语法选修课 高中英语 非谓语动词 A篇

英语非谓语动词精讲1.非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾（语）补定语插入语（独立成分）V-ing形式现在分词●●●●动名词●●●●不定式（todo）●●●●●●过去分词（done）●●●●2.非谓语动词的变化形式非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式todotobedoneforsb.todosth.或ofsb.todosth.在“to”前加not或never进行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone动名词一般式doingbeingdonesb.或sb’sdoing作主语要用sb’sdoing在前加not完成式havingdonehavingbeendone现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加notInfinitive(不定式)不定式的基本形式to-infinitivebare-infinitive1.作主语1)不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作,尤其是未发生的行为动作。2)不定式做主语可直接位于句首,但当主语较长时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。It

is

important

for

modern

young

people

to

master

at

least

two

foreign

languages.常见句型结构：a)

It

is＋形容词＋不定式It

is

not

easy

to

catch

fish

with

your

hands

only.b)

It

i＋名词＋不定式It

is

important

for

us

young

people

to

learn

English

and

master

it.c)

It

takes/needs/requires

(sb.)

some

time

(determination,energy,

patience...)＋不定式It

takes

me

three

hours

to

learn

English

each

day.2.作宾语1)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：afford,agree,aim,apply,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,,dare,demand,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,hesitate,intend,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,

pretend,promise,refuse,seek,tend,threaten,want,wish等。2)在“主语＋动词＋it＋宾补＋不定式”结构,it作形式宾语:We

found

it

impossible

to

get

everything

ready

in

time.

I

think

it

important

to

learn

English

well

in

college.使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe,

consider,

declare,

feel,

find,

guess,

imagine,make,

prove,

realize,

suppose,

think,等。3)不定式一般不作介词宾语,只有少数介词如except,but等后可以跟不定式作宾语.一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to,但如果或所在的句子里有行为动词do,does,did时,常略to.Wehavenochoicebuttowait.Wecandonothingbutwait.3.作表语1)不定式作表语解释说明主语所包含的内容，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如aim,duty,idea,job,policy,purpose,question,suggestion,task,wish等。The

most

important

thing

for

one's

health

is

to

have

plenty

of

exercise.My

chief

purpose

has

been

to

point

out

the

difficulties

of

the

matter.2)作表语的不定式通常都带to,但当主语部分有行为动词do时,to可以省略.Theonlythingwecandonowiswaitandsee.4.作定语1)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。2)不定式作定语的几种情况:a)表示动作还未发生,被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语;Shehasameetingtoattend.b)被修饰的词是或前面由序数词,形容词最高级或only,

last,

next修饰时,常用不定式作定语。Mr.

Zhang

is

always

the

first

to

arrive

at

the

office

and

the

last

to

leave.I

don't

think

he

is

the

best

one

to

do

the

work.c)被修饰的名词为抽象名词need,right,way,reason,attempt,ability,determination,decision,promise,plan等时,后常用不定式作定语;Youhaveeveryrighttofeelbetrayedbyyourfriends.Thereisnoneedforyoutowaituntilhecomes.5.作状语Hespokeloudly(soas/inorder)tobeheard.目的状语.Theyjumpedwithjoytohearthenews.原因状语.I’mtootiredtowalkanyfurthertonight.结果状语Theriverisdangeroustoswimin.方式状语a)不定式作状语表示目的。或用于so

as和in

order之后，来强调这种目的。b)不定式表示结果，特别是在so...as

to,such...as

to,only

to...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。e.gI

rushed

to

the

station

as

fast

as

I

could,

only

to

find

the

train

hadalready

gone.注:onlytodo常表示意想不到的，令人不快的结果.c)不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成adj.+不定式：happy,glad,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever等;e.gIt

