英语重难点语法 考研英语(二)写作

学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载英语重难点语法第一讲句子构成成分分析

句子构成

构成句子的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。

一、主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing、Todo五种。

1

名词：

Successistheresultofgoodjudgment.

Lifelightsthecandleofhope.

2

代词：

Weliveandlearn.

Idoubt,thereforeIthink.Ithink,thereforeIam.

3

主语从句：

Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis.

Whatisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.

4

V-ing:

Losingcanbearealbeginning.

Believinginyourselfisthesecretofsuccess.

5

Todo:

Tolightthecandleofheartisbetterthantocursethedarknessoftheoutsidewold.

Toknowiswisdomandtodoisaskill.

二、谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。

1

表状态用系动词：

Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.

Lifeishopeandhopeislife.

2

表动作用及物或不及物动词：

Manyhandsmakelightwork.

IcameIsawIconquered.

3

表拥有：人或物时用：havehas无生命的东西：therebe

Everydoghasitsday.

Inafullheart,thereisroomforeverything.

4

情态动词＋动词原形：

Amanmaydie,nationsmayfall,butanidealiveson.

三、宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、V-ing、Todo五种。

1

名词：

Readingenrichesourmind.

Hastemakeswaste.

2

宾语从句：

Goalsdeterminewhatyouaregoingtobe.

Temptationdiscoverswhatweare.

3

复合结构：

Ifyoulackconfidenceyouwillfindithardtowin.

4

V-ing:

Youareneveraloseruntilyouquittrying.

Readingislikeopeningawindowtotheoutsideworld.

5

Todo:

Winnersexpecttowininadvance.

Oneshouldlearntoforgive.

四、表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。常做表语的有名词、形容词、V-ing、Todo、从句五种。

1

名词：

Lifeisnotabedofroses.

Todayisouronlysurepossession.

2

形容词：

Timeisfleetingandartislong.

Changeisconstant.

3

V-ing:

Courageisdoingwhatothersthinkyoucan’tdo.

Lifeispaintingapicture,notdoingasum.

4

Todo:

Tochangeattitudeistochangelife.

Theproperfunctionofmanistolive,nottoexist.

5

从句：

Therealmeasureofsuccessishowhappyweare.

Loveiswhatlinkstwosouls.

五、定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“……..的”，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。常做定语的有形容词、名词、V-ing、Todo、从句五种。

1

形容词：

Awarmsmileistheuniversallanguage.

Eachmomentinhistoryisafleetingtime.

2

名词：

Adversityteachesoneagreatdealaboutsurvivalskills.

Lifeeducationisthebasisforsuccessintheknowledgesociety.

名词做定语（名词修饰名词重要原则：第一个名词一般用单数以下为常用名词修饰名词词组）

1

Information

technology

2

Information

center

3

Credit

card

4

Generation

gap

5

Beauty

contest

6

Communication

skills

7

Information

age

8

Knowledge

economy

9

Peace

talks

10

Service

industry

11

Water

scarcity

12

Survival

skills

13

Press

conference

14

Safety

standard

15

Life

insurance

16

Weather

forecast

17

Reception

desk

18

Coffee

break

19

Body

guard

20

Heart

attack

21

Department

store

22

Stock

market

23

Office

building

24

Science

fiction

3

V-ing:

Failureisalearningexperience.

Thestartingpointofallachievementsisdesire.

4

Todo:

Thereisnotimetolose.

One’sgreatestpoweristhepowertochoose.

5

定语从句：

Thatisagoodbookwhichisopenedwithexpectationandclosedwithprofit.

Successisaprocessthatneverends.

六、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。常做状语的有副词、状语从句、状语从句省略结构、Todo、V-ing、V-ed六种。

1

副词：

Stillwaterrunsdeep.

Oneshouldhaveclearlydefinedgoals.

Excellencyisdoingordinarythingsextraordinarilywell.

Clearly,one’sfateisinhis/herownhands.

2

状语从句：

Whenanopportunityisneglected,itnevercomesbacktoyou.

