专题01 名词-中考英语语法单项选择题专项突破（原卷版）

名词按其词汇意义可分为两大类：专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。如下表所示：名词的种类专有名词普通名词人名、地名、国名、机构、组织、团体名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词通过分析历年高考题，可以看出：对于名词，主要考查可数与不可数；单复数；所有格；词义辨析。考点一.可数名词和不可数名词在中考英语中，快速、准确区分可数名词和不可数名词非常重要。个体名词和集体名词属于可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词。1.牢记一些不可数名词物质名词主要从液体、食物、自然和材料四个方面记忆：类别例词液体water,tea,coffee,wine,milk,juice,orange(橙汁),oil,soup,bear(啤酒),ink等食物food,rice,bread,meat,chicken(鸡肉),fish(鱼肉),beef(牛肉)等自然soil,sand,wind,ice,air,rain,snow,fire等材料paper,plastic,silk,wood,gold,cotton,iron等抽象名词主要从情感、学科、属类和抽象概念四个方面记忆：类别例词情感pleasure,joy,sadness,happiness,kindness,luck等学课math,physics,English,Chinese,chemistry,geography,biology,art,history,music,science,grammar等属类fruit,business,change(零钱),money,furniture,equipment,news,luggage,traffic,rubbish,litter,trash,weather等抽象概念advice,age,knowledge,fun,life,energy,trouble,truth,honesty,information,beauty,work,wealth,progress,health,nature,peace等。2.前有these,those,few,afew,many,agood/greatmany,agreat/goodnumberof,oneof等修饰语时，选择可数名词，且用复数形式。3.前有little,alittle,abitof,much,agreatdealof,alargeamountof

等修饰语时，选择不可数名词。4.作主语，且谓语是单数时，选择单数名词或不可数名词，谓语是复数时，选择可数名词，且用复数形式。5.不可数名词表达量时可用“数词或冠词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。1.Kailiisoneofthemostbeautiful_______inGuizhou.（黔东南）A.placeB.cities C.town D.county2.Thereisgood_________foryou.I'vefoundyourlostwatch.(广东)A.news B.ideas C.messages D.thoughts3.Comeon,children.Helpyourselvestosome_________ifyoulike.(南通)A．fishandchicken B．fishesandchicken C．fishandchickens D．fishesandchickens4.Theyboydidn’tfindmuch_______aboutthetopiconthatwebsite.(呼和浩特)A.reportB.articleC.informationD.story5.Didthepolicemangivemuch_______onhowtoprotectpersonalinformation?(上海)A)noteB)tipC)adviceD)book6.Thecomputerisoneofthemostimportant______.(巴中)A.inventorB.inventionsC.invention7.——Wouldyouliketohavealookatsomepants?Theymayfityouwell．一Well，I'dliketotrythoseblue__________.(黄冈)A．pairs B．one C．pant D．pair8.―Wouldyoulikesomedrinks,boys?(河北)―Yes,

,please.

A.someoranges

B.twoboxesofchocolates

C.somecakes

D.twobottlesoforange考点二.可数名词的复数形式可数名词有单数和复数之分。对可数名词的考查主要在于其复数形式。名词的复数形式有两种情况：规则复数和不规则复数，对其复数形式的构成应加强记忆。1.规则名词复数形式的构成：1）一般情况在名词后加-s。例如：face—faces,cup—cups,desk—desks2）以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词，后加-es。例如：bus—buses,box—boxes,watch—watches,brush—brushes3）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，变y为i，再加-es。例如：city—cities,factory—factories,country—countries,family—families4）以-f，-fe结尾的名词，一般变-f,-fe为v，再加-es。例如：wife—wives,life—lives,leaf—leaves,shelf—shelves,thief—thieves但是：roof—roofs,proof—proofs,belief—beliefs,handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,scarf—scarfs/scarves5）以-o结尾的名词：a.以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词或某些外来词，后加-s。例如：zoo—zoos,radio—radios,piano—pianos,kilo—kilosb.以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词（外来词除外），加-es。例如：hero—heroes,tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoesc.少数以-o结尾的名词，后加-e或-es都可以。例如：motto—motto(e)s,zero—zero(e)s,volcano—volcano(e)s2.不规则名词的复数形式有些名词的复数形式不是通过在词尾加-s或-es构成，而是通过其词形变化构成。常见的有：man—men,woman—women,tooth—teeth,foot—feet,mouse—mice,goose—geese,child—children,ox—oxen,basis—bases,datum—data,medium—media,phenomenon—phenomena。一些以-man或-woman结尾的名词，其复数形式是将其词尾变为-men或-women。例如：fisherman—fishermen,chairman—chairmen,policeman—policemen,policewoman—policewomen。由“man/woman+名词”构成的合成名词，通常都变为复数。例如：mencooks,mendoctors,womenteachers,womensingers。1.Atnightthekoalabeargetsupandeats___________．(广元)A．1eaf B．1eaves C．leafs2.Therearetwo______inherfamily.(绥化)A.child B.childs C.children3.Therearealotof__________onthegrassland.sheep-dogissittingnexttothem.(兰州)A.sheep;The B.sheep;AC.sheeps;The D.sheeps;A4Therearemorethanonehundredteachersinourschool,andmostofthemare______.(安顺)A.men’steachersB.manteachersC.menteacherD.menteachers5. —Howtimeflies!Itistwo________sincewemetlast.(哈尔滨)—Soitis.Imissyousomuch.A.months B.monthes C.months’考点三.名词所有格名词所有格表示人或事物的所属关系，一般作定语。名词所有格是中考考查的重要方面。1.表示有生命的名词所有格情况构成例词不以s结尾的单复数名词词尾加-’stom’sphonenumber汤姆的电话号码children’sbooks儿童读物以s结尾的单数名词词尾加-’s或-’theboss’s(boss’)office老板的办公室Engels’s(Engels’)works恩格斯的著作以s结尾的复数名词词尾加-’theteachers’desk讲桌thegirls’dormitory女生宿舍2.表示无生命的名词所有格1)无生命的名词所有格用“of+名词”表示。例如：themapofChina中国地图，thecapitaloftheUS美国首都2)表示集体、时间、距离、世界、国家等名词的所有格通常以用--‘表示。例如：today’snewspaper今天的报纸，atenminutes’walk步行十分钟的路程，NationalDay国庆节注意：1.如果连词and连接两个并列的单数名词，表示共同所有关系时，只在最后一个名词的后面加-’s;如果and连接的两个名词后是一个复数名词，则表示二者分别所有，则在两个名词的后面分别加-’s。例如：ThisisLiLeiandLiPing’sfather.这是李雷和李平的父亲。(两个人共同的父亲)TheyareLiLei’sandLiping’sfathers.他们是李雷和李平的父亲。(两个人各自的父亲)2.表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所、餐馆等，其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。例如：atthedoctor's在医生的诊所atachemist's在药店3.双重所有格“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格。如果在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用双重所有格。1.“Itdependsonmydecision.”themothersaidandlookedathertwosons.(白银、武威)A.childrenB.children'sC.childD.child's2.—Henry,haveyouseentheEnglishbookonthe______desk?Ifyouseeit,pleasetakeittothe______office.—OK.(恩施)A.teachers’;teachers’B.teacher’s;teachers’C.teacher’s;teacher’s3.—Comeandseemein．—Withpleasure．That’swhatI'mexpecting．(哈尔滨)A．twoorthreedays' B．twoorthreeday'stime C．twoorthreedays'time4.I'mgoingonholidayonthe12th．Ihavetobebackatworkonthe26th.SoI'vegottwo_______holiday．(临沂)A．weeks B．week's C．weeks' D．week5.