is

likely

to

rain

today,

for

it

is

very

cloudy.6.作宾补1)在“主+动+宾+宾补”的句形中,常用下列动词后带宾语补语：ask,

advise,

allow,

beg,

cause,

enable,

encourage,

expect,

force,

find,

hear,

have,

inform,invite,

let,

make,

mean,

notice,

order,

permit,

persuade,

remind,

require,request,

teach,

tell,

urge,

watch,

warn,

watch,feel,等。e.g.He

asked

you

to

call

him

at

ten

o'clock.2)当不定式在let,make,have,hear,look

at,see,listen

to,feel,observe,watch,notice,perceive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补语时，不定式不带to.但在被动结构中宾补变成了主补,此时to要还原.e,gWhenever

something

is

wrong

with

you,

please

do

let

me

know.Hisfathermadehimgotobedearly.Hewasmadetogotobedearlybyhisfather.注意A.动词不定式的否定式只须在to前加not.Myfatherdecidednottotakeupthejob.B.带疑问词的动词不定式在to前加疑问词。Mr.Linwillteachushowtousethecomputer.C.作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常省去to后的动词，只保留to。A:Wouldyouliketocometomyparty?B:Yes,I’dloveto(cometoyourparty).Marywantedtousemybike,butIaskedhernotto(usemybike).7．动词不定式（体现时间概念）的三形式㈠.一般式(todo).Iopenedthedoortoentertheroom.不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。㈡.进行式(tobedoing)Whenhismothercamein,hepretendedtobereading.如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正进行，则用不定式的进行式。㈢.完成式（tohavedone）YouseemedtohavereadthenovelwrittenbyMr.Smith.不定式的完成时表示不定式动词的行为已经发生过了。8．动词不定式的语态㈠.主动式(todo/tobedoing/tohavedone)当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的执行者时，用主动式。WewanttolearnEnglishwell.㈡.被动式(tobedone/tohavebeendone)当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，用被动式。Hedidn’tliketobelaughedat.9．用bareinfinitive(省略to的不定式)的几种情况（1）let,have,make,see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,feel,perceive,listento,hear,etc+O(宾语)+do(不带to的不定式作宾补)；eg.IsawherwalkintotheclassroomandsitdownnexttoMary.Who/WhomdoyouthinkMr.Whitewillhavewritethereportforhim?注意：此句型用于被动语态时，to要还原。eg.ShewasseentowalkintotheclassroomandsitdownnexttoMary.（2）有些动词短语和情态动词后要用省略to的不定式，如wouldrather,hadbetter,whynot等；eg.Ican’twaittoseemybirthdaypresent.I’dbettergoandseeitmyself.（3）两个或两个以上的动词不定式由and,or,except,but,than,ratherthan,等词连接时，这些词后的动词不定式to的省略；I’mwillingtogototheofficeandfetchthebookforyou.（4）不定式作介词宾语时，如果所在句子里有行为动词do,did,does时，to要省略；eg.Wecandonothingbutwait.（5）“主+系+表”结构中，如果不定式作表语，主语部分有行为动词do,did,does时，则不定式的to可以省略。Theonlythingwecandonowiswaitandsee.10．不定式的主动表示被动的几种情况：（1）当句子的谓语动词是have,get,find,give,bring等词时，且不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语或宾语时，不定式用主动表示被动；Icanfindnotingtoeatinthefridge.（2）在too+adj./adv.+todo结构中，不定式用主动表示被动；eg.Thebookistoodifficulttounderstand.（3）在enough+todo结构中，不定式用主动表示被动；eg.Thecaseislightenoughtocarry.（4）在adj.+todo结构中，如果形容词是difficult,hard,easy,simple,light,heavy等词时，不定式用主动表示被动；eg.Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.（5）在with+O(宾语)+todo结构中，不定式用主动表示被动；eg.Withalotofthingstobuy,Mrs.Blackwentintothesupermarket.Gerund(动名词)动名词是非谓动词的一种形式，由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称动名词。动名词的句法功能：动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。1.动名词作主语Walkingisgoodexercise.Playingchessisfun.---Whywereyousolateforworktoday?---Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofthetraffic.动名词作主语,用来表示无时限的泛指动作,或描述当时的。也可用it作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:1）动名词在“Itisnouse/nogood/fun/awasteoftime等名词+doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：Itisnogoodwritingtohim;heneveranswersletters.Itisnousetalkingtoomuch.Itisnotmuchfungoingtoapartyalone.Itwouldbeawasteoftimeattemptingtheimpossible.2）动名词在“Itisuseless/nice/good等词+doing”结构中作主语。