大学英语第一册教案(教师用)

Unit1GrowingUpForTeachersTeachingplan(5periods)ObjectivesStudentswillbeabletograspthemainideaandthestructureofthetext(narrationinchronologicalsequence)appreciatethenarrativeskillsdemonstratedinthetextmasterthekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetextconductaseriesofreading,listening,speakingandwritingactivitiesrelatedtothethemeoftheunit.Pre-readingtasksHaveyoulistenedtoJohnLennon’sBeautifulBoy(2minutes)Theartofeatingspaghetti(15minutes)TasksstudentssomequestionsandintroducetextA(8minutest)While-readingtasksThegraspingthestructureofthetext:circleallthetimewords;textorganizationexercise2;sumupthemainidea(15minutes)Culturalbackground:explainingtheAmericangradeschoolsystemandhowteachersaredressed.(3minutes)ExplainlanguagepointsandgivesSspractice.(60minutes)Explaingrammaticalstructures(25minutes)Textanalysisandtheme-relatedlanguagelearningtasks(32minutes)Post-readingtasks1.Thinkalone:AccordingtoMr.Fleagle,whatistheessenceoftheessay?(5minutes)2.Checkstudents’after-textexercisesandsolvesomecommonerrors(10minutes)3.Checkstudent’shomereading(textB)(3minutes)4.SsdoPartIV:Theme-relatedLanguageLearningTasksinclass(1period)5.Askthestudents’topreparethenextunit(2minutes)TextAnalysisRussellBakerisverygoodatselectingdetails(seePartIVWritingStrategy)toprovehispoint.Forexample,inPara.2hecreatesanunfavorableimageofMr.Fleaglebydescribinghis“formal,rigidandhopelesslyout-of-date”eyeglasses,hairstyle,clothes,jaw,nose,andmannerofspeaking.What’smore,RussellBakeremploysrepletionnotonlytomakeiteasyforreaderstofollowwhatheissaying,butalsotoimpressthemmoredeeply.Forexample,inPara.2,thereare9prim’sorprimly’sinasfewas3sentences!ThusreaderswillhaveintheirmindavividpictureofwhatMr.Fleaglelookedlike.AnotherexampleofsuchrepetitioncanbefoundinPara.5.CounthowmanyIwanted’sthereareinthisparagraph(thereare5!).TheyhelptoemphasizeRussellBaker’sstrongdesiretowriteforhimself.Ontheotherhand,wherethisstylisticdeviceisnotjustified,Bakerisalsoexpertinavoidingrepetitionbyemployingsynonymouswordsandphrases.Herearesomeexamples:dull,lifeless,cheerless,tediousturnout,write,compose,putdownrecapture,relivetopic,titleCulturalnotesGradeschoolsintheUS.:ItisnecessarytohavesomeknowledgeofgradeschoolsintheU.S.becauseSshavetorealizethat“thethirdyearinhighschool”(para.1)equals“theeleventhgrade”(para.9).U.S.studentsgenerallygothroughelementaryschools(kindergartento5thor6thgrade),middleschools(grades6-8)orjuniorhighsschools(grades7-9),andhighschools(grades9-12or10-12).WhatAmericanteacherswearinschool:Nowadays,peopleintheU.S.lovetodresscausally.EvenamongthosecompanieswitharigiddresscodesomenowallowemployeesnottowearsuitsonFridays.U.S.teacherswerefairlyformalclothestoschool,butnotnecessarilysuitsandties.Bowtiesareconsideredevenmoreold-fashionedthanties.Spaghettiandtheproperwayofeatingit:SpaghettiistheItalian-stylethinnoodle,cookedbboilingandservedwithsauce.Usuallyyouwouldputaforkintoaplateofspaghetti,turntheforkseveraltimessothatspaghettiwillwindaroundthefork,thenplacetheforkintoyourmouth.It’simpolitetosuck.LanguageStudyoffandon:adv.Inanintermittentmanner:sleptoffandonlastnight.possibility:Thefactorstateofbeingpossible.Somethingthatispossible.Isitapossibilitythatyouwillworkabroad?Thereisnopossibilityofhiscoming.Thenewinventioncontainswonderfulpossibilities.takehold:tostarttohaveaneffectThefeverwasbeginningtotakehold.bore:Tomakewearybybeingdull,repetitive,ortedious:Theplayboredus.I'mboredwiththisjob.It'sboretolittlechildrenhavingtogotoschooleveryday.associate:Toconnectorjointogether;combine;ToconnectinthemindorimaginationassociateonethingwithanotherWeassociateChinawiththeGreetWall.Whatdoyouassociatewithsuchaheavysnow?assignment:apieceofworkthatisgiventoaparticularpersonreceiveanassignment接收一项任务Whatistoday'sassignmentinhistory?今天历史课指定的作业是什么?Hehasgotanewassignment.他得到一项新任命。7.turnout:a.toshutoff:turnedoutthelights.b.toarriveorassemble,asforapubliceventorentertainment:Alargegroupofprotestershaveturnedout.c.Toproduce,asbyamanufacturingprocess;make:anassemblylineturningoutcars.d.Tobefoundtobe,asafterexperienceortrial:Therookieturnedouttobethebesthitterontheteam.e.Toendup;result:Thecaketurnedoutbeautifully.f.Toequip;outfit:troopsthatwereturnedoutbeautifully.g.InformalTogetoutofbed.h.Toevict;expel:Thetenantswereturnedout.agony:Thesufferingofintensephysicalormentalpain.Hislastagonywasover.他临死的挣扎已经过去了。Hewasinanagonyofremorse.他处于极端悔恨之中beinagony苦恼不安deathagony(=agonyofdeath)临死时的痛苦,垂死的挣扎inagonyofpain在痛苦的挣扎中inanagonyof处在极端...状态中assign:a.Tosetapartforaparticularpurpose;designate.分派为某一特定目的分开；指派b.Toselectforadutyoroffice;appoint.选派为某项任务或工作选派；委派c.Togiveoutasatask;allot.作为任务分出；分配d.Toascribe;attribute.归于；归属beassignedtoanewpost被派到新的工作岗位assignadayforameeting确定开会日期assignpropertytoanother把财产转让给别人assignone'sfailuretoidleness将失败归因于懒惰assignhomework留家庭作业anticipate:Toactinadvancesoastoprevent;forestall.Toforeseeandfulfillinadvance.WeanticipategreatpleasurefromourvisittoLondon.我们期待伦敦之行过得非常愉快。Weanticipatehearingfromyouagain.我们期待再接到你们的来信。Weanticipatedourcompetitorsbygettingourproductsontothemarketfirst.我们赶在竞争对手之前,先把产品推向市场。ardentlyanticipate殷切地期望confidentlyanticipate满怀信心地期望anticipatesb.'sarrivalwithmuchpleasure万分高兴地期待某人的到来。Amanwhoalwaysanticipateshisincomecanneversaveorbecomerich.总是预支工资,寅吃卯粮的人,永远不能储蓄或成为富人。Hetriedtoanticipateallmyneeds.他设法将我需要的东西预先准备好。Expect,anticipate,hope,awaitTheseverbsarerelatedinvariouswaystotheideaoflookingaheadtosomethinginthefuture.Toexpectistolookforwardtothelikelyoccurrenceorappearanceofsomeoneorsomething:Youcanexpectusforlunch.你可以等我们一起吃午饭。“WeshouldnotexpectsomethingfornothingbutwealldoandcallitHope”(EdgarW.Howe).“我们不应期待收获而不付出--相反我们应去做并称之为希望”（埃德加··何奥）。Anticipateissometimesusedasasynonymofexpect,butusuallyitinvolvesmorethanexpectation.Sometimesitreferstotakingadvanceaction,astoforestallorpreventtheoccurrenceofsomethingexpectedortomeetawishorrequestbeforeitisarticulated:<SKW>Anticipate有时被用作expect的同义词，但通常它不仅仅是期望这个意思，有时它指提前采取行动，来阻止预料中某事的发生或在一项要求或愿望说出之前使它得到满足：anticipatedtheattackandlockedthegates;预见会有袭击并锁上门；anticipatingherdesires.