2016年山东大学硕士研究生入学考试《翻译英语》真题及详解

PAGEPAGE12016年山东大学硕士研究生入学考试《翻译英语》真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Hefeltthattheuninspiringroutineofofficeworkwastoo______forsomeoneofhistalentandcreativity.（分数：2.00）A.prosaic√B.insatiableC.exactingD.enthralling【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。根据空前的uninspiringroutineofofficework(让人提不起精神的办公室日常工作)可知，他觉得工作过于平淡乏味，故答案为prosaic(平淡无奇的，乏味的)。insatiable意为"贪得无厌的，不能满足的"；exacting意为"要求严格的，要求高的"；enthralling意为"迷人的，非常有趣的"。2.Themuseumarrangedthefossilsin______order,placingtheolderfossilsdatingfromtheLateIceAgeonthefirstfloorandthemorerecentfossilsonthesecondfloor.（分数：2.00）A.alphabeticalB.chronological√C.randomD.arbitrary【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。根据空后的theolder…onthefirstfloor和themorerecent…onthesecondfloor可知，博物馆是把化石按一定时间或年代顺序排列的，故答案为chronological(按时间先后顺序排列的，按年代先后顺序排列的)。alphabetical意为"按字母顺序的"。random意为"任意的，随机的"。arbitrary意为"随意的，任意的；专断的，武断的，专制的"。句意为：博物馆将化石按年代顺序排列，把发现于冰川时代晚期的古老化石放在第一层，把发现于更近时期的化石放在第二层。3.Withtheevolutionofwings,insectswereableto______tothefarecologicalcorners,acrossdesertsandbodiesofwater,toreachnewfoodsourcesandinhabitawidervarietyofpromisingenvironmentalniches.（分数：2.00）A.relateB.disperse√C.transgressD.revert【解析】本题考查动词辨析。根据空后的thefarecologicalcoiners(远方的生态角落)和deserts(沙漠)，bodiesofwater(水域)，newfoodsources(新的食物源)判断，昆虫能够到达这些地方，只有disperse(分散，驱散)符合语义，故为答案。relate意为"有关联；认同"。transgress意为"违背，违反(社会规范或道德准则)"。revert意为"恢复，回复(到以前的状态、制度或行为)"。4.HavingrecentlymissedoutontheMatisseretrospective,whichhastakenParisandNewYorkbystorm,andonthetourofgreatpaintingsfromPhiladelphia'sBarnescollection,Londonisbecoming______inthecompetitiontoshowblockbusterinternationalartexhibitions.（分数：2.00）A.atrend-setterB.analso-ran√C.aworld-beaterD.amecca【解析】本题考查名词辨析。根据题意"因最近已错过轰动巴黎和纽约的马蒂斯回顾展以及来自费城巴尼斯收藏的伟大画作巡回展，伦敦正在……"可知，答案为analso-ran(失败者，落选者)。trend-setter意为"领导新潮流的人"；world-beater意为"举世无双的人(或物)，天下无敌的人(或物)"；mecca，意为"众人向往之地"。5.Whatmost______themagazine'scriticsisthemannerinwhichitseditorialopinionsareexpressedtoooftenasifonlyanidiotcouldseethingsanyotherway.（分数：2.00）A.beliesB.impedesC.riles√D.placates【解析】本题考查动词辨析。分析句子结构可知，inwhich引导的定语从句修饰先行词themanner，从句中说明了编者表达观点的频率太频繁，就好像只有白痴才有其他的见解一样，这种方式应是激怒该杂志评论员的原因，故答案为[C]rile(激怒，使非常生气)。belie意为"掩饰，遮掩；显示……不真实"。impede意为"阻碍，妨碍，阻止"；placate意为"使平静，安抚，抚慰"。6.Despitehercompassionatenature,thenewnomineetotheSupremeCourtwassingle-mindedand______inherstrictadherencetotheletterofthelaw.（分数：2.00）A.mercifulB.uncompromising√C.dilatoryD.vindictive【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。根据空格前的single-minded(一心一意的，专心致志的)和空格后的herstrictadherencetotheletterofthelaw(她严格遵守法律条文)可知，空格处所填词意思应与single-minded相近，故[B]uncompromising(不让步的，不妥协的，坚定的)符合语义，为答案。merciful意为"仁慈的，宽大的"；dilatory意为"拖延的，拖拉的，延误的"；vindictive意为"报复(性)的，怀恨在心的"。