—Excuseme,isthesupermarketfarfromhere?

—No,it’sabout_______.（宁波）

A.7minuteswalk

B.7minutewalk C.7minutes’walk

D.7minute’swalk

6.______motherworksinSt.Mary’sHospital.（青海）A.JimandBob B.Jim’sandBob’s C.JimandBob’s7._________fathersarebothscientists．(咸宁)A．Jim'sandBob B．Jim'sandBob'sC．JimandBob'sD．JimandBob考点四.名词词义辨析这类题首先要根据语境确定名词的词义，再根据语法规则进一步确定词形。另一方面，可根据生活常识和文化习俗寻找关键词，确定答案。—Jimisverysick.Wemustfindadoctor.（济南）—Let'stakehimtothenearest_______.A.bankB.hospitalC.stationD.restaurant2.Helendoesn'tlike______.Shelikesfruitandvegetables.（济南）A.pearB.meatC.carrotD.tomato3.一Kangkang,tellussomethingabout_________inyourhometown?(咸宁)一Usuallyonthisday,peopleeatzongziinmemoryofQuYuan.A.theSpringFestivalB.thelanternFestivalC.theDragonBoatFestivalD.theMid-AutumnFestival4.—What’syour_______toEnglishlearning,LinTao?(襄阳)—IthinkwatchingEnglishmoviesishelpful.A.placeB.ageC.timeD.secret5.Youshouldlookintohiseyeswhenyoutalktosomebody.Itshowsyour__________.(山西)A.shyness B.politeness C.quietness6.—Judy,IwillhaveameetinginCanadanextweek.(重庆)—Well,you’dbettertakea___________withyou,oryoumayeasilygetlost.A.photo B.stamp C.map D.postcard7.—Lindaoftenanswerstheteachers’_____inclass,doesn’tshe?（贵港）—Yes.Sheisveryactive.A.problemsB.noticesC.questionsD.messages8.Thereisa______inmyneighborhoodandIoftengotheretoseetigers.(贵阳)A.zoo B.bank C.school9.ItisveryhotinHainanthissummer.OnJune3rd,the_______inLingaoreached41.9℃.(海南)A.temperature B.information C.development10.—Iwonderifyou'remadeadecisionontheproject,Eric.(武汉)—Notyet.Ican'tmakeituntilIhavefirst-hand______onprices.A.news B.knowledge C.information D.education巩固练习：1.TodayisSeptember10th.It’s______Day.Let’ssay“Thankyou”toourteachers.(贺州)A.Teacher’s B.theTeachers’ C.Teachers D.Teachers’2.—Howfarisyourhomefromthetrainstation?(凉山)—It’sabout20________walk.A.minute B.minutes C.minute’s D.minutes’3.—How________isitfromyourschooltohome?(黔西南)—It’sonly__________.A.far;aten-minuteswalk B.long;tenminutes’walkC.far;tenminutes’walk D.long;aten-minutewalk4.MrSmithalwayshas_________totellus．(青岛)A．somegoodpiecesofnews B．somepiecesofgoodnewsC．somegoodpieceofnewes D．somepieceofgoodnewes5._____roomisbigandbright．Theylikeitverymuch．(河北)A．TomandSamB．Tom'sfindSam C．TomandSam'sD．Tom'sandSam's6.―How’sJoy’sskirt?

―Herskirtismorebeautifulthan

.

(兰州)A.hersister’sandKate

B.hersisterandKate

C.hersisterandKate’s

D.hersister’sandKate’s7.Theyoungladyisafreshhand.Givehermoretime,andshecandoitbetter.(六盘水)A.player B.beginner C.stranger D.officer8.H7N9avianinfluenza(禽流感)isanewkindof_______intheworl