Nothingisordinaryifoneknowshowtouseit.

3

状语从句省略结构：

Ifpossible,goafteryourdreamforever!

4

Todo：

Toassociatewithfriends,oneshouldbehonestandopen.

Toleaphigher,onecandrawback.

5

V-ing：

Lackingaclearworldoutlook,lifebecomesakindofburden.

Badbooksarepoison,doingharmtoone’sheartandsoul.

6

V-ed：

Unitedwestand;dividedwefall.

Welldone,thesmallesttaskbecomesamiracleofachievement.

七、补语：主语补足语（补充说明主语的情况，又称表语）、宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的情况）常做宾语补足语的有形容词和Todo两种。

1

形容词：

Historiesmakemenwise.

Lovemakestheworldmorecolorfulforall.

2

Todo:

Difficultiestrainonetobegreat.

Motiveurgesonetomakeprogress.

八、同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B称之为同位语。常做同位语的有名词和从句两种。

1

名词：

Weshouldmakefulluseoftoday,thehopeoftomorrow.

Nevergiveupyourdream,thesourceofhappiness.

2

从句：

Failureisasignthatoneshouldexploreotheropportunities.

Thefactthatyouhavetriedyourbestisinitselfabigvictory.

九、插入语

插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与其它成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。

1

Indeed的确，

2

Surely无疑，

3

However然而，

4

Obviously显然，

5

Frankly坦率地说，

6

Naturally自然，

7

Luckily(或happily)forsomebody算某人幸运，

8

Fortunately/Luckily幸好，

9

Roughly大体上来说，

10

Briefly简单地说,

11

Strangetosay说也奇怪，

12

Needlesstosay不用说，

13

Mostimportantofall最为重要是，

14

Worsestill更糟糕的是，

15

Inafewwords(或insum，inshort)简而言之，

16

Inotherwords换句话说，

17

Inasense在某种意义上，

18

Ingeneral一般说来，

19

Inmyview在我看来，

20

Inconclusion总之，

21

Insummary概括地说，

22

Tobetrue

诚然，

23

Inthefirstplace首先，

24

Inaddition此外，

25

Ofcourse当然，

26

Tomyknowledge据我所知，

27

Forinstance(或example)例如，

28

Asamatteroffact事实上,

29

Strictlyspeaking严格地说，

30

Generallyspeaking一般地说，

31

Judgingfrom根据…判断,

32

Tobesure无疑，

33

Tosumup概括地说，

34

Totellthetruth老实说,

35

Iamsure我可以肯定地说，

36

Ibelieve我相信，

37

Iwonder我不知道，

38

Thatis也就是说，

39

Itseems看来是，

40

AsIseeit照我看来，

41

Whatisimportant(serious)重要(严重)的是，

42

Inanutshell总之，

43

Inthefinalanalysis归根结底，

44

Atanyrate不管怎么说，

45

Onthecontrary相反，

46

Inthelongrun从长远来看，

47

Bycontrast对比而言，

48

Morallyspeaking从道德的层面上来说，

49

Incomparison相比之下，

50

Intheory从理论上来说，第二讲

名词性从句讲解

A主语从句：

㈠主从可由以下这些引导词引导：that\whether\whoever\which\what\whatever\where\how\when\why\if

⑴That引导主从，在主从中不做成份。句型一

That+完整句=名词可做主语

Thateveryonemayreceiveatleastamoderateeducationissignificant.

Thatweshouldactintherightspiritisnecessary.

⑵Whether引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型二Whether+完整句=名词可做主语

Whetheryoucansucceedinmakingyourdreamcometruedependsonhardworkmorethanluck.

Whetheritrainsorshinesmakesnodifferencetoproactivepeople.

⑶Whoever引导主从，在主从中做主语。句型三Whoever+不完整句=名词可做主语

Whoeverwantstoreachadistantgoalmusttakemanysmallsteps.

Whoeverdareswins.

⑷Which引导主从，在主从中做定语。句型四Which+不完整句=名词可做主语

Whichwayyouturnisuptoyou.