预先满足她的愿望。Thetermcanalsorefertohavingaforetasteofsomethingexpectedbeforeitsoccurrence:这个词也指在预料中某物的出现前就已拥有：anticipatetrouble.过早陷入麻烦。Tohopeistolookforwardwithdesireandusuallywithameasureofconfidenceinthelikelihoodofgainingwhatisdesired:Hope意思是热切期望并对获得所期待之物的可能性方面有一定的信心：Ihopetoseeyousoon.我希望不久就见到你。Hopeforthebest,butexpecttheworst.做最大的希望，但也等待最大的失望。Toawaitistowaitinexpectationof;itimpliescertainty:Await意思是满怀期望的等待；暗含肯定性：eagerlyawaitingyourletter.热切等待你的来信。tedious:Tiresomebyreasonoflength,slowness,ordullness;boring.atediousstory冗长乏味的故事tediouswork乏味的工作boring,monotonous,tedious,irksome,tiresome,humdrum.Theseadjectivesrefertowhatissolackingininterestastocausementalweariness.Boringimpliesfeelingsoflistlessnessanddiscontent:Ihadexpectedthebooktobeboring,butonthecontraryitwasfascinating.我本以为这本书很乏味，但正好相反，它竟让人着迷。Whatismonotonousboresbecauseoflackofvariety:表示monotonous的东西令人厌烦是因为缺少变化：“Thereisnothingsodesperatelymonotonousasthesea”(JamesRussellLowell).“没有东西更象大海一样单调到让人绝望了”（詹姆士·罗素·洛威尔）。Tedioussuggestsdullslownessorlong-windedness:Tedious说明令人乏味的缓慢或漫长的曲折：Whenwetravelfromcoasttocoast,wetakeaplanetoavoidspendingtediousdaysonthetrain.当从一个海滨旅行到另一个海滨时，我们乘坐飞机以避免在火车上打发无聊时光。Irksomedescribeswhatisdemandingoftimeandeffortandyetisdullandoftenunrewarding:Irksome指需要时间和努力，然而是单调而且通常是没有回报的：“Iknowandfeelwhatanirksometaskthewritingoflonglettersis”(EdmundBurke).“我知道也感到写长信是一件多么令人烦恼的任务”（埃德蒙·布克）。Somethingtiresomefatiguesbecauseitseemstobeinterminableortobemarkedbyunremittingsameness:tiresome的东西令人厌倦是因为它看起来无穷无尽或毫无变化：“Whatatiresomebeingisamanwhoisfondoftalking?(BenjaminJowett).“夸夸其谈的人多么令人讨厌”（本杰明·乔维特）。Humdrumreferstowhatiscommonplace,trivial,orunexcitinglyroutine:Humdrum指陈腐、琐碎和无趣平凡的东西：Sheledahumdrumexistenceallworkandnoplay.她过着相当单调的生活——只有工作，没有玩乐。reputation:Thegeneralestimationinwhichapersonisheldbythepublic;Thestateorsituationofbeingheldinhighesteem.;Aspecificcharacteristicortraitascribedtoapersonorthingamanofnoreputation默默无闻的人;没有声望的人apersonofreputation有信誉的人,体面的人buildupareputation博得名声ablot[smirch,stain]onone'sreputation名誉上的污点haveagood[bad]reputation名誉好[坏]haveareputationforsth.(=havethereputationof)因...而著名,以...闻名liveuptoone'sreputation不负盛名;名副其实lose[ruin]one'sreputation名誉扫地makeanevilreputationforoneself弄得声名狼藉ofgreat[good,high]reputation很有声望的,享有盛名的ofnoreputation声名狼藉的ofreputation有名望的inability:Lackofabilityormeans.employmentinability无就业能力,失业inabilitytobox丧失比赛能力inabilitytodefendoneself没有自卫能力inspire:Tofillwithenliveningorexaltingemotion:inspireanewthoughtintosb.将新思想灌输给某人inspiresb.withcourage鼓起某人的勇气inspiresth.insb.使某人产生某种感情;激发某人的某种感情inspiresb.withsth.使某人产生某种感情;激发某人的某种感情inspiresth.intosb.把某种思想灌输给某人formal:Stifflyceremoniousaformalmanner;aformalgreeting;aformalbowtothemonarch.rigid:Notflexibleorpliant;stiff.rigidinone'sviews意志坚定rigiddiscipline严格的训练rigidadherencetorules严守规则excessively:advToanadvancedorunusualdegree;extremely.