7.Althoughhegenerallyobservedtheadage"Lookbeforeyouleap,"inthisinstancehewas______actinginanunconsideredfashion.（分数：2.00）A.charyofB.impervioustoC.precipitatein√D.hesitantabout【解析】本题考查形容词短语辨析。根据空前的转折连词although，以及lookbeforeyouleap(三思而后行)可知，本空所填短语应表示与"Lookbeforeyouleap"相反的意思，故答案为precipitatein。precipitate意为"(行动或决定)仓促的，贸然的，突然的"。becharyof意为"对……小心的，对……谨慎的"。beimperviousto意为"不受……的影响；对……无动于衷"。beprecipitatein意为"草率做……；仓促做……"。behesitantabout意为"对做……迟疑不决"。8.Surroundedbyaretinueofsycophantswhoinvariably______hersinging,Callasweariedoftheconstantadulationandlongedforhonestcriticism.（分数：2.00）A.orchestratedB.thwartedC.assailedD.extolled√【解析】本题考查动词辨析。根据空前的sycophants(谄媚者，拍马屁者)，以及空后的constantadulation(不断的奉承)和longedforhonestcriticism(渴望得到诚恳的批评)可知，空格处所填词应表示"夸奖，赞美"之意，故答案为extolled(赞美，颂扬，吹捧)。orchestrate意为"将(乐曲)编配成管弦乐曲"；thwart意为"阻挠，阻碍"；assail意为"强烈指责"。9.Thereisnothing______orprovisionalaboutMoore'searlycriticalpronouncements;shedealsconfidentlywithwhatwerethenradicalnewdevelopmentsinpoetry.（分数：2.00）A.tentative√B.positiveC.dogmaticD.shallow【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。根据空后的orprovisionalabout可知，空格处应填与provisional(临时的，暂时的，暂定的)意义相近的词，故答案为tentative((协议、计划、安排等)暂行的，临时的，试探性的)。positive意为"确实的，明确的"；dogmatic意为"教条的，武断的"；shallow意为"(指人、作品、思想等)肤浅的，浅薄的"。10.She______thechancetospendawholedaywithherfather.（分数：2.00）A.jumpedonB.jumpedat√C.jumpedwithD.jumpedup【解析】本题考查动词短语辨析。根据空后的thechance可知，此处应表示接受机会，故答案为jumpedat(迫不及待地接受(机会)，欣然应承(建议或机会))。jumpon意为"突然袭击，毫不犹豫地批评"；jumpwith意为"与……一致"；jumpup意为"迅速上升"。11.Shepointedoutthathisresumewas______becauseitmerelyrecordedhispreviouspositionsandfailedtohighlightthespecificskillshehadmasteredineachjob.（分数：2.00）A.disinterestedB.inadequate√C.conclusiveD.obligatory【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。根据原因状语从句中"他的简历只是记录了他之前的职位，并没有突出他在每一份工作中的特殊技能"可知，他的简历是不充分的，故答案为inadequate(不充分的，不足的；不能胜任的)。disinterested意为"公正的，无私的；不感兴趣的，不关心的，冷漠的"。conclusive意为"确定的，毫无疑问的，不容置疑的"。obligatory意为"(按照规定或法律)必须履行的，强制性的；习惯性的，礼节性的"。12.Becauseitwasalreadyknownthatretrovirusescouldcausecancerinanimals,itseemedonly______tosearchforsimilarcancer-causingvirusesinhumanbeings.（分数：2.00）A.culpableB.charitableC.hypotheticalD.logical√【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。分析句意可知，"已证实逆转录病毒能够让动物致癌"，那么"寻找类似使人致癌的病毒"应该是顺理成章的，故答案为logical((结论或结果)逻辑上必然的，顺理成章的)。culpable意为"应受责备的，难辞其咎的"。charitable意为"仁慈的，宽容的；慈善的"。hypothetical意为"假设的，假定的"。13.Her______isalwaysasourceofirritation;sheneverusesasinglewordwhenshecansubstitutealongclauseorphraseinitsplace.（分数：2.00）A.frivolityB.verbosity√C.ambivalenceD.cogency【解析】本题考查名词辨析。根据冒号后的内容"她从不用一个字代替长句或短语"判断，应该是她说话过于唠叨，故答案为verbosity，意为"冗长，哕唆，唠叨"。frivolity意为"轻浮的举止，无聊的活动"。ambivalence意为"摇摆，犹豫；矛盾情绪，矛盾心理"。cogency意为"(理论、议论等的)说服力，中肯切题"。