语法专题-非谓语动词

专题语法：非谓语动词概念：不充当_________的动词，在句中可以作除_________外的所有成分。主要有：________________、_________________、__________________。非谓语动词使用的条件：在一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（含有谓语动词），又没有连词的情况下，还有别的动词出现时。eg:Shegotoffthebus,____________herhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,but____________herhandbagonherseat.二．非谓语动词的时态和语态形式意义不定式：一般式：__________________________()被动式：___________________________()进行式：___________________________()完成式：___________________________()完成被动式：_______________________()v.-ing形式：一般式：________________________()被动式:_________________________()完成式：_________________________()完成被动式：_______________________()havingbeendone与done作状语时没有明显区别，一般可互换，但havingbeendone更强调动作发生在谓语之前中，且不能作__________。eg:___________________________（被告知过很多次），hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.不及物动词的过去分词，只表示_________，不表示________。如fallenleaves,lostchild.有时过去分词只表示_________，不强调时间性。eg:Theboywasrunningalongthestreet,____________(follow)byadog.非谓语动词的句法功能：不定式有_________、_________、_________的特征，因此在句中可以作_______________________________________________________________等成分。eg:Todothatsortofthingisfoolish.()Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.()Wefoundahousetolivein.()ShecameheretostudyEnglish.()Iwarnedthepatientnottodrinkcoldwateraftertheoperation.()Mydreamistogotoafamousuniversity.()动名词既具有_________的特点，又具有_________的特点在句中可作_____________________________________________。eg:Myfavoritepartwasseeingthelovelybearsinthemountains.()Lookingafterthepatientsisanurse’sjob.()HewillkeeptryingnewideassohecanhelpfarmersinChina.()Thereareonlyoneteachingbuildinginourschool.()分词在句中起_________和_________的作用，有两种形式：_________和_________，在句中作_____________________________________________。eg:Thebridge_________(build)lastmonthneedsrepairing.()Those_________(wish)tojointhisclubshouldsignhere.()Shewastoo__________(frighten)tomove.()Whatyousaidisreally___________(inspire).()Iheardmybrother____________(sing)songsinthenextroom.()Iheardthesong___________(sing)inEnglish.()__________(see)fromthetopofthetower,wecanseeabeautifulscenery.()__________(see)fromthetopofthetower,thecitylooksbeautiful.()四．考点非谓语动词作状语－――高考高频考点不定式作状语表_________、_________或_________（常置于表情绪的词后），有时不定式还可以修饰一个句子，表明__________________。常见的这类不定式有totellyouthetruth,tobehonest,tobefrank,tobefair等。eg:Weeattolive,butwedon’tlivetoeat.__________________Whathashesaidtomakeyousohappy?__________________Sheburstintotearstohearthebadnews.__________________Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikethefilm.__________________注意：动词不定式作_________状语，其逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语，常在so/such…asto,enough…to,onlyto…以及too…to…等结构中表示_____________。尤其是onlyto…常表示__________________。eg:Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.Youareoldenoughtodependonyourselves.Hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthetrainhadalreadyleft.（2013.湖南）_____warmatnight,Iwouldfillthewoodstove,thensetmyalarmclockformidnightsoIcouldrefillit.A.StayingB.StayedC.TostayD.Stay（2014.重庆）Groupactivitieswillbeorganizedafterclass_____childrendevelopteamspirit.A.helpingB.havinghelpedC.helpedD.Tohelp（2014.四川）---Ihopetotakethecomputercourse.---Goodidea._____moreaboutit,visitthiswebsite.A.TofindoutB.TobefindingoutC.FindingoutD.Havingfoundout分词作状语分词可作______________________________________________________等状语。eg:_________________(operate)on,Iwasabsentfromschool.________________When_________(ask)whyhewalkedinwithoutpermission,hejuststaredatusandsaidnothing,_________________________(give)moretime,Icanfinishthework.________________Thecarwascaughtinatrafficjam,thus_________(cause)thedelay.________________Theforeignstudentlistenedwithfullattention,_________tomissanyimportantpoint.A.nottryingB.nottotryC.totrynotD.tryingnot______________（2013.新课标全国Ⅰ）Thesunlightiswhiteandblinding,______hard-edgedshadowsontheground.________________A.throwingB.beingthrownC.tothrowD.tobethrown__________________（tell）manytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake._____________（2012.北京）_______withcare,onetinwilllastforsixweeks._________________A.UseB.UsingC.UsedD.Touse（2013.北京）_____thecourseverydifficult,shedecidedtomovetoalowerlevel.A.FindB.FindingC.TofindD.found（2014.福建）_____thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.A.SpendingB.SpentC.HavingspentD.Tospend（2013．