过分地，过度地"Besides,excessivelylargemassesofhumanbeingsworkinginasinglegiganticbuildingoverburdenpublictransportation.""此外,许许多多的人在一幢大楼里上班工作,加重了公共交通的负担。"outofdate:nolongeruseful,correctorfashionableoutofdatetheoriesoneducationTheinformationinlastyear’stouristguideisalreadyoutofdate.prim:Preciseorpropertothepointofaffectation;excessivelydecorous.一本正经的过于准确或合适以致于造作的；过分端庄的Thoseyoungladiesaremuchtooprimandpropertoenjoysucharudejoke."那几位年轻的太太太拘谨和正经,不会喜欢这种粗俗的笑话。"aprimgarden整洁的园子primandproper一本正经的;循规蹈矩的severe:Veryserious;graveorgrievous:severementalillness.Severe,sternandstrict:Theseadjectivesmeanunsparingandexactingwithrespecttodisciplineorcontrol.<SKW>Severeimpliesadherencetorigorousstandardsorhighprinciples;thetermoftensuggeststheimpositionofharshconditions:“Praiseorblamehasbutamomentaryeffectonthemanwhoseloveofbeautyintheabstractmakeshimaseverecriticonhisownworks”(JohnKeats).“赞扬或指责对这个人只有瞬间效应，对抽象美的热爱使他对自己的作品严加批判（约翰·凯兹）。Sternsuggestsunyieldingdisposition,uncompromisingresolution,orforbiddingappearanceornature:Stern指强硬的处理、不妥协的决定或冷峻的外表或气质：“thoughtherhusbandamanfatallysternandimplacable”(GeorgeMeredith).“认为她丈夫是一个极端严厉而且毫不容情的人”（乔治·马里蒂斯）。Strictmeansrequiringorshowingstringentobservanceofobligations,rules,orstandards:有计划地克制…做…某事，没有别的理由只因你最好别做它”（威廉·杰姆森）。Strict指要求或显示严格遵守义务、规则或标准：“Hecouldnotbeseverenorevenpassablystrict”(W.H.Hudson).“他根本不能做到严厉，甚至连稍稍严格一点都做不到”(W.H.N哈德森)comic:Characteristicoforhavingtodowithcomedy.Oforrelatingtocomicstrips.Amusing;humorous:acomicsituationinvolvingthefamily'sicopera喜歌剧comicrelief(悲剧中穿插的以宽松观众情绪的)喜剧性镜头comicbook[美]连环图画杂志comicpaper报纸的连环图画版comicstrip连环图画tragic(来自希腊语tragikos).adj悲剧的；悲惨的；不幸的atragicaccident不幸的事故antique:Anobjecthavingspecialvaluebecauseofitsage,especiallyadomesticitemorpieceoffurnitureorhandicraftesteemedforitsartistry,beauty,orperiodoforigin.Theantiqueisafake.那古董是一件赝品。anantiquedealer古董商old,ancient,archaic,antediluvian,obsolete,antique,antiquatedTheseadjectivesdescribewhatbelongstoordatesfromanearliertimeorperiod.<SKW>Oldisthemostgeneralterm:oldlace;anoldsaying;oldcolleagues;anoldDutchpainting.Ancientpertainstothedistantpast:“thehills,/Rock-ribbed,andancientasthesun”(WilliamCullenBryant).Archaicimpliesaveryremote,oftenprimitiveperiod:anarchaicGreekbronzeoftheseventhcenturyb.c.Hewasconvictedunderanarchaicstatutethathadneverbeenrepealed.AntediluvianappliestowhatissooldandoutdatedthatitseemstobelongtotheperiodprecedingthebiblicalFlood:livedinaramshackle,antediluviantenement;“abranchofoneofyourantediluvianfamilies”(WilliamCongreve).Obsoleteindicatesthefactofhavingfallenintodisuse:anobsoletecustom;obsoletemethodsofresearch.“Eithermanisobsoleteorwaris”(R.BuckminsterFuller).Antiqueisappliedbothtowhatisveryoldandtowhatisespeciallyappreciatedorvaluedbecauseofitsage:“inhatofantiqueshape”(MatthewArnold).ShecollectsantiqueFrenchfurnitureandporcelains.Antiquateddescribeswhatisoutofdate,nolongerfashionable,ordiscredited:“Noideaissoantiquatedthatitwasnotoncemodern.Noideaissomodernthatitwillnotsomedaybeantiquated”(EllenGlasgow).tackle:trytodealwith;Totakeonandwrestlewith(anopponentoraproblem,forexample).