04根据首字母提示完成短文-2022-2023学年八年级英语下学期期末复习培优拔高（牛津译林版）（原卷版）

04根据首字母提示完成短文小技巧小技巧首字母填空是多数学生的噩梦，难度较大。是期末试卷中的区分题，所以做好此题，非常关键。一、几点建议：整体把握，避免盲人摸象。一定要通读短文知大意，看整体全面了解.通读全文时要一气呵成，只要能了解短文的大意即可，单独几个单词不理解对文章大意理解影响不大。复读短文抓信息，前后照应巧猜词.运用构词知识或上、下文的意思加以猜测，来确定它的词义和词形反复推敲多琢磨，慎重答题多分析。分析成分，确定句子所缺成分，从而进一步确定词性和词形。认真复查很重要，关注整体和词形.要特别关注：名词：可数不可数，单数与复数。谓语动词的其五种形式：原形、三单、过去式、现在分词、过去分词，形容词和副词：先分形副，再定三级（原级，比较级，最高级）。代词甚至反身代词，连词，介词，数词量词等十大词类。非谓语动词：不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词。特别注意：千万不能好不容易填出了单词，而因形式失误失分。二、常用方法：关键词法。准确找到关键词或符号。揣测句意法。也可以称为结合语境法.判断词性法。也可称为句子成分判断法。准确判断画横线要填的词在句子里做主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语，这样有利于保证所填的词的正确形式万无一失。推理法。结合上下文的意思及上下文的逻辑关系推理判断该填的单词的正确形式。固定搭配法。如makesb.dosth.;spendtimedoingsth……非常常用的一种方法，读完一句话明确觉得是某个词组的固定搭配的运用，这是首字母填空中难度较小的一种题型。句型法。首字母填空经常会考察学生固定搭配的熟练运用。实战训练实战训练1．WhenBoyanwas16yearsold，hewasdivinginasea.Hewassurprisedtoseemoreplasticbagsthanfishinthesea.Hemadeuphis（1）mtocleanuptheocean.However，everyonetoldhimthathecoulddo（2）nifplasticbagswentintotheocean.Theteenagerdidn'tgiveup.He（3）sseveralmonthsstudyingplasticpollution.Atlast，hecameup（4）wascienceprojecttocollectthewaste.What'smore，thecollectedplasticbagscanberecycledandmadeintoproductsoroil.Hewonmany（5）pfortheproject，butthatwasnotenoughforhim.Hewantedtocleanuptheoceantomakeourworldabetterplace.2．AliceinWonderlandisoneofthemostlovedchildren'sbooksofalltime，andmanyadults（1）eitaswell.IttellsaboutayounggirlcalledAlice，who（2）eamagicalworldcalledWonderland.Heradventuresbeginwhenshe（3）fawhiterabbitdownahole.Atthe（4）bofthehole，shefindsasmalldoorintoabeautifulgarden.She（5）sinapoolofherowntears.Shemeetsacatwithasmile.ShealsomeetscharacterswhicharefromapackofplayingcardsandtheQueenofHearts（6）ihertoplaycroquet.Thenshewakesup.ThewriterofthebookisLewisCarroll.Oneday，hehadapicnicwith（7）tlittlegirlswhowerefriendsofthefamily.Tocatchtheirattention，hetoldthemthe（8）sinwhichAlicewasthemaincharacter.ThethreegirlsenjoyedthestoryverymuchandtheyaskedCharlesto（9）witdown.Andhedidso.Itwasfirst（10）pin1866，underthenameAlice'sAdventuresinWonderland.Thebookwasagreatsuccess.Sincethestorywasfirstprinted，ithaskeptsellinguptothepresentday.3．Thereisnothingmorei（1）tolifethanthesun．W（2）thesun，alllivingthingsontheearthwoulddie．Thesunisastar．Intheskytherearet（3）ofstarslikethesun．Theyareaslargeasthesunandashotasthesun．Atnightyoucanseemanystars，butinthedayyoucano（4）seeonestarThesun．Thesunismuchn（5）tousthananyotherstar．Thatisw（6）itlooksthebiggestandbrightestofallthestars．Thedistance（距离）ofthesunfromtheearthisasm（7）as150，000，000kilometers．MoststarsarethousandsoflightYearsa（8）fromtheearth．DoyouknowwhatalightYearis？N（9）intheworldtravelsfasterthanlight．Ittravels300，000kilometerspersecond．AndonelightYearisthedistancethatlightcantravelinoney（10）．2．Without考查介词，根据语境"没有太阳，地球上所有的生物都会死去"，without表示"无，没有"的意思，故答案是Without．3thousands考查名词，根据语境"在天空上有成千上万的星星像太阳一样"，thousandsof表示"成千上万的"的意思，故答案是thousands．4．only考查副词，根据语境"但白天你仅仅能看到一颗星星太阳"，only表示"仅仅，只有"的意思，故答案是only．