高中语法讲解与练习之时态

学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载高中语法讲解练习之时态一、实义动词

1）

及物动词

a.动词后要求有宾语，否则意思不完整的动词。及物动词可有被动结构。

1．

She

studies

English

very

hard.

2．

I

always

review

my

lessons

in

the

evening.

b.

及物动词的另两种结构

及物动词中有少数动词要求一个宾语（直接宾语）外，还要求有一个宾语（间接宾语），才使句意完整。第一类动词有：leave,

show,

bring,

lend,

teach,

give,

tell,

hand,

write等。

I’ll

tell

you

a

story

about

Leifeng.

还有少数动词要求一个宾语外，还要求有一个补足语来使句意完整。第一类动词有：name,

call,

get,

have,

find,

turn,

think,

consider等。

They

call

him

Lao

Wang2)

不及物动词

不及物动词指不可带宾语的动词，也不可用于被动语态。1.

The

sun

rises

in

the

east.

2.

He

came

last

month.

3.

They

go

to

school

every

day.

3)连系动词

连系动词只起连系作用，虽有词义但不能单独作谓语，后必须加表语一起构成谓语。

常用的连系动词有：

appear,

become,

fall,

feel,

get,

go,

grow,

keep,

look,

remain,

seem,

smell,

sound,

stay,

taste,

turn等。

1.

She

felt

a

bit

tired.

2.

He

kept

silent

at

the

meeting.

注：连系动词不可与副词连用。

二、概说：英语一共有十六个时态（8种基本时态+8种合成时态）如下:（以”write”为例）一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在Write，writesAm/is/are+writingHave/has+writtenHave/has+beenwriting过去WroteWas/were+writingHad+writtenHad+beenwriting将来Shall/will+writeShall/will+bewritingShall/will+havewrittenShall/will+havebeenwriting过去将来Should/would+writeShould/would+writtenShould/would+havewrittenShould/would+havebeenwriting三、考点聚焦1、动词时态考查要点简述（1）一般现在时①表示客观事实、客观规律和客观真理谚语格言等（不受时态限制）Hesaidthattheearthturnsroundthesun.②表示经常发生、习惯性的动作,与everyday,usually,onceaweek等时间状语连用。Hegoestoschoolonfooteveryday.Wealwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belongseem等。如：Iknowwhatyoumean.AllthestudentsherebelongtoNo.1MiddleSchool.④在when引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。注意，此时，主句用将来时态，从句用一般现在时态表示将来。Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillgotothecountryside.IwillwritetoherwhenIhavetime.Doyouknowwhenhe_willcome_(come)back?Whenhecomesback,pleaseletmeknow.Iwonderifhe_willcome_(come)backtonight.⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。Theshopclosesat11:00p.m.everyday.TomorrowisWednesday.例1．

—What

would

you

do

if

it

________

tomorrow?

—We

have

to

carry

it

on,

since

we've

got

everything

ready.

A.

rain

B.

rains

C.

will

rain

D.

is

raining

点拨：B

在if引导的条件句中，用一般现在时表达将来意义，所以选择rains。

例2.Nowadays,

a

large

number

of

women,

especially

those

from

the

countryside,

________

in

the

clothing

industry.

(辽宁)

is

working

B.

works

C.

work

D.

worked

点拨：C本题测试动词的时态与主谓一致，主语是women，又有Nowadays，故选C项work，A项如果改成are

working也是正确答案。（2）一般过去时①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：Ioncesawthefamousstarhere.Theyneverdrankwine.表达过去的习惯②表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but,and,when,assoonas,immediately,themoment,theminute。Themomentshecamein,shetoldmewhathadhappenedtoher.Heboughtawatchbutlostit.例1．

—If

the

traffic

hadn’t

been

so

heavy,

I

could

have

been

back

by

6

o’clock.

—What

a

pity!

Tina

________

here

to

see

you.

(2005湖南)

A.

is

B.

was

C.

would

be

D.

has

been

点拨：B

表示“Tina曾经来过这儿看你”(Tina现已离开)要用一般过去时。

例2

.—Did

you

tidy

your

room?

—No,

I

was

going

to

tidy

my

room

but

I

________

visitors.