着手处理接受（比如一名对手或一个问题）的挑战并与之拼搏.Everyonehashisproblemtotackle.每人都有一些问题要去解决。Thepolicemantackledthethief.警察捕捉小偷。tacklesb.about[on,over]sth.为某事与某人交涉,与某人坦率地谈谈某事essay:Ashortliterarycompositiononasinglesubject,usuallypresentingthepersonalviewoftheauthor.politicalessay政论文essayquestion(与填充题、是非题相对而言的)问答题makeanessaytoassistsb.试图帮助某人distribute:Todeliverorpassoutdistributebooksamongthestudents把书分给学生bedistributedintothreeclasses分为三类distributeseedsoverafield在田间播种distribute...over...把...配给到[分配到,散布于]...distributesth.to把某物分[配,发]给...distributesth.among把某物分[配,发]给...distribute,dispense,divide,allocate都含“分配”的意思。distribute指“将某物分成一定的部分或数量,通常各份的数量不一定相等,然后分给某些人或地方”,如:distributeleaflets分发传单。Inthe19thcenturythegovernmentdistributedlandtosettlerswillingtocultivateit.Divideimpliesgivingoutportions,oftenequal,onthebasisofaplanorpurpose:在19世纪，政府将土地分发给愿意耕种的定居者。dispensestressesthecarefuldeterminationofportions,oftenaccordingtomeasurementorweight:Dispense强调根据测理或称重对所分的份额，认真作出决定：dispensingmedication;配药；Dispense指“分配给一群人中每个人应得的份”,如:Theydispensednewclothestothechildrenintheorphanage.他们把新衣服发给孤儿院的小孩们。divide指“把整体分为若干部分”,Divide表示根据计划或目的进行按份额分发，常是平等的：如:Theestatewillbedividedamongtheheirs.divideitintotwo把它分成两份。allocate指“分配一定数量的财物或任务给某些人、单位或事业等”,如:We'veallocatedasumofmoneytoeducation.我们已经拨出了一笔教育经费。finally:最後，最终Shefinallyagreedwithme.她最终同意了我（的意见）。Theirdisputehasnotfinallysettledyet.他们间的争端尚未最终解决。不可改变地；决定性地It'snotfinallysettledyet.那事尚未有决定性的解决。atlast,intime,finally,intheend这几个词语都有“终于”或“最后”的意思。atlast强调久等之后Whenthefirehadatlastbeenputout,theforestauthoritiesorderedseveraltonsofspecialtypeofgrass-seedwhichwouldgrowquickly.在火终于被扑灭的时候，森林管理局订购了好几吨特殊速生草籽。Whenthedentistatlastremovedthecottonwoolfrommymouth,Iwasabletotellhimthathehadpulledoutthewrongtooth.在牙科医生终于把药棉从我嘴中取出时，我才勉强地告诉他说，他把牙拔错了。AtlastfiremenhaveputoutabigforestfireinCalifornia.消防队员终于扑灭了加利福尼亚洲的一场森林大火。intime表示经过一段不定的时间之后Intime,allSam'smoneywaspaidbackinthisway.山姆所有的钱终于都用这种办法归还了。Youwilllearnhowtodoitintime.这项工作你最终总能学会做的。注:intime还有“及时”的意思finally也表示久等之后，但有时表示在一系列因素的最后一个之后Afterputtingitoffthreetimes,wefinallymanagedtohaveaholidayinGreece.推迟了三次度假之后，我们终于在希腊度了假。Weneedtoincreaseproductivity.Weneedtoreduceunemployment.Andfinally,weneedtomakeourexportscompetitiveonworldmarkets.我们需要增加生产率，减少失业率，最后我们需要使我们的出口产品在国际市场上具有竞争力。intheend和finally同义，但finally一般位于谓语前。这些词除finally之外，其他三个都可以用在谓语前，也可位于谓语后Intheend,westayathomeandlookaftereverything.最后，我们还是呆在家里照看着一切。Hetriedmanywaysofearning,intheendhebecameafarmlaborer.他试过许多谋生之道，最后他做了农场工人。faceupto:toacceptanddealwithanunpleasantfactorproblem大胆面向：Shemustfaceuptothefactthatsheisnolongeryoung.她必须正视她已不再年轻这一事实。They’llneverofferyouanotherjob;youmightaswellfaceuptoit.scan:lookthroughquicklyscannedthemorningpaperswhileeatingbreakfast.