⑸What引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型五What+不完整句=名词可做主语

What’sdonecan’tbeundone.

Whatwedowillinglyiseasy.

⑹Whatever引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型六Whatever+不完整句=名词可做主语

Whateverisatthecenterofourlifewillbethesourceofourwisdomandpower.

Whateveryouloveandtrustinthisworldlovesyouinreturn.

⑺Where引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型七

Where+完整句=名词可做主语

Whereweenjoyloveishome.

⑻How引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型八

How+完整句=名词可做主语

Howyouthinkandactwillinfluenceyourlife.

(9)when引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型九When+完整句=名词可做主语

Whenthesunisshiningisthebesttimetorepairtheroof

Whenyoucanmakeitdependsonyoureffort.

(10)why引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型十Why+完整句=名词可做主语

Whyhelpingothersbringsabouthappinessisbasedonthefactthatthemorewegive,themorewehave.

㈡主语从句与形式主语it的关系

主从如果过长时，可用it替代，将原来的主从放在后面。

㈢考研英语写作中形式主从的使用

1.Itisoftenthecasethat

2.Itisafactthat

3.Itseemsthat

4.Itissaidthat

5.Itisreportedthat

6.Itisbelievedthat

7.Itisuniversallyacceptedthat

8.Itisannouncedthat

9.Itisestimatedthat

10.Itmustbeadmittedthat

11.Itisobviousthat

12.Itmustbestressedoutthat

13.Itiswidely-acceptedthat

14.Itcannotbedeniedthat

15.Itcanbeforeseenthat

16.Itisasclearascrystalthat

17.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat

18.Itisacknowledgedthat

19.Itiswell-knownthat

20.Itisestimatedthat

B宾语从句：

㈠以下这些引导词通常可引导宾从：that\whether\if\which\how\what\whatever\where

⑴That

Sometimesweneedtoremindourselvesthatthankfulnessisindeedavirtue.

⑵Whether\if

Attitudedetermineswhether\ifpeoplearesuccessfulandabletoenjoylife.

⑶Which

Astrawshowswhichwaythewindblows.

⑷How

Ourmotivesshapehowweseetheworld.

⑸What

Idon’tfearwhatisahead.

Thesecretoflifeisnottodowhatyoulike,buttotrytolikewhatyoudo.

Ourthoughtsmakeuswhatweare.

⑹Whatever

IampreparedtolearnwhateverIneedtoknow.

Ifyouhaveaplan,youcandealwithwhatevercomesalong.

Iamwillingtopaywhateverpriceisrequiredtowin.

⑺Where

MypastexperiencesbroughtmetowhereIamtoday.

㈡宾语从句拓展句型

宾语从句是英语写作非常常用的一种从句。它一般在议论文中用来提出观点，在图表作文中用来定位。

Somepeoplethinkthat

Somepeoplebelievethat

Somepeopledobelievethat

Somepeopledostronglybelievethat

Somepeopleholdthat

Somepeoplepointoutthat

Somepeopleinsistthat

Somepeoplemaintainthat

Somepeoplearguethat

Somepeoplecontendthat

Somepeopledeemthat

Somepeopleareconvincedthat

Somepeoplearefullyconvincedthat

Somepeoplearefirmlyconvincedthat

Somepeopletakeitforgrantedthat

Weshouldadmitthat

Nobodycandenythat

Somepeopleagreethat

Somepeopleconcludethat

Somepeopleassertthat

Thetableshowsthat

Thebarchartdisplaysthat

Thelinegraphillustratesthat

Thepiechartdescribesthat

Themappresentsthat

Thediagramrevealsthat

Thesetwochartsindicatethat

C表语从句：

（一）以下这些引导词通常可以引导表从：that\whether\what\where\how\why\when

⑴That

Theonlycertaintyisthatnothingiscertain.

⑵Whether

Thetestofourprogressiswhetherwecanprovideenoughforthosewhohavetoolittle.

⑶What

Purposeiswhatgiveslifemeaning.