(2007上海)A.

had

B.

have

C.

have

had

D.

will

have

点拨：A

下划线处应客观描述过去行为，表明“不速之客来访”这一过去的事实，由此直接排除选项B、C、D而选出A。（3）一般将来时一般将来时的5种表达形式(1)“will/shall+动词原形”：将要发生的动作或状况，也可表示“预见”（带有说话人的主观态度和看法）。Willyoubebusytonight?Youwillfeelbetteraftertakingthismedicine.(2)有两种意义，一是表示“意图”，即打算在将来做某事；二是表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生某种情况。Thewallisgoingtobepaintedsoon.Georgeisputtingonweight.He’sgoingtobequitefat.Lookatthedarkcloudsoverthere.It’sgoingtorain.有两种含义：一是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常可与“be+v.-ing”交换使用，“beto+动词原形”较正式;二是表示义务、应该（相当于should)。★可用于if条件句表示打算、想要。IamtohaveteawithBettythisafternoon.You’retoanswerforwhatyou’vedone.★Ifyouaretosucceed,you’dbetterworkhard.(4)既定的时间如生日、日历、课时安排、交通时刻表等，通常用一般现在时表示将来的动作。Theplanetakesoffat5:30a.m.ThenewschoolyearbeginsonSeptember1.Takeyourseat.Themeetingisabouttobegin.Iwasabouttogotobedwhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.★“will+动词原形”有时还可以表示一种倾向性或惯性的动作。Oilwillfloatonwater.Thismachinewon’twork.(won’可以用来表示“不能，没法”，表示主体不具有某种功能)What’sthematterwiththepen?Theinkwon’tcomeout.例1．.

—How

can

I

apply

for

an

online

course?

—Just

fill

out

this

form

and

we

________

what

we

can

do

for

you.

see

B.

are

seeing

C.

have

seen

D.

will

see

点拨：D

下划线处表示的行为是fill

out

this

form之后将要发生的行为，应选用表示一般将来时的will

see。

例2．—

Your

job

________

open

for

your

return.

—

Thanks.

will

be

kept

B.

will

keep

C.

had

kept

D.

had

been

kept

点拨A

表示将来的动作，应用一般将来时，应排除选项C、D；又由于下划线处还必须表示出被动的含义，应进一步排除B而选A。（4）现在进行时（主语﹢be﹢现在分词）现在进行时的用法注意点:（1）现在时刻正在进行的动作，也可表示现阶段一直进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行），强调动作的暂时性和未完成性—短暂的事实；而一般现在时强调动作的长久性或反复性。Heworksinachemicalfactory.Heisworkinginachemicalfactorythesedays.Idon’tworkhere,I’mjusthelpinguntilthesecretarycomesback.(2)现在进行时与always,constantly,continually,allthetime,allalong,等频度状语连用，对现阶段经常发生的动作表示某种感情色彩，如赞叹、惊讶、厌烦、不满等。Sheisalwaysborrowingmoneyandforgettingtopaymeback.Youarecontinuallyfindingfaultswithme.(3)现在进行时表示委婉口气，常与hope,wonder等连用。I’mhopingthatyou’llgivemesomeadvice.I’mwonderingifImayhaveawordwithyou.注意：下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。表示心理状态、情感的动作：like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear,exist,lie,remain,seembelongto,dependon。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look。例1.

Since

I

won

the

big

prize,

my

telephone

hasn't

stopped

ringing.

People

________to

ask

how

I

am

going

to

spend

the

money.

(2005湖南)

phone

B.

will

phone

C.

were

phoning

D.

are

phoning

点拨：D

题干句意为：自从我赢了大奖，我的电话就没停过，人们都在打电话问我打算怎么花那笔钱。“打电话”是现阶段正在进行的动作，故应用现在进行时。例2.

Listen

to

the

two

girls

by

the

window.

What

language

________?

A.

did

they

speak

B.

were

they

speaking

C.

are

they

speaking

D.

have

they

been

speaking

点拨：

C

本题测试动词的时态。由Listen

to

the

two

girls

by

the

window.