吃早饭时浏览早上的报纸title:anamegiventoabook,film,etc.thetitlesinapress'sfallcatalog.出版社秋季出版计划中的书目extraordinary:Beyondwhatisordinaryorusual:extraordinaryauthority.Highlyexceptional;remarkable:anextraordinaryachievement.amanofextraordinarystrength一位力气惊人的男子PerhapsthemostextraordinarybuildingofthenineteenthcenturywastheCrystalPalace也许19世纪最不寻常的建筑物要算`水晶宫'了。Whatanextraordinaryidea!多么离奇的想法!sequence:Afollowingofonethingafteranother;succession.连续一件事接着另一件事；连续asequenceofbumperharvests连续的大丰收inhistorical[alphabetical]sequence按历史[字母]顺序thesequenceoftenses【语】时态的呼应image:Onethatcloselyorexactlyresemblesanother;adoubleanimageoftheVirginMary圣母玛丽亚像seeone'simageinthemirror在镜中照见自己的形像televisionimage电视图象speakinimages讲话用比喻;说话形象化thinkingintermsofimages形象思维Heisthe(very)imageofhisfather.他活象他的父亲。Thepoliticianhasaverybadimageamongpeople.那位政治家在人民中的形象很差。adult:afullygrownpersonforanimalHehasaveryadultmanneralthoughhe'sonly12.虽然他只有十二岁,他举止却很象大人。humor:Anoftentemporarystateofmind;amood:I'minnohumortoargue.havenosenseofhumo(u)r缺乏幽默感amanofhumo(u)r富有幽默感的人blackhumo(u)r黑色幽默(60年代美国新兴的一个文学流派)dryhumo(u)r绷着脸说笑话Everymanhashishumo(u)r.[谚]各人有各人的脾气。inabadhumo(u)r情绪不好,不高兴inagoodhumo(u)r高兴,情绪很好in(an)illhumo(u)r不高兴,情绪不佳inthehumo(u)rfor有(做某事的)心情;高兴...;想...outofhumo(u)r情绪不佳,没兴趣recall:bringbacktomind;remember;Toremember;recollect.Recallthemiseryofthepastandcontrastitwiththehappinessoftoday."想想过去的苦,比比今天的甜。"Themakershaverecalledalotofunsafecars.制造厂收回了许多不安全的车.argument:Adiscussioninwhichdisagreementisexpressed;adebate.Aquarrel;adispute.Itisbeyondargumentthat是无可争辩的,不容争辩的是...Argument,dispute,controversyThesenounsdenotediscussioninvolvingconflictingpointsofview.Argumentstressestheadvancementbyeachsideoffactsandreasonsbuttressingitscontentionandintendedtopersuadetheotherside:Emotionsareseldomswayedbyargument.情绪很少受论证的影响。Disputestressesdivisionofopinionbyitsimplicationofcontradictorypointsofviewandoftenimpliesanimosity:Dispute强调由于涉及相互矛盾的观点而导致意见上的分歧，常常暗含敌意：Adisputearoseamongunionmembersaboutthetermsofthenewcontract.工会会员们在新合同的条款方面产生争执。Controversyisespeciallyapplicabletomajordifferencesofopinioninvolvinglargegroupsofpeopleratherthanindividuals:<SKW>Controversy尤其用来指大批人，而非个别人在观点上存在的分歧：Theuseofnuclearpoweristhesubjectofwidespreadcontroversy.使用核武力是一个会引起广泛争议的问题。respectable:(ofbehavior,appearance,etc.)sociallyacceptablearespectableteacher一位可敬的老师arespectableappearance体面的外表arespectableincome可观的收入Heistoorespectableformytaste.那个人太高雅了,我不喜欢。putdown:writedown"Putitdowntomyaccount,please."请记在我的帐上。recapture:bringbackintothemind;experienceagain.recaptureapositionfromtheenemy从敌人手中夺回阵地recapturethepast回忆过去;使过去再现relive:experienceagain,esp,inone’simaginationreliveone'slife重新生活violate:actagainstviolatealaw犯法violatesleep妨碍睡眠violatesb.'sprivacy侵扰某人的安静;闯入私室Thesoldiersviolatedthechurchbyusingitasastable.士兵们把教堂当马厩用而亵渎了它。ThesoundofgunsviolatedtheusualcalmofSundaymorning.炮声破坏了平常星期日早晨的宁静。