湖南）Thesunbegantoriseinthesky,_____themountainingoldenlight.A.bathedB.bathingC.tohavebathedD.havebathed（2014.重庆）Theproducercomesregularlytocollectthecameras_____toourshopforqualityproblems.A.returningB.returnedC.toreturnD.tobereturned（2012.大纲全国Ⅱ）Tonylentmethemoney,_____thatI’ddoasmuchforhim.A.hopingB.tohopeC.hopedD.havinghoped注意：①现在分词与不定式作结果状语的比较现在分词表示_______________的结果；不定式表示_________________的结果，其前常加only.(2012．山东)Georgereturnedafterthewar,only______thathiswifehadlefthim.A.tobetoldB.tellingC.beingtoldD.toldAterribleaircrashhappenedovertheAtlanticOcean,______150passengers.A.killingB.havingkilledC.killedD.tokill(2)现在分词与过去分词作状语的比较现在分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的______________，表__________________。过去分词表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的______________，表__________________。_________（see）fromthetopofthemountain,wecanseethewholecity._________（see）fromthetopofthemountain,thewholecitycanbeenseen.(3)如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，该不定式或分词用__________________。（2013.山东）_______atthecafeteriabefore,Tinadidn’twanttoeatthereagain.A.HavingeatenB.ToeatC.EatD.Eating（2013.新课标全国Ⅱ）Igottotheofficeearlierthatday,_____the7:30trainfromPaddington.A.caughtB.tohavecaughtC.tocatchD.havingcaught(4)某些分词的过去分词已经转化成_____________，往往用于体表结构中，此时的过去分词不表被动，也不表完成，而表示一种_________。常见的有：lost,seated,hidden,determined,lost/absorbed/buriedin(沉溺于)，dressedin,tiredof,…（2014安徽考前冲刺卷一）Helefthishomeland,______never______backagain.A.determined;tocomeB.beingdetermined;tocomeC.determined;comingD.determining;coming(5)有些分词或不定式短语作状语，形式上不受上下文的影响，称为________________。①现在分词的独立成分：有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。常见的有：generally/roughly()/frankly/broadly()/narrowly()/strictlyspeaking,talkingof(),speakingof(),judgingfrom/by(),considering(),allowingfor(),puttingitsimply()。②不定式的独立成分：有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明__________________，在句中作_______________。这类短语有：tobehonest,tobesure,totellyouthetruth,tocutalongstoryshort,tobefrank,tomakematters/thingsworse.非谓语动词作定语不定式作定语①动词不定式作定语时必须_________，如果不定式是不及物动词后面应带有必要的介词。eg:Therearevariousgoodsintheshop__________________(choose).注：不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place,way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上_________。eg:Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用_________，也可以用_________，但其含义有所不同。试比较：翻译：Haveyouanythingtosend?______________________________________________________(不定式动作的执行者是_________)Haveyouanythingtobesent?____________________________________________________（不定式动作的执行者是__________________）一些抽象名词如chance,warning,ability,ambition,attempt,offer,decision,anxiety,way等词后常用__________________作定语。判断正误：DoyouhavetheabilityofreadingandwritinginEnglish?()DoyouhavetheabilitytoreadandwriteinEnglish?()④不定式用来修饰被______________、____________或no,all，any等修饰的限定词，且与中心词为主谓关系。eg:Hewasthebestman_____________(do)thejob.Heisalwaysthefirst_____________(arrive)attheschoolandthelast___________(leave).（2014.北京）Therearestillmanyproblems______beforewearereadyforalongstayonthemoon.A.solvingB.solvedC.beingsolvedD.tobesolved（2013.北京）Volunteeringgivesyouachance______lives,includingyourown.A.changeB.changingC.changedD.tochange(2)分词作定语①单个分词作定语，往往放在所修饰的词的_________，分词短语作定语时一般放在所修饰词的_________。eg:Arethereany_________(live)thingsonthemoon?Heistoblameforthe_________(spoil)child.Doyouknowtheman_________(sit)there?Everybodyattendedthemeeting_________(hold)lastnight.注意：有时单个的分词也可作后置定语。eg:Makesentenceswith____________________________(所给的短语)。②动名词作定语：说明被修饰词的__________________。如awalkingstick(拐杖)，areadingroom,asleepingcar（卧铺车）,aswimmingpool,ameetingroom…③区别（意义）：eg:Thebridge__________________nextmonthisthethirdbridgeovertheriver.Thebridge__________________nowisthethirdbridgeovertheriver.Thebridge__________________lastyearisthethirdbridgeovertheriver.不定式表：__________________现在分词表：__________________过去分词表：__________________（2013.新课标全国Ⅰ）---Theymightjusthaveaplace_____onthewritingcourse.---Whydon’tyougiveitatry?A.leaveB.leftC.leavingD.toleave（2014.北京）Lastnight,thereweremillionsofpeople_____theopeningceremonyliveonTV.A.watchB.towatchC.watchedD.watching（2013.湖南）Youcannotacceptanopinion_____toyouunlessitisbasedonfacts.A.offeringB.toofferC.havingofferedD.offered（2012.山东）Aftercompletingandsigningit,pleasereturntheformtousintheenvelope____.A.providingB.providedC.havingprovidedD.provide（2014.山东）Thereisanotepinnedtothedoor_____whentheshopwillopenagain.A.sayingB.saysC.saidD.havingsaid（2013.