5．nearer考查形容词，根据语境"太阳比任何一颗其他的星星都离我们近很多"，两者对比用比较级，故答案是nearer．6．why考查代词，根据语境"这就是为什么它看起来是所有星星中最大和最亮的"，why表示"为什么"的意思，故答案是why．7．much考查固定搭配，根据语境"太阳离地球的距离高达15000000千米"，asmuchas表示"差不多"的意思，故答案是much．8．away考查固定搭配，根据语境"大多数星星远离地球几千光年"，awayfrom表示"远离"的意思，故答案是away．9．Nothing考查代词，根据语境"世界上没有任何东西比光的传播速度更快"，故答案是Nothing．10．year考查名词，根据语境"一光年是光在一年内可以运行的距离"，故答案是year．4．WhatisUNICEF？UNICEFispartoftheUnitedNations.Itwass（1）upinEuropein1946，afterWorldWar11.Atthattime，m（2）children'sliveswerechangedbecauseofthewar，andUNICEFwantedtohelpthem.NowUNICEFworksinover190c（3）andareas.Ithelpsgovernments，munitiesandfamiliesmaketheworldab（4）placeforchildren.UNICEFwantsallchildrentobeh（5），soitprovidesthemwithcleanwaterandfood，andtriestopreventthemf（6）gettingillnesses.UNICEFbelievesthatitisimportantforchildrentoreceivebasiceducation，soitp（7）basiceducationforchildreninpoorareas.UNICEFkeepsworkingfortheequalrightsofgirlsandwomen.Italsow（8）topreventthespreadofsomeseriousdiseases.UNICEFr（9）moneybysellingChristmascardsandorganizingotheractivities.Peoplecans（10）itbydonatingmoneyorworkingasvolunteers.5．ASpecialTeamattheWinterParalympics（残奥会）Aspecialteamwasdoingsomevoluntaryworkatthe2022BeijingWinterParalympicsGames.Infact，theselittle（1）vare68lovelyguidedogs.Allofthemwerestrictly（2）cfromatrainingcenterinDalian，LiaoningProvince.Monthsofspecialtraininghadtaughtthemhowtodowithplex（复杂的）situationsincoldenvironments.AttheParalympics，（3）eoftheguidedogswearsaQRcode（二维码）.Byscanningthecodes，peoplecan（4）elearnalotofdetailedinformationaboutthedogs，（5）itheirblooding，age，traininghistoryandserviceconditions.China（6）supthefirstguidedogtrainingcenterin2006.Twoyears（7）l，aguidedognamedLuckymadeitsappearanceattheBeijingParalympics.Withits（8）h，PingYali，thefirstChinesewhogotaParalympicgoldmedal，pletedthetorchrelay（火炬传递）.Ourmoderntechnologywill（9）ctodevelop.Butthespecialwarmthandloyaltyofguidedogsarealwaysneeded.DuringtheGames，theguidedogsgreatlyhelpedthe（10）bathletestofullyenjoythesportspetition.6．ZhangXiaoxiaoisa9YearOldgirlfromZhoukou，Henan.Oneday，whenshefinishedall（1）（vegetable）andriceoftheschoollunch，she（2）（leave）fourshrimps（虾）inherbowl.Whenthegirl（3）（ask）forthereason，shesmiledandsaidshewouldtaketheshrimpshomeforhersickmother.Zhang'smotherisinpoorhealthandsheis（4）（able）todoheavywork.HermotherasksZhangtoeatthefoodherself，（5）thedaughterstillbringsithome.Mr.Zhu，theprincipal（校长）oftheschool，playsanimportantpartinteachingsuchalovinggirl.Therearemorethan180studentsinhisschool.Mostoftheirparentsworkfaraway.Somedonotmeettheirparentseven（6）（one）ayear.Somechildrenliveintheschool.Theyaretooyoung（7）（take）careofthemselves，soZhuandhiswifelivewiththemthere.Although（虽然）therearegovernmentsubsidies（补贴），Zhuspendshisownmoney（8）（buy）foodsuchasshrimpsandbeefforthechildren.Theschoollunchbeesthe（9）（good）mealforsomechildren.Mr.Zhusaid，"Iwant（10）（they）tobehappyandhealthy.Ifachildhasnotreceivedsunshineandlove，howcanheorsheloveothers？"7．