compose:writeorcreate(music,poetry,etc.);Tomakeuptheconstituentpartsof;constituteorform:anexhibitcomposedofFrenchpaintings;themanyethnicgroupsthatcomposeourpose,consistof,comprise,constitute这组动词的一般含义为“组成”或“构成”。compose在表示“由……材料构成”时，见于被动语态；在用于主动语态时，一般它所表示的“构成”或“组成”总包含着融合为一，而且主语或者是复数名词或者是集体名词。Concreteiscomposedofcement,sandandgravelmixedwithwater.混凝土由水泥、砂、石子与水掺和而构成。England,ScotlandandWalescomposetheislandofGreatBritainMerefacts,badllystated,donotcomposeagoodbook.仅仅有资料，如果陈述得很糟糕，并不能组成一本好书；consistof的含义与被动语态的compose相同Thoughthecostumeconsistsonlyofasheet,itwasveryeffective.虽然那件化装服装仅由一条床单组成，但效果很好。comprise在表示“构成”时，其内涵是“包括”或“覆盖”Thesehousesdonotcomprisesallhisproperty.这些房产并没有构成他的全部财产。Thecommitteecomprisesmenofwidelydifferentviews.这个委员会由见解甚为悬殊的人组成。constitute的主语可以是复数名词也可以是单数名词，所“构成”的事物在属性和特征上，亦或在组织上，与组成成分是一致的Thisgrowingpovertyinthemidstofgrowingpovertyconstitutesapermanentmenacetopeace.在这种不断增长的贫困中正在增长着的贫困，构成了对和平的永久的威胁。Sevendaysconstitutesaweek.七天构成一个星期。turnin:a.Tohandin;giveover:turnedinthefinalexam.b.Toinformonordeliver:Thecriminalturnedherselfin.c.Toproduce:turnsinaconsistentperformanceeveryday.d.Informal:Togotobed:Iturnedinearlylastmand:a.Togiveorders.b.Toexerciseauthorityorcontrolasorasifoneisacommander.ageneralwhocommandsanarmy.指挥陆军的将军Tohaveatone'sdisposal:由某人处置：apersonwhocommandssevenlanguages.懂得七种语言的人discipline:punishment,orderkept(amongschool-children)labo(u)rdiscipline劳动纪律militarydiscipline军纪bestrictindiscipline纪律严明acommissionfordisciplineinspection纪律检查委员会strictdiscipline严格的训练beunderperfectdiscipline受着很好的训练Heneedsalittlediscipline.他需略加惩戒。Inlearningaforeignlanguage,questionandanswerdrillsaregooddisciplines.学外语时,问答练习是很好的训练方法。what’smore:inaddition,moreimportantlyThesedetergentsareenvironmentalfriendly,what’smore,theyarerelativelycheap.contempt:Thestateofbeingdespisedordishonored;disgrace.atouchofcontempt有点蔑视feelcontemptforaliar对说谎者有轻蔑之感Traitorshavealwaysbeentreatedwithcontempt.叛徒永被人们唾弃。Shelivesincontempt.她在屈辱中生活。Herefusedtoanswerincontemptoftherulesofthecourt.他藐视法院规章，拒绝回答。ridicule:Toexposetoridicule;makefunof.嘲弄使…受嘲笑；取笑“Myfatherdiscouragedmebyridiculingmyperformances”(BenjaminFranklin).holdback:preventtheexpressionof(feeling,tears,etc.)Thevillagersbuiltbanksofearthtoholdbackthefloodwaters."村民们筑起土坝,防止洪水泛滥。"Noonecanholdbackthewheelofhistory.谁也无法阻止历史车轮的前进。抑制（情感、情绪）(=holdin,keepback)Thebosswasunabletoholdbackhisangeranylonger.(喻)老板再也抑制不住怒火了。avoid:keeporgetawayfromIcrossedthestreettoavoidmeetinghim,buthesawmeandcamerunningtowardsme.我横穿马路以便避开他,但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。Toavoidconfusion,theteamsworedifferentcolors.为避免混淆,两队分穿不同颜色的衣服。Apersonwithnephritismustavoidallexertion.肾炎病人必须避免做任何要用劲的事。Youngladiesshouldlearntospendmoneycarefullyandavoidextravagance.年青的妇女要学会花钱审慎小心,避免浪费。Toavoidthecitycenter,wemayturnrighthereandtakethebelthighway.从这里往右拐走环行道可以避开闹市中心。demonstration:actofshowingorprovingsth.peacedemonstrations.和平示威游行career:a.Achosenpursuit;aprofessionoroccupation.Mygrandfatherwasacareerteacher;it'stheonlyjobhe'deverdone.