14.Itisfutiletotrytodestroypestscompletelywithchemicalpoisons,foraseachnewchemicalpesticideisintroduced,theinsectsgraduallybecome______toit.（分数：2.00）A.drawnB.vulnerableC.resistant√D.indifferent【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。逗号前的句子提到"试图用化学毒药完全清除害虫是徒劳的"，由此推断，每次使用新的化学杀虫剂，昆虫都会逐渐产生抗体，这也是无法根除的原因，故答案为resistant(抵抗的，抗……的，耐……的)。drawn意为"(人或人脸)清瘦的，憔悴的"。vulnerable意为"易感染(某种疾病)的，易患病的；脆弱的；易受影响的"。indifferent意为"冷漠的，不关心的，不积极的；(水平或质量)一般的，平庸的"。15.Ms.Onorarelygivesinterviewsbecauseshebelievesthenewsmediahave______herandtreatedherbadly.（分数：2.00）A.publicizedB.misrepresented√C.eulogizedD.acclaimed【解析】本题考查动词辨析。根据"小野女士很少接受采访，因为她认为新闻媒体对她不好"推断，新闻媒体对她报道不实，四个选项中只有misrepresented(误述，对……做不准确的叙述，歪曲)符合语义，故为答案。publicize意为"宣传，宣扬，推广"；eulogize意为"歌颂，赞美"；acclaim意为"称赞，赞扬"。16.Totemcraftsmanshipreachedits______inthe19thcentury,whentheintroductionofmetaltoolsenabledcarverstoexecutemoresophisticateddesigns.（分数：2.00）A.apex√B.conclusionC.antithesisD.reward【解析】本题考查名词辨析。主语Totemcraftsmanship(图腾技艺)表示物，后面的定语从句"金属工具的推行让雕刻师能够完成更复杂的设计"，由此推断，应表示这门技艺达到了顶峰，故答案为apex(顶峰)。conclusion意为"结论，推论"，reachaconclusion意为"得出结论"。antithesis意为"对比，对照；对立面"。reward意为"报答；奖赏；报酬"。17.Asdelicateand______asinsectbodiesare,itisremarkablethatovertheagesenoughofthemhave______,preservedinamber,forscientiststotraceinsectevolution.（分数：2.00）A.beautiful;disappearedB.fragile;survived√C.impervious;multipliedD.refined;awakened【解析】本题考查形容词和动词辨析。第一空根据空前的and可知，空格处所填词应表示和delicate(娇弱的；纤细的)含义相近的词。四个选项中，只有[B]项中的fragile(虚弱的；脆弱的)符合语义。第二空根据后面的scientiststotraceinsectevolution(科学家追溯昆虫的进化)判断，只有存活下来的昆虫才能供科学家研究，故本空只能填survived(活下来，幸存，继续存在)，故答案为[B]项。18.Unfortunately,thecurrentBroadwayseasonofferssome______farethatsoundsmarkedlylikeimitationsofprevioushits.（分数：2.00）A.epicB.radicalC.formulaic√D.incongruous【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。根据空后的"听起来明显是对之前的热点的模仿"可知，没有变化或新意的，即是程式化的，故答案为formulaic(程式化的，俗套的，非独创的)。epic意为"史诗般的；壮丽的，宏大的"。radical意为"根本的，基本的；激进的"。incongruous意为"不相称的，不和谐的"。19.Forthosewhoadmirerealism,LouisMalle'srecentfilmsucceedsbecauseitconsciouslyshunsthestuffoflegendandtells______storyasitmightactuallyunfoldwithfalliblepeopleinearthlytime.（分数：2.00）A.aderivativeB.anantiquatedC.anunembellished√D.anethereal【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。根据空前的admirerealism(欣赏现实主义)和shunsthestuffoflegend(刻意避开坊间传奇的那些事儿)判断，空格处应填与realism相近、与legend相反含义的词，故答案为unembellished(未装饰的，未修饰的)。derivative意为"模仿他人的，缺乏创意的"；antiquated意为"过时的，陈旧的，老式的"；ethereal意为"缥缈的，超凡的"。这三项均不符合语义，故排除。20.Crabeaterseal,thecommonnameofLobodoncar-cinophagus,isa______,sincetheanimal'sstapledietisnotcrabs,butkrill.（分数：2.00）A.pseudonymB.misnomer√C.delusionD.digression【解析】本题考查名词辨析。根据空格后的"因为食蟹海豹(crabeaterseal)的基本食物不是螃蟹，而是磷虾"判断，"crabeaterseal"这个名称属于用词不当，故答案为[B]项misnomer(用词不当，使用不当的名称，误称)。pseudonym意为"假名，笔名"；delusion意为"错觉，谬见，妄想"；digression意为"离题，偏离主题"。