Thefutureisn’twhatitusedtobe.

SuccessiswhatI’mdyingfor.

⑷Where

Yourbigopportunitymayberightwhereyouare.

⑸How

Sharingishowweexpresslove.

⑹Why

That’swhywesayattitudeiseverything.

⑺When

Thebiggestvictoryiswhenwerecognizethatweoughttocontrolourthoughts.

㈡表语从句拓展句型

表语从句是英语写作中非常常用的一种从句，可构成各种句型。

Thefirstthingtobementionedisthat

Anotherpointtobeconsideredisthat

Thelastthingtobeshownisthat

Thefirstadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Anotheradvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thethirdadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thefirstdisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Anotherdisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thethirddisadvantageof(doing)somethingisthat

Thefirstpossiblereasonisthat

Anothercauseisthat

Thethirdelementisthat

Thefirstmeasuretobetakenisthat

Anothersolutionisthat

Thethirdstepisthat

Thatiswhy

Why…isthat…

Ahottopicdiscussedbypeopleiswhether

AistoBwhatCistoD

AistoBasCistoD

Myviewisthat…

D同位语从句：

同位语从句一般只由that来引导

Weshouldcareforeachotherintheknowledgethatwearemorealikethanwearedifferent.

Weholdthistruthtobeself-evidentthatallmenarecreatedequal.第三讲

定语从句讲解

在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why引导。关系代词和关系副词有两个作用:1把主句与从句连接起来2在从句中担当一定的句子成分。关系代词在从句中可做主语,宾语,表语,定语;关系副词在从句中只能做状语。

（一）定从引导词

⑴由关系代词引导的定语从句

①

who先行词是人，在定从中可以做主语或宾语

Themanwhohasnoinnerlifeismiserable.

②

which先行词必须是物，在定从中可以做主语或宾语

Loveisthekeywhichopensthegateofhappiness.

③

that先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做主语或宾语

Toliveisanartthateveryonemustlearn.

④

whom先行词是人，在定从中做宾语

Itisunwisetomakefriendswiththosewhomonedoesnotknowwell.

⑤

whose先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做定语

Successisajourneywhoseinitialstepisalwaystough.

⑵关系副词引导的定从，where\why\when这三个词在定从中做状语，后面加一个完整句。

1.

Therewillbemomentsinlifewhenoneispresentedwithnewoptions.

2.

Workistheplacewherehappinesslives.

3.

Unsuccessfulpeoplecanalwaysfindreasonswhytheyarenotdoingwell.

㈡定从分类：

Œ

限制性定从：由一个定从直接加在先行词后，无逗号隔开，去掉后影响整句的意思。

Successisaprocessthatbeginsfromwithin.

Passionisanyemotionthatmovesyou.



非限制性定从：与主句之间用逗号隔开，去掉后不影响整句的意思。

Theyouthneedtohaveambitionanddreams,whicharevital.

Theyouthneedtohaveambitionanddreams,whichisvital.

㈢介词提前放在引导词前共有如下三种情况：

①

定从中的某介词的需要：

Experienceisaschoolwhichyouwillnevergraduatefrom.

Experienceisaschoolfromwhichyouwillnevergraduate.

Honestyisthefoundationwhichmanyotherqualitiesarebasedon.

Honestyisthefoundationonwhichmanyotherqualitiesarebased.

②

先行词决定：

Eachofushasapurposeforwhichwewerecreated.

③

由句意决定：

Kindnessisthegoldenchainbywhichsocietyisboundtogether.

Lifeisaflowerofwhichloveisthehoney.

(四)只可用关系代词that的几种情况。

1.

先行词为all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，few，much等不定代词时。

Allthatglittersisnotgold.

2.

先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

Attitudeisthefirstqualitythatmarksthesuccessfulman.

3.

先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast等修饰时。

Tofacefearistheonlymethodthatreallyworks.

(五)只可用which而不用that的几种情况

1.

在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which,不宜用that。

Onemaygowronginmanydifferentways,butrightonlyinone,whichiswhyitiseasytofailanddifficulttosucceed.

