemanyeducationalmaterialsavailableonAlzheimer'sdisease,includingbooks,websites,andvideos,thatcanhelpcaregiversunderstandthediseaseanditsprogressionRespiteCareRespitecare,orshorttermcareprovidedbyanotherperson,cangivecaregiversabreakfromtheircaringresponsibilitiesandallowthemtimetorestandrecoverResourcesandSupportforCaregiversProfessionalHelpCaregiversmayalsobenefitfromseekingprofessionalhelp,suchascoachingortherapy,toscopewiththeemotionalandphysicaldemandsofcaregivingResourcesandSupportforCaregivers06CopingwithAlzheimer'sDiseaseDealingwithDental01Itiscommonforindividualstodenytheirdiagnosis