例如：Itisnicemeetingyou.Itisuselesssendinghimthere.注意:此结构句型中的good为名词,意思是“好处”;而Itisnice+doing结构常于告别时用,等于Itisnicetohavedone,如果刚见面时,则应用Itisnice+todo.3）动名词在“Thereis(was)no+doing”结构中作主语。例如：Thereisnodenyingthatsheisveryefficient.Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.2.动名词作表语动名词作表语起名词作用,用来解释主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。Thenurse'sjobislookingafterthepatients.=Lookingafterthepatientsisthenurse'sjob注意:动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别.在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.Theirjobisbuildinghouses.Ourtasknowistoincreasefoodproduction.注意:它与谓语动词进行时的区别:Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.Heiscollectingstamps._____________________________________________________________________________3.动名词作定语动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系.aracingcar=acarforracingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimming注意动名词和现在分词作定语时的区别：现在分词作定语用于：被修饰的名词和做定语的动词为主动关系，该动作正在进行或与谓语动作同时进行，或是经常性行为时。Thepeoplesittingatthebackmoveforwardplease.（正在进行）Iliketoliveinthehousefacingthesouth.(经常性的动作)可用定语从句改写：asleepingchild=achildwhoissleeping4．动名词作宾语1）动名词作动词宾语①下列动词后只能接动名词：advise,appreciate,admit(承认),allow,avoid,consider(考虑),delay,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,forbid,imagine,keep,miss,mind,practice,permit,pardon,resist,recommend,suggest,understand,etc.Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.Irecommendbuyingthedictionary.注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid/recommend+doing;advise/allow/permit/forbid/recommend+sb.+todo.e.g.Wedoesn’tallowsmokinginthelab.Theteacherdoesn’tallowustosmokeinthelab.Irecommendbuyingthisdictionary.Irecommendyoutobuythisdictionary.②有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：putoff,giveup,lookforwardto,feellike,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.devoteto,getusedto,payattentionto,befondof,stickto,beworth,can’tstand,can’thelp,etc.e.g.Heputoffmakingadecisiontillhehadmoreinformation.Doyoufeelliketakingawalk?2）动名词作介词宾语注意:介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,通常只能是动名词,不可用不定式(except,but除外)Areyougoodatplayingfootball?其他介词不易错,重点是介词to.因为不定式符号也是to,所以一定要记住有关的短语.lookforwardto,devote…to,getusedto,getdownto,contributeto,payattentionto,stickto,onone’swayto…等，这些短语中的to都是介词.IamusedtowatchingTVintheevening.We’resomushlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.5．动名词与不定式作宾语的区别★1.有些动词（continue,prefer,begin,hate,like,start,love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。e.g.IlikeswimmingbutIdon’tliketoswiminwinter.★2.有些动词，如forget,remember,regret等接不定式动名词作宾语，二者有别：后面接动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词。e.g.Doremembertotellyourmother.Iremembertellingmymother.Iregrettosay/tellImustleavetomorrow.Iregretnothavingtoldherearlier.★3.有些动词（mean,stop,try）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，但意义有差别。●注意：allow,permit,forbid,encourage接动名词作宾语、接不定式作宾补6．动名词的逻辑主语①人称代词做逻辑主语时应用所有格，即形容词性物主代词。Doyoumindmysmokinghere?②逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时，很少用所有格，而用普通格。Hewasawakenedbysomeoneknockingatthedoor.③逻辑主语是名词时，用所有格，但是如果名词为无生命物体时，则用普通格。Mary’slaughingmadeTomangry.Thereisnohopeofthefactorymakingprofit.