2.

关系代词前面有介词的时候。

Behaviorisamirrorinwhicheveryoneshowshisimage.第四讲状语从句讲解

㈠时间状语从句

通常有下列连词引导:when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,since,assoonas,themoment,theinstant,theminute,thesecond,everytime,eachtime。

1.

Whenapersonfeelsencouraged,hecanfacetheimpossible.

2.

Everytimeyouhelpsomebodyelse,youhelpyourself.

㈡地点状语从句

通常由下列连词引导:where,wherever,nomatterwhere,everywhere,anywhere。

1.

Yourlibertytoswingyourarmsendswheremynosebegins.

2.

Wherethereissmoke,thereisfire.

㈢条件状语从句

通常由下列连词引导:if,unless,suppose,supposing,provided,providing,onconditionthat,aslongas,incase,once,assuming,solongas。

1.

Ifonethinkssmall,hewillstaysmall.

2.

Alldreamsareofnovalueunlesstheyarefollowedbyaction.

3.

Aslongastheworldlasts,therewillbemistakes.

㈣原因状语从句

通常由下列连词引导:because,as,since,nowthat,notthat…butthat,inthat,consideringthat。

1.

Peoplearelonelybecausetheybuildwallsinsteadofbridges.

2.

WhenIwasyoung,Iadmiredpeoplewithwealth.NowthatIammature,Iadmirepeoplewithwisdom.

㈤结果状语从句

通常由下列连词引导:so…that…,such…that…,sothat。

1.

Iliketoseeamanlive,sothathiscountrywillbeproudofhim.

2.

Youthissowonderfulthatitisacrimetowasteit

㈥目的状语从句

通常由下列连词引导:sothat,inorderthat,lest,incase,forfearthat。

1.

Weshouldgreeteachnewdaywithaplansothatthehighroaduponwhichwetravelcouldbemarkedwell.

2.

Behelpfultothoseontheirwayup,incaseyoushouldneedthemonyourwaydown.

㈦让步状语从句

通常由下列连词引导:although,though,as,evenif,eventhough,whatever,nomatter(how,what,where,when),while,whether,whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however。

1.

Althoughtheworldisfullofsuffering,theycanalwaysbeovercome.

2.

Whilewinningisnoteverything,tryingtowiniseverything.

3.

Nomatterhowmuchwehavelearned,thereisalwaysmoretolearn.

㈧方式状语从句

通常由下列连词引导:as,asif,asthough,inthewaythat,inthesamewaythat,inthemannerthat,inthesamemannerthat。

1.

Ifwecouldn’tdoaswewould,weshoulddoaswecan.

2.

Lookateverythingasthoughyouwereseeingiteitherforthefirsttimeorlasttime.

㈨比较状语从句

通常由下列连词引导:as…as，than,notso…as，the…the…。

1.

Wisdomismorepreciousthanwealth.

2.

Themorewestudy,themorewediscoverourignorance.第五讲非谓语动词讲解一

不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，及物动词的不定式可以带宾语。不定式的否定结构是在to前面加上not.不定式在句中可以做除了谓语外的任何成分。

⑴（主）

Toloveisthemostbeautifulwordintheworld.

Toerrishuman.

不定式做主语，可以用it当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。

Itisenoughtohaveoneclosefriendinone’slife.

Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatfriendshipistopeoplewhatsunlightistoflowers.

⑵（宾）

Weresolvetomakeadulljobinteresting.

Neverintendtoknoweverything,oryouwillknownothing.