二、ReadingComprehension(总题数：4，分数：30.00)Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers'intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,ofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.（分数：10.00）(1).Accordingtothepassage,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTto______.（分数：2.00）A.speedupthecreationofasolutiontoaproblemB.identifyaproblemC.bringtogetherdisparatefactsD.stipulatecleargoals√【解析】事实细节题。根据题干中的seniormanagersuseintuition将本题出处定位于第三段。本段第二句指出，高级管理者至少通过五种明确的方式利用直觉。下文分别指出这五种方式：一是高级管理者会直觉地察觉何时会存在问题；二是高级管理者依赖于直觉来快速完成熟知的行为模式；三是高级管理者利用直觉将孤立的数据和行为整合成一幅完整的影像；四是高级管理者利用直觉来检验更为理性分析的结果；五是高级管理者利用直觉来绕开深入的分析，快速得到一种貌似可信的解决方法。[A]项、[B]项和[C]项都属于这五种方式，故答案为[D]项。(2).Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthe"writersonmanagement"mentionedinParagraph2?（分数：2.00）A.Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis.B.Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.C.Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo.D.Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.√【解析】事实细节题。第二段指出，好几代的管理学作者早就注意到实践当中一些管理者对直觉的依赖很强。不过总的来说，这些作者并未理解直觉是什么。有些人将它视为理性的对立面；有些人则认为它是反复无常的一个借口。由此可知，一些"管理学作者"对管理者所利用的直觉认识不足，故答案为[D]项。(3).Whichofthefollowingbestexemplifies"an'Aha!'experience"inparagraphthreeasitispresentedinthepassage?（分数：2.00）A.Amanagerriskstakinganactionwhoseoutcomeisunpredictabletodiscoverwhethertheactionchangestheproblemathand.B.Amanagerperformswell-learnedandfamiliarbehaviorpatternsincreativeanduncharacteristicwaystosolveaproblem.C.Amanagersuddenlyconnectsseeminglyunrelatedfactsandexperiencestocreateapatternrelevanttotheproblemathand.√D.Amanagerrapidlyidentifiesthemethodologyusedtocompiledatayieldedbysystematicanalysis.【解析】事实细节题。第三段第六句指出，直觉的第三种作用就是能将孤立的数据和行为整合成一幅完整的影像，这通常会表现为一种"Aha!"式的体验。"Aha!"在这里表示恍然大悟的。由此可知，"an'Aha!'experience"在这里表示，管理者通过整合孤立的数据和行为的方法在意想不到的情况下找出了解决方法，故答案为[C]项。(4).Accordingtothepassage,theclassicalmodelofdecisionanalysisincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.creationofpossiblesolutionstoaproblemB.establishmentofcleargoalstobereachedbythedecisionC.actionundertakeninordertodiscovermoreinformationaboutaproblem√D.comparisonoftheprobableeffectsofdifferentsolutionstoaproblem【解析】事实细节题。根据题干中的classical将本题出处定位于第一段第一句。本句指出大多数成功的高级管理者并不拘泥于传统的理性处理模式。本句中of后的内容是对theclassicalrationalmodel的解释说明，即传统的理性处理模式是首先确定目标，然后评估问题，想出各种可能性，估计成功率，作出决定，最后再付诸行动。[A]项、[B]项和[D]项都符合传统的理性处理模式，只有[C]项不符合，故为答案。(5).Thepassageprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements?（分数：2.00）A.Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis.B.Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.√C.Managers'intuitionworkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.D.Logicalanalysisofaproblemincreasesthenumberofpossiblesolutions.【解析】事实细节题。