语法精讲-非谓语动词

语法精讲－非谓语动词非谓语动词的构成形式对比（加下划线的选项为正确答案）（一）不定式的基本形式动词不定式的否定形式：由“not+不定式”构成。Thepatientwaswarned_______oilyfoodaftertheoperatation.A.toeatnot B.eatingnot C.nottoeat D.noteating动词不定式的被动形式：由“tobe+过去分词”构成。LittleJimshouldlove______tothetheatrethisevening.A.tobetaken B.totake C.beingtaken D.taking动词不定式的进行时形式：由“tobe+现在分词”构成。Whenhisfathercamein,hepretendedtobereading.动词不定式的完成形式：由“tohave+过去分词”构成。Iwouldlove_______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togo B.tohavegone C.going D.havegone动词不定式的完成形式的被动：由“tohave+been+过去分词”构成。Doletyourmotyherknowallthetruth.Sheappears_______everything.A.totell B.tobetold C.tobetelling D.tohavebeentold(二)V-ing形式的基本形式1.V-ing形式的一般式由“动词＋ing”构成，其被动式“being+过去分词”。Thesalesmanscoldedthegirlcaught________andletheroff.A.tohavestolen B.tobestealing C.tosteal D.stealing2.V-ing形式的完成式由“having+过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having+been+过去分词”。ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,_______thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.A.havingadded B.toadd C.adding D.added3.V-ing形式的否定式为“not+V-ing”。但现代英语中，其完成式的否定也可用“having+not+过去分词”构成。_________areplay,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.Notreceiving B.Receivingnot C.Nothavingreceived D.havingnotreceived(三)过去分词的基本形式过去分词由“规则动词＋ed”构成，不规则的则需要专门记忆。其否定则在前面加not.Don’tusewords,expressions,orphrases_______onlytopeoplewithspecialknowledge.A.beingknown B.havingbeenknown C.tobeknownD.known非谓语动词的功用对比（一）作主语只有动词不定式和V-ing形式可作主语。一般来说，这两者作主语时可互换，但不定式作主语多表示将来或某种特定的情况，而V-ing作主语则通常表示一般情况。它们作主语时，谓语多用单数。为了平衡句子，通常把不定式作主语改为it作形式主语，即：It’s+名词（形容词）＋for(of)sb.+todosth.结构。Is________necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?A.this B.that C.it D.he_________aftersupperisgoodforyourhealth.A.Walking B.Towalk C.Thewalk D.Awalk(二)作表语非谓语动词均可作表语。不定式作表语：不定式常用在系动词be,seem,appear,get,remain等后作表语，根据需要可用不定式的被动形式。Ourplanistofinishtheworkinthreeweeks.Wearetohelphimout.Havingatripaboardiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains________whethertheywillenjoyit.A.tosee B.tobeseen C.seeing D.seenHeletmerepeathisinstruction_________surethatIunderstoodwhatwas_____afterhewentaway.A.tomake;tobedone B.making;doing C.tomake;todo D.making;todo2.V-ing形式和过去分词作表语时总是放在连系动词之后，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态。V-ing形式通常表示主动或进行，过去分词则表示被动或完成。Ithinktheshopisclosedatthistimeofday.Thestorysoundsinteresting.常用来V-ing形式或过去分词作表语的动词有：interest,move,discourage,amuse,astonish,frighten,excite,inspire,please,satisfy,tire,worry,surprise,bore,disappoint,encourage,puzzle,shock,invite等，通常修饰人用过去分词，修饰物时则用V-ing形式。－I’mvery______withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.－Mm,itdoeshavea________smell.A.pleasant;pleased B,pleased;pleased C.pleasant;pleasant D.pleased;pleasantItisbelievedthatifabookis_____,itwillsurely________thereader.A.interested;interest B.interesting;beinterestedC.interested;beinterestingD.interesting;interest(三)作宾语只有动词不定式和V-ing形式才能作宾语，并均有其相应的被动形式和完成形式。不定式作宾语能直接接不定式作宾语的动词有：offer,learn,plan,ask,promise,agree,help,prepare,hope,decide,choose,refuse,manage,wish,want,expect,demand,determine,pretend等。