下面的动词常常可加不定式做宾语

attempt

企图

enable

能够

afford

负担得起

neglect

忽视

demand

要求

long

渴望

arrange

安排

destine

注定

mean

意欲，打算

begin

开始

expect

期望

omit

忽略，漏

appear

似乎，显得

determine

决定

manage

设法

cease

停止

ask

问

hate

憎恨，厌恶

pretend

假装

dread

害怕

need

需要

agree

同意

desire

愿望

love

爱

swear

宣誓

volunteer

志愿

wish

希望

bear

承受

endeavor

努力

offer

自愿

beg

请求

fail

不能

plan

计划

bother

扰乱；烦恼

forget

忘记

prefer

喜欢，宁愿

care

关心，喜欢

happen

碰巧

prepare

准备

decide

决定

learn

学习

regret

抱歉，遗憾

choose

选择

hesitate

犹豫

profess

表明

claim

要求

hope

希望

promise

承诺，允许

start

开始

undertake

承接

want

想要

consent

同意，赞同

intend

想要

refuse

拒绝

decide

决定

learn

学习

vow

起

contrive

设法，图谋

incline

有…倾向

propose

提议

seek

找，寻觅

try

试图

⑶（表）

Themostimportantthingistohaveacodeoflife.

Faithistobelievewhatyoudonotseeandtherewardforthisistoseewhatyoubelieve.

⑷（后置定语）

Thedeepesturgeinhumannatureisthedesiretobeimportant.

Theimportantthinginlifeisthedeterminationtoattainagreataim.

下面的名词常常可加不定式做定语

ability

能力，本领

drive

驱动

movement

运动，活动

ambition

抱负，野心

effort

努力，尝试

need

需要，需求

campaign

战役，运动

failure

失败

opportunity

机会

chance

机会

force

力，压力，要点

promise

许诺，希望

courage

勇气

intention

意向，意图

reason

理由，原因

decision

决定

method

方法，方式

determination

决心，决定

motive

动机，目的

struggle

奋斗，努力

tendency

倾向，趋势

wish

希望，愿望，祝愿

⑸（状）

Toachievehappiness,weshouldmakesurethatweareneverwithoutanimportantgoal.

Liftastoneonlytodropitonyourownfeet..

Lifeistooshorttoworryabouteverything.

⑹（主补）

Timeisoftensaidtobemoney.

Positivethinkingisconsideredtobeanessentialfactorofsuccess.

⑺

(宾补)

Difficultiestrainonetobegreat.

Whenyouwantthepresenttobebetterthanthepast,itistimetolearnfromthepast.

下面的动词习惯于用不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式

ask

要求，邀请

get

请，得到

prompt

促使

allow

允许

forbid

禁止

prefer

喜欢，宁愿

announce

宣布

force

强迫

press

迫使

bride

收买

inspire

鼓舞

request

请求

assist

协助

hate

憎恶

pronounce

断定，表示

advise

劝告

exhort

告诫，勉励

pray

请求

authorize

授权，委托

help

帮助

recommend

劝告，推荐

bear

容忍

implore

恳求

remind

提醒

beg

请求

induce

引诱

report

报告

compel

强迫

invite

吸引，邀请

summon

传唤

command

命令

intend

想要，企图

show

显示

drive

驱赶

mean

意欲，打算

train

训练

cause

引起

instruct

指示

require

要求

deserve

应受

direct

指导

leave

使，让

tell

告诉

like

喜欢

tempt

劝诱

entitle

有资格

order

命令

warn

告诫

enable

使能够

need

需要

urge

激励，力说

encourage

鼓励

oblige

不得不

want

想要

condemn

指责，谴责

lead

引起，使得

teach

教

entreat

恳求

permit

允许

wish

希望

⑻插入语：

英语中常用的不定式做插入语：

1

Tostartwith,

2

Tobeginwith,

3

Tosumup,

4

Toconclude,

5

Tosummarize,

6

Tobebrief,

7

Tobeshort,

8

Toillustrate,

9

Tobehonest,

10

Tobefair,

11

Tobesure,

12

Tobetrue,

13

Sadtosay,

14

Sotospeak,

15

Tomakemattersworse,

16

Tomakethingsworse,

17

Thatistosay,

18

Needlesstosay,

19

Strangetosay,

20

Totellthetruth,

21

Toputitlikethis,

22

Toputitdifferently,

23

Toputitfromanotherway,

24

Tobeexact,

25

Tobeprecise,

26

nottomention…

27

tonamejustafew.