④在口语中，动名词如果不在句首，可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格作逻辑主语。如果动名词的复合结构不是句子主语，这个结构常用名词普通格或人称代词宾格Idon’tmindJack(him)going.Shehatesyoungpeople(them)smoking.●注:复合结构作主语,只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格+动名词的结构.作宾语则既可用代词宾格(形容词性物主代词)+动名词也可用名词(名词所有格)+动名词。1)Doyoumindmy/meopeningthewindow?2)Ourgoingthereisallowed.【在句首不能用us】7．动名词有两种时间形式A.动名词的一般式(doing)通常表示一般性的动作或与谓语同时发生Ican’thelpcryingatthenews.B.动名词的完成式(havingdone)动名词的动作在谓语动作之前发生常用动名词的完成式Sheregretnothavingstudiedthecomputerhard.Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.8．动名词的语态A.主动语态（doing或havingdone）当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是动名词动作的执行者,这个动名词一般要用主动形式Mary’slaughingmadeTomangry.Doyoumindmysmokinghere?B.被动语态（beingdone或havingbeendone）当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是动名词动作的承受者,这个动名词一般要用被动形式Beingkilledbysharkswasacommonoccurrence.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.9．动名词主动表示被动的几种情况Beworthdoing;sth.+need/want/require+doingThenovelisworthreadingasecondtime.Mywatchneedsrepairing.10．动名词的常见句型1.Itisnouse/nogood/fun/awasteoftime/agoodpleasure+doing(1)Itisnousetalkingtoomuch.(2)Itisnogoodcrying.2.Itisuseless/nice/good/interesting/worthwhileItisworthwhilediscussingthequestionagain.3.Thereis(was)no+doingThereisnoknowingwhathashappended.4.Thereisnoneed/use/good/harm/hurry+doingThereisnoharmpointingouthismistakes.5.sb.spendsometime(in)doingsth.Ispentthreeweeksreadingthebook.6.beworthdoingsth.Thebookiswellworthreadingagain.7.sth.want/need/require+doing/tobedoneTheair-conditionerneedsrepairing.Sb.Want/need/require+todo（6和7两种结构中的动名词需用主动表示被动）8.ondoing(hearing/seeing/returning/arriving/opening…)Onhearingthenewshejumpedwithjoy.9.haveagoodtime/difficulty/trouble/fun/apleasure/ahardtime(in)doingsthIhavesomedifficultyinfindingoutwhenthetrainleaves.10.bebusydoingsth.Nowthestudentsarebusypreparingtheirlessons.Participle(分词)分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，其功能相当于形容词和副词，在句子中充当表语，定语，状语或补语。1.作定语aninterestingbook/themansittingbythewindow/boilingwater,boiledwateradeveloped/deveiopingcountry分词作定语时，如是单个的常放在被修饰名词的前面，说明其所修饰的名词的性质或特征；如是短语，常放在被修饰的名词后面，相当于一个定语从句。分词作定语时通常可以转换成定语从句。asleepingchild=achildwhoissleepingWeshoulddrinkboiledwater.=Weshoulddrinkwaterwhichhasbeenboiled①过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系，即被动关系或表示动作已经先于谓语动词所表示的动作完成。theescapedcriminal逃犯→pastawidelyusedlanguage→passive②现在分词作定语表示分词动作“说话时正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性”的动作，与所修饰词之间是主谓关系，即主动关系。eg.thefallingleavesIliketoliveinthehousefacingthesouth.但是，若该动作是一次性发生过的动作，不能用现在分词，只能用定语从句。eg.Doyourememberthefloodwhichhitourvillagetwoyearsago?=3\*GB3③被修饰的名词与作定语的动词为被动关系时，采用以下三种形式：名词+done(过去分词)表示动作已经完成，被动关系名词+beingdone(现在分词的被动式)表示动作正在进行，被动关系名词+tobedone(不定式的被动式)表示动作尚未发生，被动关系eg.ThemachineintroducedfromJapanhascomeintouse.ThepatientbeingoperatedonatpresentisfromJiangsu.Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisofgreatimportance.=4\*GB3④描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词；描述人的情感则用过去分词。如：apieceofexcitingnewsTherewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.注意：分词的完成形式(havingdone/havingbeendone)不能作定语。2作表语分词作表语说明的是主语的性质或特征或状态，即主语怎么样。Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.Edisonbecameinterestedinsciencewhenhewasveryyoung.Thecarisbrokenandwehavetohaveitrepaired.现在分词（ving）主语通常是物，表示“令人……的”；ThenewsIheardjustnowisveryastonishing.