Weagreed________here,butsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmet B.meeting C.tomeet D.tohavemeet②动词+疑问词+不定式。这类动词有：decide,findout,forget,know,learn,remember,see,think,understand,wonder等。I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_____inmynewjob.A.expected B.toexpect C.tobeexpecting D.expectsThemotherdidn’tknow____toblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout.A.who B.when C.how D.whatItissaidthatinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows________.A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithit D.todowhatwithit.③不定式作介词宾语。介词expect/but之后接不定式时，如果介词前有实义动词do,则expect/but后接不带to的不定式；反之，如果except/but前没有实义动词do，则不定式要带to.Shehasnochoicebuttowaitforthenews.ThemancandoeverythingbutspeakFrench.④有些动词后既可接不定式，也可接V-ing形式作宾语，但含义不同：goondoingsth.继续干同一件事;goontodosth接着去干另外一件事;stopdoingsth停止做某事;stoptodosth停下来去干某事;forgetdoingsth忘记已干了某事;forgettodosth忘记要干某事;rememberdoingsth记得已经干了某事;remembertodosth记住要干某事;trydoingsth试着干某事;trytodosth设法干某事;meandoingsth意味着做某事;meantodosth打算干某事;can’thelpdoingsth禁不住干某事;can’thelp(to)dosth不能帮助干某事;regretdoingsth后悔干了某事;regrettodosth因要做某事而遗憾等等。V-ing形式作宾语只能接V-ing形式作宾语的常用动词有：admit,appreciate,avoid,delay,deny,endure,enjoy,escape,finish,imagine,mind,miss,practice,risk,resist,suggest,keep等。动词want,need,require,deserve等和形容词worth后接V-ing形式的主动形式作宾语，表示被动关系，如接不定式时，则必须用被动形式。即：needdoing=needtobedone.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars_______roadconditionsneed_______.A.that;tobeimproved B.which;tobeimproved C.where;improving D.when;improving以下短语中的to均为介词，其后接名词，代词，V-ing形式作宾语，不能接动词原形作宾语。它们是：getdownto;payattentionto;lookforwardto;stickto;turnto;beusedto(doingsth);prefer…to…;devoteoneselfto;seeto.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto______theflower-linedgarden.A.visit B.payingavisit C.walkin D.walkingin(四)作宾语补足语（主语补足语）非谓语动词均可作宾语补足语。如果谓语动词带有非谓语动词作宾语补足语，将句子变为被动句后，其宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。不定式作宾语补足语①有些动词可接带to的不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有:warn,ask,allow,permit,order,tell,advise,expect,wish,force,beg,invite,encourage,persuade等。MrsSmithwarnedherdaughter_________afterdrinking.A.nevertodrive B.toneverdrive C.neverdriving D.neverdrive②有些动词可接不带to的不定式用作宾语补足语。这类动词有：使役动词：have,make,let等和感官动词see,hear,listento,lookat,watch,notice,observe,feel等。这类动词用于被动语态后，用作主语补足语的不定式不能省略不定式符号to.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher_____up.A.grow B.grew C.wasgrowing D.togrowJohnwasmade_____thetruckforaweekasapunishment.A.towash B.washing C.wash D.tobewashingV-ing形式和过去分词作宾语补足语V-ing形式和过去分词作宾语补足语意义不同，通常用在感官动词或使役动词或with+复合宾语结构中。其中过去分词表示宾语的被动动作已完成，现在分词则表示主动动作或动作正在进行。主要取决于宾语与动词的关系，即主动用现在V-ing形式，被动关系用过去分词。Themanagerdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee______thenextyear.A.carryout B.carryingout C.carriedout D.tocarryoutThemissingboyswerelastseen_______neartheriver.A.playing B.tobeplaying C.play D.toplayAcookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound_______inthekitchen.A.smoke B.smoking C.tosmoke D.smoked(五)作定语非谓语动词均可作定语不定式作定语①被修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式用主动形式。