第一段指出大多数成功的高级管理者并不拘泥于传统的理性处理模式，相反，他们依赖于直觉来作出一系列的决定。第三段中主要指出了管理者利用直觉的五种明确方式。而这些直觉是在多年的实践磨炼和亲身体验所培养出的技能的基础上形成的。即直觉使管理者能够更有效地利用自己的经验，故答案为[B]项。Forsometimescientistshavebelievedthatcholesterolplaysamajorroleinheartdiseasebecausepeoplewithfamilialhypercholesterolemia,ageneticdefect,havesixtoeighttimesthenormallevelofcholesterolintheirbloodandtheyinvariablydevelopheartdisease.Thesepeoplelackcell-surfacereceptorsforlow-densitylipoproteins(LDL's),whicharethefundamentalcarriersofbloodcholesteroltothebodycellsthatusecholesterol.Withoutanadequatenumberofcell-surfacereceptorstoremoveLDL'sfromtheblood,thecholesterol-carryingLDL'sremainintheblood,increasingbloodcholesterollevels.ScientistsalsonoticedthatpeoplewithfamilialhypercholesterolemiaappeartoproducemoreLDL'sthannormalindividuals.How,scientistswondered,couldageneticmutationthatcausesaslowdownintheremovalofLDL'sfromthebloodalsoresultinanincreaseinthesynthesisofthischolesterol-carryingprotein?Sincescientistscouldnotexperimentonhumanbodytissue,theirknowledgeoffamilialhypercholesterolemiawasseverelylimited.However,abreakthroughcameinthelaboratoriesofYoshioWatanabeofKobeUniversityinJapanin1980.Watanabenoticedthatamalerabbitinhiscolonyhadtentimesthenormalconcentrationofcholesterolinitsblood.Byappropriatebreeding,Watanabeobtainedastrainofrabbitsthathadveryhighcholesterollevels.Theserabbitsspontaneouslydevelopedheartdisease.Tohissurprise,Watanabefurtherfoundthattherabbits,likehumanswithfamilialhypercholesterolemia,lackedLDLreceptors.Thus,scientistscouldstudytheseWatanaberabbitstogainabetterunderstandingoffamilialhypercholesterolemiainhumans.PriortothebreakthroughatKobeUniversity,itwasknownthatLDL'saresecretedfromtheliverintheformofaprecursor,calledverylow-densitylipoproteins(VLDL's),whichcarrytriglyceridesaswellasrelativelysmallamountsofcholesterol.ThetriglyceridesareremovedfromtheVLDL'sbyfattyandothertissues.Whatremainsisaremnantparticlethatmustberemovedfromtheblood.WhatscientistslearnedbystudyingtheWatanaberabbitsisthattheremovaloftheVLDLremnantrequirestheLDLreceptor.Normally,themajorityoftheVLDLremnantsgototheliverwheretheybindtoLDLreceptorsandaredegraded.IntheWatanaberabbit,duetoalackofLDLreceptorsonlivercells,theVLDLremnantsremaininthebloodandareeventuallyconvertedtoLDL's.TheLDLreceptorsthushaveadualeffectincontrollingLDLlevels.TheyarenecessarytopreventoversynthesisofLDL'sfromVLDLremnantsandtheyarenecessaryforthenormalremovalofLDL'sfromtheblood.Withthisknowledge,scientistsarenowwellonthewaytowarddevelopingdrugsthatdramaticallylowercholesterollevelsinpeopleafflictedwithcertainformsoffamilialhypercholesterolemia.（分数：10.00）(1).Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith______.