辽宁）LaurawasawayinParisforoveraweek.Whenshegothome,therewasapileofmail_____forher.A.waitedB.towaitC.waitingD.waswaiting（2013.山东）Theroomisemptyexceptforabookshelf_____inonecorner.A.standingB.tostandC.standsD.stood（2012.浙江）“It’ssuchaniceplace,”mothersaidasshesatatthetable_____forcustomers.A.tobereservedB.havingreservedC.reservingD.reserved练习：用所给词的适当形式填空。Theman________________(question)inthepolicestationnowisaspy.Aman________________(respect)otherswillberespected.Shecanfindnoone________________(make)friendswith.Isthereanybody__________________(answer)thequestion?Halfoftheguests________________(invite)totheconferencewereforeigners.Thematter__________________(discuss)isveryimportant.Thatistheway__________________(operate)themachine.Shewasaprofessor_______________(love)byallherstudents.非谓语动词作补语eg:Itriedtopersuadehim___________________(give)upsmoking,butinvain.Sheaskedme____________________(answer)thephoneinherabsence.Iheardhim_________________(call)meseveraltimes.(1)不定式作宾补表主谓关系，强调动作_________________________，通常用带to的不定式作宾补的动词或词组有：ask,beg,expect,get,persuade,order,tell,want,wish,encourage,wouldlike/love/prefer...通常用不带to的不定式作宾补的________________和________________有：notice,see,watch,hear,fear,let,make,have...(2)Ifoundher________________(listen)totheradio.Wefoundthevillagegreatly________________(develop).现在分词作宾补表主谓关系，强调动作________________，尚未完成。过去分词作宾补表动宾关系，动作________________，多强调状态。常见动词有：notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,leave,feel…（2011.重庆）MichaelputupapictureofYaoMingbesidethebedtokeephimself_____ofhisowndreams.A.remindingB.toremindC.remindedD.remind（2011.浙江）Eventhebestwriterssometimesfindthemselves_____forwords.A.loseB.lostC.toloseD.havinglost注意：（1）当感官动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice等后面的宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用（省略to的）不定式（表_________________________）；或现在分词（表________________________________________________）；当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时，用________________。eg:Iheardher________________(sing)anEnglishsongjustnow.____________________Iheardher________________(sing)anEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday._____________________TolearnEnglishwell,weshouldfindopportunitiestohearEnglish________________(speak)asmuchaspossible.____________________(2)在使役动词make,let,have后，一般用________________不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要________________。eg:Hemadehisworkers______________(work)12hoursaday.(变成被动句)________________________________________________________________（3）with的复合结构中的补语sb/sthdoing____________________________________With+sth.done____________________________________sth.todo____________________________________eg:Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork______________(finish),hegraduallyacceptedit.Withalotofdifficultproblems________________(settle),thenewlyelectedpresidenthadahardtime.注意：若宾补的动作表示“正在被做”，则用________________。eg:IhearanEnglishsong________________(sing)byalittlegirlattheEnglishevening.(4)几组词作宾语的用法：①make+宾语+dosth（宾语与宾补之间为________________）宾语+done（宾语与宾补之间为________________）eg:Hemadehisworkers___________________(work)twelvehoursaday.Hetriedhisbesttomakehimself__________________(understand).sb/sthdoing_______________________________________②get+sth.done_______________________________________sb.todo________________________________________eg:Hegotme____________(post)theletterforhim.Thecaptaingotthesoldiers______________(move)towardthefrontafterashortrest.I’llgetmybike_____________(repair)now.sb/sthdoing_______________________________________③have+sth.done_______________________________________sb.dosth________________________________________注意：a)havesthdone还表示“___________________”之意。eg:Tomhadhisleg________________________________(break)whileplayingfootball.b)havesbdoing若用于否定句中，表示“___________________”之意。eg:Iwon’thaveyou________________(talk)toyourmotherlikethat.c)havesthtodo表示“___________________”，不定式作定语。eg:Ihavesomethingurgent__________________(inform)you.sb.doing_______________________________________④leave+sth.undone_______________________________________sb.todosth________________________________________sth.tobedone__________________________________________eg:It’swrongofyoutoleavethemachine_________________(run).Theguestsleftmostofthedishes___________(untouch),becausetheydidn’ttastedelicious.Heleft,leavingme____________(do)therestofthework.Wehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblems____________________(settle).