过去分词（ved）主语常是人，表示“感到…”。Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.3.作状语Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom,thestudentsstoodup.Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinsports.Heated,waterchangesintosteam.Havingwrittentheletter,Johnwenttothepostoffice.分词作状语时，注意如下二点：相当于相应的从句分词的逻辑主语就是全句的主语=1\*GB3①现在分词可用作伴随，时间或结果等状语，与主句的主语之间是主动关系；现在分词作状语时有不同的形态：doing表示分词动作正在进行或与主句动作同时发生，与主句主语间是主动关系beingdone表示分词动作正在进行或与主句动作同时发生，与主句主语之间是被动关系havingdone表示分词动作发生于主句动作之前，与主句主语之间是主动关系havingbeendone表示分词动作发生于主句动作之前，与主句主语之间是被动关系注意：现在分词作结果状语时常表示按事情发展的过程必然会产生的结果。eg.Theircarwascaughtinatrafficjam,causingthedelay.=2\*GB3②过去分词可以用来作时间，原因或条件等状语，与主句的主语之间是被动关系：1)timeSeenfromthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.=Whentheparkisseenfromthehill,itlooksverybeautiful.Onceseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.=Onceitisseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.2)reasonLostinthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.=Becausehewaslostinthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.3)conditionUnlessinvitedtospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.=Unlessyouareinvitedtospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.Comparedwithotherprofessors,shewasanexcellentspeaker.=Ifshewascomparedwithotherprofessors…4.作补语Canyougetthemachinegoingagain?Theboyswereseenwalkingonthegrass.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.Shefoundthedoorlocked.分词可以相当于形容词在句子中充当补语，verb－ing形式在句中作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，它和句子的主语或宾语,之间的关系是主动关系。verb－ed形式在句中作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，它和句子的主语或宾语之间的关系是被动关系。Viviengotherfingerstrappedinthebicyclechain.(trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers)Thevaluablevasewasfoundstolen.(stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase)几个常用词语带非谓语动词作宾补或主补的情况：1.makemake+O+C(do)宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。make+O+C(done)宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。S+bemade+todo宾语与主补动作为主动关系。S+bemade+done宾语与主补动作为被动关系。e.g.Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.2.keep/leavekeep/leave+O+C(doing)宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。keep/leave+O+C(done)宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。S+bekept/left+doing宾语与主补动作为主动关系。S+bekept/left+done宾语与主补动作为被动关系。e.g.Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.Hisworkwaslefthalfdone.3.findfind+O+C(doing)宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。find+O+C(done)宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。S+befound+doing宾语与主补动作为主动关系。S+befound+done宾语与主补动作为被动关系。e.g.Ifoundhersittingatthebackoftheclassroom,crying.Shefoundhernecklacegoneonherwayhome.4.withwith+O+doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。with+O+done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。with+O+todo表示动作还未发生，主动表示被动。e.g.Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach.Withmuchworktodo,Ihavetogiveupthistrip.5.catchsb.doing/becaughtdoing该句型表示（偶然或突然）撞见，发现。e.g.Icaughtathiefstealingonmywayhome.Theywerecaughttryingtocornerthericemarket.6.havehave+O+do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。have+O+doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某一动作一直进行或让某人一直做某事。have+O+done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。1）某事由别人做；2）表达主语的遭遇。e.g.Shewillhaveyoudoingallthehouseworkifyouarenotcareful.