28

tonamebutafew.

(9)不带to的不定式:

1）

在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:

feel觉得

observe注意到，看到

overhear听到

watch注视

listento听

perceive察觉，感知

notice注意

see看见

lookat看

hear听

2)

另一类是某些使役动词，如make,let，have等。

3)

在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to。

Everybirdlovestohearhimselfsing.

Takeyourway.Lettheworldtalk!

Workingcanhelpone(to)createarichandbalancedlife.

(10)不定式的时态和语态

时态\语态

主动

被动

一般式

todo

tobedone

进行式

tobedoing

完成式

tohavedone

tohavebeendone

完成进行式

tohavebeendoing

A不定式的时态

1)

现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。

2)

完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

3)

进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

4)

完成进行时：动作的持续性。

B不定式的语态

(一般式：tobedone；完成式：tohavebeendone)。

(11)不定式的复合结构

Itisgoodforonetohaveself-knowledge.

Itispossibleforeverybodytobesuccessful.

Confidencemakesiteasyforonetoachievethegoal.

Thesecretofsuccessisforonetobereadyfortheopportunitywhenitcomes.

Alladversityisreallyanopportunityforustogrow.

Forthingstochange,onehastochange.

（12）关系代词或副词加不定式

Howtoactinthischangingworldisarealchallenge.

Experiencetellsonewhattodoandconfidencehelpsonedoit.第六讲非谓语动词讲解二

㈠V-ing:

1

做主语：

Havingagoalinitselfisastateofhappiness.

Itisnogoodlearningwithoutpractice.

2

做宾语：

Changerequirestakingtherightdirection.

Lifeconsistsnotinholdinggoodcards,butinplayingthemwell.

以下动词常常加doing做宾语:

acknowledge

承认，自认

confess

坦白

cease

停止

tolerate

忍受

mention

说到，讲到

avoid

避免

admit

承认

contemplate

细想

dislike

不喜欢，讨厌

endure

忍受

advocate：

提倡，主张

complete

完成

dread

害怕

appreciate

感激，欣赏

enjoy

喜爱

bear

忍受

defer

拖延

envy

嫉妒

can'thelp

不禁

delay

延迟

escape

逃跑，逃避

can'tstand

受不了

deny

否认

excuse

借口

consider

考虑

detest

嫌恶

fancy

幻想，爱好

favor

偏爱

mind

介意

repent

悔悟

figure

描绘

miss

错过

resent

怨恨

finish

完成

pardon

原谅，饶恕

resist

抵抗，阻止

forgive

原谅

permit

允许

resume

恢复

imagine

设想

postpone

延迟，延期

risk

冒险

involve

卷入，包含

practice

实行，实践

suggest

建议

hate

讨厌

prevent

阻止

save

省钱

keep

保持

quit

放弃

stand

坚持，忍受

loathe

厌恶

recall

回想

3

做表语：

Lifeispaintingapicture,notdoingasum.

Thesubjectoflifeismakingchoices.

4

做定语：

Thestartingpointofallachievementsisdesire.

Everyfailurecanbeasteppingstonetosomethingbetter.

5

做状语：

(只要主句的主语是Ving的发出者，Ving可以做所有的状语)

Lifeislikerunningwater,flowingawaynevertoreturn.

Thosewhotakethelongviewarepatientwithdifficulties,knowingthattimeoftenmakesimpossiblepossible.

6

V-ing的时态和语态

主动语态

被动语态

一般式

Doing

Beingdone

完成式

Havingdone

Havingbeendone

7做插入语：

A常规(一些可以做插入语的副词后加上Speaking而意思不变)

1

Properlyspeaking,

2

Generallyspeaking,

3

Roughlyspeaking,

4

Preciselyspeaking,

5

Personallyspeaking,

6

Strictlyspeaking,

7

Franklyspeaking,

8

Honestlyspeaking,

9

Emotionallyspeaking,

10

Psychologicallyspeaking,

B特殊（一些由Ving构成的特殊插入语)

1

Considering…

2

Concerning…

3

Regarding…

4

Respecting…

5

Judgingby…

6

Judgingfrom…

7

Accordingto…

8

Speakingof…

9

Talkingof…

10

Takingallfactorsintoaccount,

11

Takingallfactorsintoconsideration,

12

Takingallthingsintoaccount,

13

Takingallthingsintoconsideration,

㈡V-ed:

1.