（分数：2.00）A.presentingahypothesisanddescribingcompellingevidenceinsupportofitB.raisingaquestionanddescribinganimportantdiscoverythatledtoananswer√C.showingthatacertaingeneticallycauseddiseasecanbetreatedeffectivelywithdrugsD.explainingwhatcausesthegeneticmutationthatleadstoheartdisease【解析】主旨大意题。第一段大部分内容都在解释心脏病与胆固醇之间的关系，在最后一句提出问题：科学家们疑惑，引起血液中低密度脂蛋白去除速度降低的基因突变如何使携带胆固醇的蛋白的合成升高?最后一段第四至八句则对这一问题作出了解释。由此可知，本文作者首先提出了一个问题，然后通过一项实验室研究结果对这一问题作出了回答，故答案为[B]项。(2).Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassagesupplyinformationtoanswer?（分数：2.00）A.Whichbodycellsaretheprimaryusersofcholesterol?B.HowdidscientistsdiscoverthatLDL'saresecretedfromtheliverintheformofaprecursor?C.WhereinthebodyareVLDLremnantsdegraded?√D.Whichbodytissuesproducetriglycerides?【解析】事实细节题。第三段第五句指出，通常来讲，大部分超低密度脂蛋白残留物都到达了肝脏，在那里它们与低密度脂蛋白受体结合，并被分解，故答案为[C]项。(3).Accordingtothepassage,bystudyingtheWatanaberabbitsscientistslearnedthat______.（分数：2.00）A.VLDLremnantsareremovedfromthebloodbyLDLreceptorsintheliver√B.LDL'saresecretedfromtheliverintheformofprecursorscalledVLDL'sC.VLDLremnantparticlescontainsmallamountsofcholesterolD.LDLreceptorsremoveLDL'sfromtheblood【解析】事实细节题。根据题干中的bystudyingtheWatanaberabbits将本题出处定位于第三段第四句。本句指出，通过研究Watanabe兔子，科学家们发现，要去除超低密度脂蛋白残留物需要低密度脂蛋白受体。通过第六句可知，因为肝脏细胞缺少低密度脂蛋白受体，超低密度脂蛋白残留物就一直存在兔子的血液中，并最终转化为低密度脂蛋白。结合这两句可知，肝脏中的低密度脂蛋白受体能够去除血液中的超低密度脂蛋白残留物，故答案为[A]项。(4).Thedevelopmentofdrugtreatmentsforsomeformsoffamilialhypercholesterolemiaisregardedbytheauthoras______.（分数：2.00）A.highlyprobable√B.interesting,buttoocostlytobepracticalC.promising,butmanyyearsoffD.extremelyunlikely【解析】观点态度题。根据题干中的drug将本题出处定位于第三段最后一句。本句指出，有了这些知识，科学家们现在正在朝着研制出治疗药物的方向努力，且进展顺利，这些药物能够急剧降低受到家族性高胆固醇血症困扰的人血液中的胆固醇含量。由wellontheway可推断，作者认为研制出药物是非常有可能的，故答案为[A]项。(5).InwhichofthefollowingwaysdoesthepassageimplythatWatanaberabbitsdifferfromnormalrabbits?（分数：2.00）A.WatanaberabbitshavemoreLDLreceptorsthandonormalrabbits.B.ThebloodofWatanaberabbitscontainsmoreVLDLremnantsthandoesthebloodofnormalrabbits.√C.Watanaberabbitshavefewerfattytissuesthandonormalrabbits.D.WatanaberabbitssecretelowerlevelsofVLDL'sthandonormalrabbits.【解析】事实细节题。第二段第三句指出，Watanabe发现一只公兔子血液中的胆固醇浓度是标准浓度的十倍。通过第六句可知，Watanabe所饲养的这些兔子缺少低密度脂蛋白受体。而通过第三段第四句可知，低密度脂蛋白受体又是去除超低密度脂蛋白残留物所必需的。结合这三句内容可知，Watanabe饲养的兔子比普通兔子缺少低密度脂蛋白受体，从而其血液中的超低密度脂蛋白残留物要多于其他兔子，故答案为[B]项。DavidMaranisschokedupwhenhesawthetwo-minuteChrysleradvertisementduringtheSuperBowl,theannualfootballextravaganza,withitsimagesofsmokestacks,iceskatersandDiegoRivera's"DetroitIndustry"murals.Suddenlyherealizedhowmuchhestillcaredforhisbirthplace,wherehespentthefirstsixandahalfyearsofhislife.Somuchsothathedecidedtowritehis12thbookaboutthecity,whenitwasatthepeakofitseconomic,politicalandculturalpower.Hepickedtheearly1960s,fromtheautumnof1962tothespringof1964.AtthetimeDetroitwastheeconomicengineofAmerica.InJanuary1963Lifemagazinepublishedastoryundertheheadline"GlowfromDetroitSpreadsEverywhere".ThefactoriesofFord,GeneralMotors,ChryslerandAmericanMotorswerefiringonallcylinders.Theincreaseinwomendrivers,thetrendtowardstwo-carfamilies,therisingincomeofthepost-warbabyboomersandthepromiseofforeignmarketsinspiredtremendousoptimismfortheindustry'sgrowth.Theannualmotorshowwasthebiggestandmostimportanteventofitskind,theAcademyAwardsonwheels;onoccasioneventhevice-presidentcame.Detroitwasalsoacenterofprogressivepoliticsandthecivil-rightsmovement.MrMaranissdevotesanentirechaptertoWalterReuther,thememorablebossofthemostpowerfulunion,theUnitedAutoWorkers(UAW).Hisparents,Germanimmigrants,raisedhimwithvisionsofsocialjusticeandworkers'rights.Reutherwasanidealistbutalsoapragmatist,whichmadehimenemiesontheleftaswellastheright.GeorgeRomney,theRepublicangovernorofMichiganin1963,calledhim"themostdangerousmaninDetroit"becauseofhisabilitytobringabout"therevolutionwithoutseemingtodisturbtheexistingnormsofsociety".Reutherwasconcernedwithcivilrightsalmostasmuchaswithworkers'rights.HeinvitedMartinLutherKingtotheUAW's25th-anniversarydinnerandafterwardsdistributedcopiesofKing'sspeechtotherank-and-file.WhenhundredsofprotesterswerejailedafterKing'sBirminghamcampaignofcivildisobedience,ReutherdispatchedtwoUAWstafferswith$160,000inmoneybeltstobailthemoutofjail."ItcouldbesaidthattoasignificantdegreeDetroitanditsautoworkerswerethecivilrightsmovement'sbank,"MrMaranisswrites.InDetroitinJune1963Kingledthe"WalktoFreedom",thenthelargestcivil-rightsmarch,anddeliveredaversionofhis"IHaveaDream"speechwhichhewouldgivenineweekslaterattheLincolnMemorialinWashington,DC.ForallDetroit'sglow,thestormcloudswerealreadygatheringintheearly1960s.MrMaranisscitesastudybyWayneStateUniversityin1963thatpredictedthepopulationofDetroitwoulddropfromnearly1.7mto1.2mbetween1960and1970andcontinuetodwindle."Productivepersonswhopaytaxesaremovingoutofthecity,leavingbehindthenon-productive,"thereportnoted.Italsomentionedthatin1960Detroit'spopulationwas28.9%blackandforecastthatby1970thecitywouldbe44.3%black,pointingoutthatblackswhohadtheresourcesmovedtothesuburbs"withthesameurgencyaswhites".Thereportturnedouttobeunusuallyprescient.InspiteoftheeffortsofReuther,Cavanagh,Kingandothers,Detroitwasrockedbyoneoftheworstraceriotsinhistoryin1967.Fromthenonthepaceofthecity'sdeclinequickened.BythetimeMrMaranisswaswritinghismeticulouslyresearchedbook,whichattimesprovidesalmosttoomuchdetailfortheuninitiated,Detroithaddeclaredbankruptcy.Itspopulationwas83%black,itsworkerswerelargelyunskilledandthecity'sheadcounthadshrunkto688,000.ThecitythathadgivenAmericasomuchwasindesperateneedofhelp.（分数：4.00）(1).HowsignificantwasDetroiteconomicallyandpoliticallyintheearly1960s?