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.7.getget+O+todo宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。get+O+doing使某一动作开始进行。get+O+done表达的意义与have+O+done相同。e.g.Itisuptoyoutogetthemmovingatonce.Canyougettheclockgoingagain?8.感官动词hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watchobserve,feel,perceive,etc+O+do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。该动作全过程已结束或经常发生。hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watchobserve,feel,perceive,etc+O+doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。表示该动作正在进行。hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watchobserve,feel,perceive,etc+O+done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系e.g.Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.〓非谓语动词的几种固定结构★totellyouthetruth/totellthetruth(实话告诉你),tobefrank/honest…(说实话),tomakethematterworse,generallyspeaking,.judgingfrom/by…,consideringthat…,(考虑到)，talkingof/speakingof…(谈到),★given…(考虑到),comparedwith/to…Generallyspeaking,thisbookisnotverydifficult.Judgingfromwhatyousaid,hehastakenaverygoodjob.ConsideringthathehasbeeninChinaforonlyayear,hespeaksChinesewell.〓非谓语动词的用法比较动词不定式与动词-ing（动名词）作主语时的比较：不定式作主语通常表示“具体动作”或“某个特定的情况”。动名词作主语通常表示“抽象动作或泛指一般情况”。如：It’snotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.（特指）Smokingisabadhabit,whichyoushouldgetridof.（泛指）2.动词不定式、动词-ing（动名词、现在分词）与过去分词作表语时的比较：（1）动词不定式、动词-ing（动名词）作表语时，前者表示某一具体动作，特别是将来的动作，而后者表示比较抽象的一般行为。如：Ourjobtodayistosweepthefloor.Theantqueen’jobislayingeggs.(2)现在分词、过去分词作表语，表示主语的性质、特点和状态。如：ThenewsIheardjustnowisveryastonishing.Thecarisbrokenandwehavetohaveitrepaired.3.动词不定式、动词-ing（动名词、现在分词）与过去分词作定语时的比较：（1）动词不定式、动词-ing（动名词）作定语时，前者放在被修饰名词的后面，后者则放在被修饰名词的前面，说明其所修饰名词的用途。A.Shewasthefirstwomantoclimbthehighestmountainintheworld.(修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词。)B.ShehasnoabilitytoreadandwriteChinese.(抽象名词常见的有：ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。)C.Iborrowedsomebooksintendedforchildrentoreadduringmyholiday.(表将来)D.asittingroom=aroomforsitting（2）现在分词和过去分词作定语，单个的常放在被修饰名词的前面，说明其所修饰的名词的性质或特征；如是短语，常放在被修饰的名词后面，前者相当于一个定语从句，表示“说话时正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性”的动作；而后者也相当于一个定语从句，分词所表示的动作一般“先于谓语动词所表示的动作”或“没有一定的时间性的动作”。A.Tomisgoingtoattendtheweddingpartyintwodays.B.Thegirldancinghappilyisafriendofmine.=Thegirlwhoisdancinghappilyisafriendofmine.C.Therearemorepollutedriversandlakesnowthaninthepast.D.Thegunsstolenfromthepolicestationwerefoundinadesertedhouse.=Thegunswhichhadbeenstolenfromthepolicestationwerefoundinadesertedhouse.4.动词不定式、动词-ing（现在分词）与过去分词作状语的比较：（1）动词不定式作状语，用来修饰动词或形容词，一般作目的、结果或原因状语，多置于句末。A.TheywenttoChinatovisittheirrelativesandfriends.(表示目的)B.Hewokeuptofindeverybodygone.(表示结果)C.Ｈewastooexcitednottosayafewwords.(表示程度)D.I’mverysorrytohavetroubledyousomuch.(表示原因)E.Totellyouthetruth,Ihavegotnomoneyaboutme.(表示条件)（2）动词-ing（现在分词）与过去分词作状语，用来修饰名词，一般作时间、原因、让步、方式状语，置于句首；还可作伴随，置于句末。A.Beingahard-workingstudent,hesucceededinthemathsexam.=Ashewasahard-workingstudent,hesucceededin…...B.Workinginthecity,Tomhadawonderfultime.=Whenheworkedinthecity,Tomhadawonderfultime.C.Ilethimin,sayingthatIwashisuncle.D.Markfinishedhishomework,takingalongtimeoverit.5.过去分词与现在分词被动完成式的比较：（1）在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语时，用过去分词，而不用现在分词完成式。如：Welivedinthehousebuiltin2008.(定语)Thecup,whichIborrowedfrommyfriend,isbroken.（表语）Ifoundthem