若不定式是不及物动词，与所修饰的词有意义上的动宾关系，其后应加一个适当的介词。Aftersheconsideredtheproblem,shegotatallboxtostand_____.A.by B.on C.up D.withTherearefivepairs________,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosen B.tochoosefromC.tochoose D.forchoosing不定式可用在thefirst,thesecond以及thelast,theonly和最高级等后面作定语。ShelikestolistentoMr.Li’slessons,sosheisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.过去分词作定语过去分词用来表示一个完成的或被动的动作。①通常单个的过去分词作前置定语，过去分词短语作后置定语。Developedcountries;acrowdedroom,illnesscausedbytheaccident;thephotostakeninthezoo.注意：有少数单个过去分词，如left,given等，常作后置定语。Therewillonlybestandingroomleftforusnextcentury!Thebooksgivenarewellworthreading.Amanisbeingquestionedinrelationtothe______murderlastnight.A.advised B.attended C.attempted D.admitted②及物动词的过去分词含有“完成”和“被动”的含义。Thebirdsshotbythehunterlayontheground.注意：并不一定每个及物动词的过去分词都表“完成”和“被动”两种含义，有时可能只有其中一种含义。YourwrittenexercisesshouldbeturnedinbeforeFriday.(written只表被动)。Alargernumberofcarswerestoppedinthecrowdedstreet.(crowded只表示完成)。Pricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.arebought B.bought C.beenbought D.buying过去分词作定语可改为一个定语从句。如：boiledwater=waterwhich(that)wasboiledamixedgroup=agroupwhich(that)wasmixedThecomputercenter,________lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsintheschool.A.open B.opening C.havingopened D.openedV-ing形式作定语V-ing形式作定语，具有形容词的性质。一般说来，单个分词作前置定语，分词短语作后置定语。V-ing形式在含义上表主动或进行，也可表示经常性，习惯性的动作。Thecomingweek;thesleepingchildrenWeliveinaroomfacingthesouth.Mr.Smith,_____ofthe________speech,startedtoreadanovel.A.tired;boring B.tiring;bored C.tired;bored D.tiring;boring(六)作状语非谓语动词均可用作状语不定式作状语不定式作状语主要用来表示目的，有时也可以表示结果和原因。为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加inorder或soas。Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident_________losehisjob.A.sonotasto B.soasnotto C.soastonot D.notsoasto_________lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.A.Tosleep B.Sleeping C.Sleep D.HavingsleptV-ing形式状语V-ing形式作状语，相当于一个表示原因，时间，方式，条件，结果等的状语从句。根据需要可用被动式或完成式。原因状语Beingill,shecan’tgotoworktoday.时间状语WhilewatchingTV,hefallsasleep.方式或伴随状语Theylayonthegrass,lookingatthesky.条件状语Beingprepared,weshallpassthetest.结果状语Aletterhasjustcome,thusrelievinghimfromanxiety.Though______money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lacked B.lackingof C.lacking D.lackedin_______suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.havingsuffered B.Suffering C.Tosuffer D.Suffered过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时，表示它与主语之间是被动关系在，通常可表示原因，时间，条件，让步和伴随等。原因状语Inspiredbyherexample,theLeaguemembersworkedevenharder.时间状语Oncepublished,thisbookwillbecomeabestseller.条件状语United,westand;divided,wefall.让步状语Beatenbytheoppositeteam,theplayerswerenotdiscouragedandpracticedevenharder.伴随状语Thescientistenteredthelab,followedbyhisassistants.Generallyspeaking,_______accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.A.whentaking B.whentaken C.whentotake D.whentobetaken_______time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.A.Having B.Togive C.Giving D.GivenTheresearchissodesignedthatonce_______nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.begins B.