（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________（正确答案：ItwastheeconomicengineofAmericaandacenterofprogressivepoliticsandthecivil-rightsmovement．）【解析】事实细节题。第一段最后一句指出，大卫．玛兰妮斯选择描写20世纪60年代早期的底特律。第二段第一句指出，这时的底特律是美国的经济引擎。第三段第一句则指出，这时的底特律是进步政治和民权运动的中心。(2).AccordingtothestudybyWayneStateUniversityin1963,howisthechangeinpopulationstructureinDetroitrelatedtothecity'sdecline?（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________（正确答案：ThestudypredictedthepopulationofDetroitwoulddrop，especiallytheproductivepersonswouldmoveoutofthecity．Anditalsomentionedthattheproportionofblackpeoplewillincrease．）【解析】事实细节题。根据题干中的thestudybyWaynestateUniversityin1963和population将本题定位在第五段。该段第二、三句指出，预计在1960-1970年间，底特律的人口由近170万人下降到120万人，以及有劳动能力的人搬出了城市。第四句讲，预计底特律的黑人人口所占的比例，将由1960年的28．9％上升到1970年的44．3％。Atfirstglancethepatriarchyappearstobethriving.Morethan90%ofpresidentsandprimeministersaremale,asarenearlyallbigcorporatebosses.Mendominatefinance,technology,films,sports,musicandevenstand-upcomedy.InmuchoftheworldtheystillenjoysocialandlegalprivilegessimplybecausetheyhaveaYchromosome.Soitmightseemoddtoworryabouttheplightofmen.Yetthereisplentyofcauseforconcern.Menclusteratthebottomaswellasthetop.Theyarefarmorelikelythanwomentobejailed,estrangedfromtheirchildren,ortokillthemselves.Theyearnfeweruniversitydegreesthanwomen.Boysinthedevelopedworldare50%morelikelytoflunkbasicmaths,readingandscienceentirely.Onegroupinparticularissuffering.Poorlyeducatedmeninrichcountrieshavehaddifficultycopingwiththeenormouschangesinthelabormarketandthehomeoverthepasthalf-century.Astechnologyandtradehavedevaluedbrawn,less-educatedmenhavestruggledtofindaroleintheworkplace.Women,ontheotherhand,aresurgingintoexpandingsectorssuchashealthcareandeducation,helpedbytheirsuperiorskills.Aseducationhasbecomemoreimportant,boyshavealsofallenbehindgirlsinschool(exceptattheverytop).Menwholosejobsinmanufacturingoftenneverworkagain.Andmenwithoutworkfindithardtoattractapermanentmate.Theresult,forlow-skilledmen,isapoisonouscombinationofnojob,nofamilyandnoprospects.Thoseonthepoliticallefttendtofocusoneconomics.Shrinkingjobopportunitiesformen,theysay,areentrenchingpovertyanddestroyingfamilies.InAmericapayformenwithonlyahigh-schoolcertificatefellby21%inrealtermsbetween1979and2013;forwomenwithsimilarqualificationsitroseby3%.Aroundafifthofworking-ageAmericanmenwithonlyahigh-schooldiplomahavenojob.Thoseontherightworryaboutthecollapseofthefamily.Thevastmajorityofwomenwouldprefertohaveapartnerwhodoeshisbitbothfinanciallyanddomestically.Buttheywouldratherdowithoutonethanteamupwithalayabout,whichmaybeallthatisonoffer:Americanmenwithoutjobsspendonlyhalfasmuchtimeonhouseworkandcaringforothersasdowomeninthesamesituation,andmuchmoretimewatchingtelevision.Hencetheunravellingofworking-classfamilies.Thetwo-parentfamily,stil