Takingpublictransport，makingpaymentsonlineorjustwalkingaroundThesedailyactivitiescanhelpturnChina'sdesertsintoforestsifyouareusingAntForest.AntForestisafeatureintheAlipaymobilepaymentapp.Itrecordsusers'lowCarbonactivitiesTakingabustoworki（1）ofdriving，forexample—andgivesusers"greenenergy".Whenauser'sgreenenergygetshighe（2），AntForestanditspartnerswillplantarealtreeforthatperson.AntForestr（3）the2019ChampionsoftheEarthaward（地球卫士奖），theUN'shighestenvironmentalhonor，forencouragingpeopletolivegreenerlifestylesandprotecttheenvironment.S（4）itslaunch（发起）inAugust2016，AntForestanditspartnershaveplantedsome122milliontreesinChina'sdriestareas，whichincluderegionsinInnerMongolia，Gansu，QinghaiandShanxi，reportedXinhuaNewsAgency.Thetreesc（5）anareaof112，000hectares（公顷）.TheprojecthasbeeChina'slargestprivateSectortreePlantinginitiative（倡议）.ThisisonlypartofChina'seffortstomakeEarthg（6）.In1978，ChinabegananationalLevelforestation（造林）projectTheThreeNorthShelterbeltForestProgram，alsoknownasthe"GreatGreenWall".Theprogramhasimprovedlivingconditionsandd（7）localbusiness，accordingtoChinaDaily.It'sreportedtheforestcoveragerate（覆盖率）amongtheregionsoftheprojectr（8）13.57percentin2017，paredto5.05percent40yearsago.InlightofChina'ssuccessagainstdesertification（沙漠化），theUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme（UNEP）believesthecountryisagoode（9）forotherstofollow."Chinaisoneofthemosts（10）countriesingreeningthedesertandhaslessonstosharewiththeworld."formerUNEPExecutiveDirectorErikSolheimtoldXinhua.8．Chinaisanoldcountrywitharichculture.WhentravellingtoChina，understandingChinesecultureandcustomsisi（1）foryoutobehaveinagoodway.It'sbeingpopularforforeignerstobeinvitedintoChinesehomes.BeinginvitedtoaChinesefamily'shomecanbeawonderfulandwarme（2）.Chinesepeopleareknowntobeveryweling（好客）.Whenyou'reinvitedtoaChinesefamily'shome，makesureyouarriveontime.Don'tforgettosaygoodwordsabouts（3）youlikeinthehouse.Giftsareusuallygivenwhenvisitingsomeone'shomeorbeinginvitedfordinner.Chinesepeopleliketor（4）fruitorteainaniceboxorbasket.Aftersomesmalltalks，esthedinner.AChinesedinnertableisahappyplace，f（5）ofdeliciousfoodandconversation.Wheninvitedoverfordinner，makesuretonoticewhateverybodyelseisdoingandtrytodothes（6）.You'dbettereatplentyoffoodtoshowyou'reenjoyingit.Don'tfinishoffthewholedish，butleaveasmallamountoffoodontheplates.Itshowsthatthehosthasp（7）enoughfood.Forforeigners，Chinesepeoplemaybeverycurious（好奇的）.Chinesepeoplearen'tafraidtoaskpersonalquestions，evenifyou'vemetforthef（8）time.So，don'tbesurprisedtobeaskedthingslikeyourage，youreducationoryourwork.Youdonothavetoanswerthesequestions.Ifyoudon'twanttotalkaboutyourownlife，j（9）explaintothem.EnjoyyourselfinthewarmandwelingworldofthelocalChinese.Asag（10）inChina，youwillgetspecialtreatment.Andyourhostsmakesureyouwillhaveagoodtime.9．根据短文内容及首字母提示，填写所缺单词。