我祖父教了一辈子书,教书是他所干过的唯一的工作。b.经历；生涯Churchill'scareer邱吉尔的经历c.全速；急驰Thehorsewentatfullcareer.那马全速奔驰。Thecartcareereduncontrollablydownthehill.大车失去控制,猛冲下山。seal:Thedesignoremblemitself,belongingexclusivelytotheuser:印信图案或纹章，只属于使用人：amonarch'sseal.皇帝的御玺aprivyseal私章essence:themostimportantqualityofathingtheessenceofmorality道德的精髓Theessenceofhisreligiousteachingisloveforallmen.他宣扬的宗教教义要旨是爱天下人。inessence:Bynature;essentially:本质上；实质的：Heisinessenceareclusivesort.他本质上具有一种隐士的气质oftheessence:Ofthegreatestimportance;crucial:极其重要的极其重要的；决定性的：Timeisoftheessence.时间就是生命congratulation:Theactofexpressingjoyoracknowledgment,asfortheachievementorgoodfortuneofanother.祝贺对于别人的成绩或好运表示出的高兴或肯定toofferone'scongratulationsonhersuccess对她的成功表示祝贺It'syourbirthdaytoday?Congratulations!"今天是你的生日?恭喜,恭喜!"TextBSummerReadingonpurpose:deliberately,intentionallyJack’sbeenreallyannoyingmeandIthinkhe’sdoingitonpurpose.inadvance:beforesomethinghappensorisexpectedtohappen.Ishouldwarnyouinadvance,wemaybedelayed.Couldyoudistributecopieswellinadvanceofthemeeting?comprise:toconsistofparticularparts,groups,etc.Thehousecomprises2bedrooms,akitchen,andalivingroom.Thecity’spopulationislargelycomprisedofAsiansandEuropeans.motion:togivesomeonedirectionsorinstructionsbymovingyourhands.Thepoliceofficermotionedformetopullover.Hemotionedtohertobequiet.adjust:tograduallygetusedtoanewsituationbymakingsmallchangedtothewayyoudothings:(to)Adjustingtothetropicalheatwasmoredifficultthantheyhadexpected.They’llsoonsettlein—kidsareverygoodatadjusting.thinkup:toproduceanewidea,nameetcbythinkinghardaboutsomething:Welaughattheabsurdityoftheselawsandwonderhowanyoneeverthoughtthemup.inthemeantime:intheperiodoftimebetweennowandafutureevent,orbetweentwoeventsinthepast.Thedoctorwillbeheresoon.Inthemeantime,tryandrelax.Ididn’tseeherforanotherfiveyears,andinthemeantimeshehadgotmarriedandhadacoupleofkids.generally:inageneralway;usuallyofmostofthetimeJonathansayshegenerallygetsintoworkby8:00.Generallyspeaking,themoreexpensivethestereo,thebetteritis.appeal:Ifsomeoneorsomethingappealstoyou,theyseemattractiveandinteresting.Doestheideaofworkingabroadappealtoyou?Themagazineisintendedtoappealtoworkingwomenintheir20sand30s.clash:fightorseriousdisagreementclashofinterests利益冲突aclashwiththepolice与警察的冲突Ifailedtogotoherweddingbecauseitclashedwithmyexamination."我没能去参加她的婚礼,因为和我的考试日期冲突了。"represent:standfororbeasignorsymbolofTheprotestersrepresentedonlyasmallsectionofpublicopinion.Theredlinesonthemaprepresentsaconsiderableimprovementonyourrecentwork.decent:acceptable,andgoodenoughHaven’tyougoadecentpairofshoes?AhousewithdecentsizedyardWhenTomfoundoutthathisgirlfriendwaspregnant,hedidthedecentthingandmarriedher.evil:n.veryharmfulorunpleasantinfluenceoreffect:theevilsofcapitalismtheeternalstrugglebetweengoodandeviladj.Verycruelandbad anevildictatorresponsibleforthedeathsofmillions theevileffectofmaterialismvoluntary:actingordoingwillinglyWhensheretiredshedidalotofvoluntaryworkfortheRe