⑤keep+sb.doingsth._______________________________________sb./sth.done_______________________________________⑥set+sb.todosth._______________________________________sb./sth.doing_______________________________________⑦letsb.dosth._______________________________⑧catchsb.doingsth._______________________________eg:IcaughtJohn________________(read)myprivateletters.(5)用不定式作主语补足语的结构：sb.besaid/believed/known/reported/found/thought/considered…+todo/tobedoing/tohavedonesth.eg:Heisconsidered___________(be)anhonestman.Thebanknearthestreetcornerwasreported________________________(rob)lastnight.ThenumberofEnglishlearnersissaid_______________________(increase)throughouttheworldeveryday.注意：上面的句式往往用“Itissaid/believed/known/reported….that从句”结构。eg:Heissaidtospeakfivelanguages.=_____________________________________________.2)注意该结构中的时态、语态的变化。非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语及构成其它句型非谓语动词作宾语①只接不定式作宾补的动词：hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen…②只接动名词作宾语的动词或短语：mind,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,avoid,risk,resist,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto…③两者都可以意义基本相同：begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continueneed,want,require(主语与动名词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表被动意义。)意义不同：stoptodosth__________________remembertodosth______________________stopdoingsth__________________rememberdoingsth_____________________forgettodosth__________________regrettodosth______________________forgetdoingsth__________________regretdoingsth______________________goontodosth___________________trytodosth________________________goondoingsth___________________trydoingsth_________________________meantodosth___________________can’thelptodosth_______________________meandoingsth____________________can’thelpdoingsth______________________consider…tobe_________________________considerdoingsth_________________________beconsideredtohavedone__________________________(2)非谓语动词作主语不定式和动名词作主语的区别：①动名词作主语表示___________________行为，不定式作主语往往表示___________________将来的动作。eg:Smokingisforbiddenhere.Itisnotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.②不定式作主语，一般用_______作形式主语，而把_______________后置。常见句型有：Itis+adj+forsbtodosth______________________________________________________ofsbtodosth______________________________________________________eg:Itisnice_______youtosayso.Itisdifficult_______studentstolearnEnglishgrammarwell.③V-ing在“Itisnouse/nogood/useless+doing”结构中作_______________，it为_______________，意为_______________。④主表对称原则eg:眼见为实。__________________________________________________________________.(3)非谓语动词作表语①不定式作表语一般表示具体的动作，特别是表示将来的动作。eg:Myjobistohelpthepatients.Hiswishistobuyasleepingcarinthenearfuture.②V-ing形式作表语，表示抽象的、一般性的行为。eg:Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.V-ing形式也可表主语_______________。如：astonishing,exciting,moving,surprising,tiring,interesting,amusing,shocking,worrying…eg:Hislectureisinspiring.Themusicsoundsexciting.③V-ed形式作表语表主语_______________。如：astonished,excited,moved,surprised,tired,interested,amused,shocked,worried,disappointed,drunk,frightened,married,confused,pleased,puzzled,satisfied…eg:Thecupsarebroken.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetpaidbythehour.(4)独立主格结构形式：①_______________________________________________________________________②_______________________________________________________________________1.名词/代词+不定式______________________________v-ing形式______________________________过去分词______________________________注意：独立主格结构从语法上来讲不是句子，在句中通常作______________,表__________________________________，可以转换成相应的状语从句。具有以下特点：a)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语___________，它独立存在。b)独立主格结构通常与句子有___________隔开。c)名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是_________________________________________。eg:Thetest____________________(finish),webeganourholiday._________________Hecameintotheroom,__________________________________.(他的耳朵冻得通红)__________________Hecameoutofthelibrary,_________________________________.(一本大书夹在腋下)__________________Weather__________________(permit)，wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.____________（2014.江苏）Thelecture______,alivelyquestion-and-answersessionfollowed.A.beinggivenB.havingg