Thepeoplewerescared.Theythrewrocksatitandattackeditwithpitchforks.Whentheyhadkilledit，theyusedahorsetodragitawayintoafield.M（1）youwouldn'tdoanyofthosethingsifyousawahotAirballoonlandingnearyourhome.Butbackin1783，veryf（2）peoplehadeverseensuchathing.BallooningstartedwithJosephMontgolfier，whowasnotthetypeofpersonyou'dexpectedtobeaninventor.Hedidn'tlikeschoolandranawayfromhomeasateenager.Asagrownup，hefailedinbusiness.Hewasveryu（3）hisyoungerbrother，Etienne，whowasresponsibleandsuccessful.ButwhenJosephstartedreadingonhisown，hediscoveredthathelovedscienceandexperiments.Alotofgoodsciencestartswiths（4）payingattentionandthinkingaboutwhatyou'veseen.Josephmadeamonobservationandthendidsomethingamazingwithit.Josephnoticedthathotairrises．Hea（5）noticedthatrisinghotaircancarrysolid（固体的）objectswithit.Ifyou'veeverwatchedbitsofash（灰）risingwiththesmokefromafire，you'veseenittoo.Hewondered，whatifIf（6）aclothbagwithhotair？Wouldtherisingairl（7）thebag？Onlyonewaytofindout!Ofcourse，bagsfilledwithhotairr（8）up.Soon，JosephandEtienneweremakinglargerandlargerclothbags，whichtheycalledballons，theFrenchwordfortheball.Theyheldpublicdemonstrations，fillingtheballoonsoverafirepitandl（9）themgo.Theballoonswentupandthencamed（10）astheairinsidecooledoff.SoonallthepeopleintheMontgolfiers'hometownofAnnonayweretalkingaboutballoons.Next，thebrotherswenttothegreatcityofParistoshowofftheirnewinvention.10．Whatcanmiddleschoolstudentsdoforthesociety？ThreemiddleschoolgirlsinFujianaretryingtos（1）livesbywritingaproposal（提案）tothegovernment.ChenLu，WuXinnaandLiaoSigi，all17yearsold，wroteaproposaltosetupmoreAEDs（自动体外除颤仪）inplacesl（2）stores，markets，etc.AEDsaremachinesthathelpthosewhohavesuddenheartdiseases.They'res（3）enoughtousesothatanyonecanuseoneonapatientbeforeanambulance（救护车）arrives."Then（4）ofsuddendeathsinChinaeachyearisabout544，000.Andthereshouldbe100AEDsforevery100，000people.ButinChinatherearel（5）than0.5，"Chensaid.Thethreegirlsusedsixmonthstow（6）ontheproposal.Finally，theybroughtupseveralsuggestions.OneistosetupAEDsstepbystepindifferentplaces.Anothersuggestionishowtot（7）morepeopletouseAEDs.TheRedCrossSocietyofChinacanshowpeopletousethem.P（8）mediasuchasTVstationscanoffervideoinstructionsonhowtouseAEDs.Techpaniescoulde（9）makeAEDappsandminiprogramstohelppeoplefindthemachines."Ourproposalprovidesspecificpracticaladvice，"saidLiao."Wefeltas（10）ofsocialresponsibility（责任）duringthisevent.WehopetodosomethingwhenitestolifeSavingissues，"Wuadded.11．Justasthesayinggoes，"WheninRome，doastheRomansdo."IfyoutraveltotheUK，youneedtogreetpeoplethereina（1）pway.Britishpeopleusuallysay"hello"or"nicetomeetyou"andshakeyourhandwhentheymeetyouforthe（2）ftime.Theyonly（3）grelativesorclosefriendswithakiss.Theyliketostartaconversationwith（4）sliketheweather，holidays，musicorbooks.Theyavoidtalkingaboutage，（5）w，ormoney.MostoftheBritishpeoplehavegoodmanners.Theythinkitrudetopushinbeforeotherssotheyalways（6）qfortheirturn.Theywillapologizeifthey（7）bintoyoubyaccidentinthestreet.Whenyouareintheirway，theywillalwaysbe（8）penoughtowaitforyoutomove.Theypaygreatattentiontotheirbehaviorsinpublic.Forexample，theyseldomshoutorlaugh（9）lwhenothersarearound.When（10）twithaBritish，youwillalsofindthattheysay"please"or""thankyou"allthetime.Keepthesemannersinyourmind，I'msuretheywillbehelpfultoyouinthefuture.12．