做定语：

(前置)：(将Ved放在名词前修饰名词相当于一个形容词)

Lifethathasnoestablishedaimismiserable.

(后置)：（将Ved放在名词后修饰名词相当于一个省略了的定语从句)

Difficultiesmasteredareopportunities.=Difficultieswhicharemasteredareopportunities.

2.

做表语：

Amanisnotfinishedwhenheisdefeated.Heisfinishedwhenhequits.

3.

做状语：

(只要主句的主语是Ved的承受者，Ved可以做所有的状语)

Notforgotten,pastexperienceisaguideforthefuture.

4做插入语：

1

Comparedwith…,

2

Comparedto…,

3

Given…,

4

Givencloseranalysis,

5

Basedontheabovefactors,

6

Basedontheabovediscussion,

7

Simplystated,

8

Simplyput,

㈢独立主格

Theworldbeinghard,struggleistheonlywayout.

Everythingconsidered,growthandchangearethelawofalllifeandwillandworkarethecornerstoneforallsuccess.第七讲

虚拟语气讲解

一、虚拟语气基本用法

①

现在的虚拟：从句if+过去时、主句过去将来时

Ifithadnodifficultiesinlife,itwouldbetoosmooth.

Iftherewerenoclouds,wewouldnotenjoythesun.

Ifwewantedtolovethosewhohavenoimperfections,thisworldwouldbeadesert.

Ifitwerenotfortherocksinitsbed,thestreamwouldhavenosong.

②

过去的虚拟：从句if+过去完成时、主句should\would\could\+havedone

Iftheyhadnotwastedsomuchtime,manypersonsintheworldwouldhavescoredachievement.

③

将来的虚拟：从句if+过去时\wereto\should+V、

主句过去将来时

IfIshouldsummarizethemostimportantprincipleIhavelearnedininterpersonalskills,itwouldbethis:understandandbeunderstood.

④

交错式:从句if+过去完成时、主句过去将来时

Ifwehadlookedatourpastexperience,wherewouldwebetoday?

⑤

虚拟语气在宾从中的使用：以下这些动词在后面引导宾从时，宾从中的谓语动词用should+V,should可省略。

DropisC.D:demanddesire

R:requirerequest

O:order

P:propose

I:insist

S:suggest

C:command

Inlife,one’sgoalsmayrequirethatone(should)trydifferentapproaches.

Tobesuccessfulinlifedemandsthataperson(should)makeapersonalcommitmenttoexcellence.

⑥

在表语及同位语从句中的使用：

如以下这些抽象名词引导同位语从句，谓语用should+V,

should可省略。

如以下这些抽象名词做主语，谓语用should+V,

should可省略。

Demand\request\requirement\insistence\suggestion\proposal\command\recommendation\resolution\urge\prescription\order\desire\determination\direction\advice

Thesuggestionisthattolisteneffectively,one(should)findmeaninginwhatisbeingsaid.

Thefirstrequirementofgoodconversationisthatothers(should)knowwhatiscomingnext.

⑦

在主语从句中的使用：

以下形式主语从句中，谓语用should+V

should可省略。

Itisdemandedthat

Itisdesiredthat

Itisrequestedthat

Itisrequiredthat

Itisorderedthat

Itisinsistedthat

Itismaintainedthat

Itisproposedthat

Itissuggestedthat

Itiscommandedthat

Itisimportantthat

Itisvitalthat

Itisimperativethat

Itisnecessarythat

Itisbestthat

Itisproperthat

Itisexpedientthat

Itisvitalthatone(should)choosetherightattitude.

Itisnecessarytothehappinessthatone(