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun(七)非谓语动词使用注意事项不定式的用法注意下几点：下列短语后接不带to的不定式：hadbetter,wouldrather,whynot,cannothelpbut及ratherthan,otherthan等。Inthatcase,thereisnothingyoucando_________thanwait.A.more B.other C.better D.anyRatherthan________onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers________abicycle.A.ride;ride B.riding;ride C.ride;toride D.toride;riding②不定式to的内容的的省略：形容词后不定式的省略，常用形容词有：happy,glad,ready,eager,anxious等。─I’llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?─Notatall._______________.A.I’venotime B.I’drathernot C.I’dlikeit D.I’dbehappytob.宾语补足语、主语补足语中不定式的省略，常用动词有：ask,tell,order,persuade,advise,wish,permit,allow等。Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim________.A.notto B.nottodo C.notdoit D.donottoc.动词后不定式的省略，常用动词有：like,love,wish,mean,want,refuse,try,advise,persuade

等。─Willyougotothetheatre,MissBrown?─Sorry,____________.A.Iwant B.Idon’twantto C.I’mgladto D.I’dliked.在某些固定词组，如：oughtto,haveto,usedto,beableto,begoingto等后也可省略不定式。─Alice,whydidn’tyoucomeyesterday?─I_________,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.A.had B.would C.wasgoingto D.did2.V-ing形式和过去分词作独立成分英语中有几个特殊的分词可用作独立成分，如given(that)意为“假设；如果；考虑到”；providing/provided(that)意为“假定”；supposing/suppose(that)意为“假如”；considering(that)意为“考虑到”；seeing(that)意为“既然”等。________thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.A.Given B.Togive C.Giving D.Havinggiven3.非谓语动词作状语的句型结构非谓语动词作状语时，一是它相当于一个状语从句，二是它逻辑上的主语必须和句子的主语一致。InordertoimproveEnglish,______________.A.Jenny’sfatherboughtheralotoftapes B.JennyboughtalotoftapesforherselfC.alotoftapeswereboughtbyJenny D.alotoftapeswereboughtbyJenny’sfatherFindinghercarstolen,________________.A.apolicemanwasaskedtohelp B.theareawassearchedthoroughlyC.itwaslookedforeverywhere D.shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelp专项练习(1ACABB6CACAD11DDACC16BBADB21CAABB)1.Shepretended__mewhenIpassedby. A.nottoseeB.notseeingC.tonotseeD.havingnotseen2.Haveyouhadthenurse___yourson'stemperature? Atotake BtakingCtake Dtaken3Idon'tthinkyouneed____today. AtoleaveBtobeleavingCleavingDbeingleft4Wehavebeenlookingforthegirlallthemorning,butsheisnowhere_____. Atosee Btobeseen Cbeingseen Dseen5Heshould___forwhathehasdone. Apraise BbepraisedChavepraisedDtobepraised6------Idon'tknow____withtheproblem.---Whynot____yourteacherforadvice? Awhattodo--toaskBhowtodo--toask Cwhattodo--ask Dhowtodo--ask7___thetruth,Idon'twanttogo. ATotellBTellCTellingDInordertotell8Howdothebirdsknowexactly____direction___? AwhichflyingBwhichtoflytoCinwhichtoflyD/flyingto9Ifindtheseproblemsareeasy___. AtoworkoutBtobeworkedtooutCinworkingoutDtobeworkedthemout10I'vebeenwaitingforhalfanhour____methephonecall.AtogiveBforyougivingCofyoutogiveDforyoutogive11_______,theletterwasposted. AWroteit BHavingwritten CWriting DHavingbeenwritten12_____himbefore,Ididn'trecognizehim. ANotseeingBHavingnotseenCNeverhavingseenDHavingneverseen13Ineedmybike________. ArepairedBrepairing Ctohaverepaired Dbeingrepaired14Heenteredthehouseandleftme____outside. Astand Btostand CstandingDtobestanding15Don'thavethewater____all