DuringtheTangDynasty，EmperorTaizongaskedtheprimeminister（宰相）FengDeyitoremendtalentedpeople.（1），Fengdidn'tremendanyoneafterseveralmonths."Itriedmybest，butthereareno（2）（usual）orwellRoundedpeopleatall，"Fengsaid."Peopleareliketools，"saidtheemperor."Whatweneedtodois（3）（make）gooduseoftheirstrengths．Youshouldblame（归咎于）（4）（you）fornotnoticingpeople'sstrengths．Howcouldyousaythattherearenotalentedpeopleinourdynasty？"That'strue．Eachtoolhasitsownfunction（功能）．Aknifeismadetocutthings（5）chopsticks（筷子）aremadetopickupfood．Wecan'tuseaknifeasachopstick.（6）atool，eachpersonhasaspecialstrength.Nobodyisperfect.Wecan'texpectapersontobegoodateverything.Withthisideainmind，EmperorTaizongfoundmanytalentedpeopleofdifferent（7）（background）.Hegavethemimportantpositions，whichhelpedthemmakethemostoftheirtalents.Histalentedpeoplehelpedthesocietydevelopandcreateda"goldenage".AgoodexampleisMaZhou，whogrewupinapoorfamily.Magavealotof（8）（use）advice，soEmperorTaizonggavehimapositionandpraisedhimmanytimes.Ifapersonistalentedinonefield，weshouldgivehimachance.（9）sameideacanbefoundintheAnalectsofConfucius.Treatingpeopleastoolsshowsgoodleadership.PresidentXiJinpingoncetoldthisstorytoofficers，（10）（ask）themtotreattalentedpeoplecorrectly.13．TodayI'mheretotalkaboutnoisepollution.Notallnoiseisnoisepollution.Noisebeesnoisepollutionwhenitbeginstoharmhumanandanimallifeorwhenit'snot（1）n.（2）Eofnoisepollutionincludethesoundsofcars，buses，lorries，trainsandplanes.Whenyoustandnearabusyroad，sometimesthenoisecanhurtyourears.Andpeople（3）lnearairportsoftenfinditdifficulttosleep.Noisepollutioncanalsobefrommachines.Weoftenuseverynoisymachinesaroundthehouseoratourjobs.Factorynoiseisalsoabigproblem.Finally，sometimesloudmusiccanbeaformofnoisepollution.Forexample，themusicfromacluborfromyournextDoor（4）n.Wemightthinkthatnoisepollutionisjustasmallproblem，butactuallyitcanbe（5）d.Somepeoplehavebeedeafbecauseofnoisepollution.What'sworse，whenpeople（6）lsleepbecauseofnoisepollution，theybeecareless.Thiscanleadtoaccidents，andpeoplecangethurtor（7）ekilled.Finally，noisemakespeoplefeelstress.Thiscanleadtoheartdisease.Whatcanwedoabouttheproblemofnoisepollution？Weneedstronger（8）lagainstloudnoises.Thegovernmentalsoneedstoputupwallsnexttoroadsandairportsto（9）ppeoplefromthenoise.Finally，wecanallhelpwiththeproblemofnoisepollutionbyturningdownourmusicandTVs，andusinga（10）svoicewhenwetalk.14．根据短文内容及所给首字母提示写出所缺单词，使短文意思完整，每空一词。IntheUSA，onenamehasetomeangoodmannersEmilyPost（1872﹣1960）.EmilyPostwasborninMaryland，but（1）mtoNewYorkwhenshewasstillachild.In1904，shebegantowritebooksandarticlesformagazines.ShewroteEtiquette（aboutgoodmanners）in1922.Herbookwasvery（2）s.Soonshehadherownradioprogrammeandbegantowriteweeklynewspaperarticlesongoodmanners.Hernewspaperarticlesalsobecam