(请听窗边那两个女孩的谈话)。可以判断，句子描述的是现在正在发生的动作，用现在进行时。（5）现在完成时。（主语﹢have/has﹢动词的过去分词）现在完成时表示过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作，强调对现在的影响。现在完成时用法注意点：(1)两种意义的现在完成时a.持续到现在（动词要用延续性动词）；时间状语：表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语，如lately,recently，uptonow，sofar，thesedays,in/over/duringthelast/pasttendays/months/years,etc.Ihaven’thadenoughsleeplately.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinthepasttwentyyearsinChina.b.对现在有影响；时间状语：already,just,ever,never,before,notyet,etc.Haveyoueverfoundouthertelephonenumber?(2)havebeentoVShavegonetoHavebeento表示曾经去过某地，现在人在说话的现场，而havegoneto表示已经去了某地，现在人不在说话的现场。IhavebeentoBeijingforthreetimes.我曾经去过北京三次。ShehasgonetoBeijing.她去北京了。注意：①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/overthelast(past)fewyears(months,weeks)、inrecentyears等。②下列句型中常用现在完成时Itis(hasbeen)+一段时间+since从句This(That/It)isthefirst(second…)timethat+完成时This(That/It)istheonly…+that+完成时This(that/It)isthebest/finest/mostinteresting…+that从句+完成时ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavecometoBeijing.ThiswasthefirsttimethatIhadcometoBeijing.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveeverseen.例1．

Danny

________

hard

for

long

to

realize

his

dream

and

now

he

is

popular.

works

B.

is

working

C.

has

worked

D.

worked

点拨：

C

下划线处要表示现在广受欢迎的Danny从过去至今一直为实现具梦想努力工作，选用现在完成时最为贴切。

例2．

The

country

life

he

was

used

to

________

greatly

sincel992.

(2005山东)

change

B.

has

changed

C.

changing

D.

have

changed

点拨：

B

本题中be

used

to的宾语为the

country

life(考生很容易误选A或C，误解为be

used

to

doing或be

used

to

do),

he

was

used

to为定语从句，修饰the

country

life，下划线处应为主句的谓语动词。因主语为the

country

life，因此谓语动词应选用has

changed。

例3．

We

________

our

new

neighbors

yet,

so

we

don't

know

their

names.

don't

meet

B.

won't

meet

C.

haven't

met

D.

hadn't

met

点拨：

C题眼是yet这个单词，是完成时态的标志词之一，并且题干中提到“现在不知道他们的名字”，所以应选用现在完成时。（6）现在完成进行时（主语﹢have/hasbeen﹢动词–ing）①表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且可能继续持续下去。TheChinesehavebeenmakingpaperfortwothousandsyears.中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）①表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。Wehavebeenwaitingforyouforhalfanhour.我们应经等你半个钟头了（人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等下去）.例1．

He

________

articles

for

newspapers

and

magazines

these

three

years,

and

he

________

30

articles.

has

written；

has

written

B.

has

been

writing；

wroteC.

is

writing；

has

been

writing

D.

has

been

writing；

has

written

点拨：

D

has

been

writing“一直在写”，强调动作不间断；has

written“已经写好”，强调结果

例2．—Have

you

had

any

letters

from

your

aunt?

—NO.

I

haven't,

but

my

sister

________

her

regularly.

A.

has

heard

from

B.

had

heard

from

C.

has

been

hearing

from

D.

will

have

heard

点拨：

C

regularly“定期地”，强调动作的不间断

例3．By

the

time

the

tour

ends,

the

football

team

________

twenty

matches

in

five

countries.

A.

will

play

B.

will

have

played

C.

will

be

playing

D.

will

have

been

playing

点拨：

B

by

the

time

the

tour

ends指“到将来某时旅行结束时”；will

have

played

twenty

matches“将打了二十场比赛”，将来完成时强调结果。

例4．By

the

time

Jane

gets

home,

her

aunt

________

for

London

to

attend

a

meeting.

(05天津11)

will

leave

B.

leaves

C.

will

have

left

D.

left

点拨：

C

主句leave发生在从句gets(将来)之前，应用将来完成时。（7）过去完成时(主语﹢had﹢过去分词)1.表示“过去的过去”，两个动作有明显的先后关系。Hetoldmethathehadmadegreatprogresssincehecamehere.Tomreturnedbyplane,buthismotherhadalreadydied.2.在by、bytheend、bythetime、until、before、since接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。Bytheendoflastyear,wehadproduced20,000cars.Thetrainhadleftbeforewereachedthestation.Theconcerthadbeenonfortwentyminutesbythetimewegotthere.3.动词expect,hope,intend,mean,plan,suppose,think,want,wish等动词用过去完成时表示过去本来打算、希望、计划作而未做的事。表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用hadhoped/planned/meant/intended/Ihadintendedtoattendtheparty,butwasstoppedbytheheavyrain.4.用在表示“一……就”的几个句型中：Hardly/scarcely…when,nosooner…than,Hardly/Nosooner+主语+过去分词+when/than/+一般过去时。如：Wehadnosoonerbeenseatedthanthebusstarted.=Nosoonerhadwebeenseatedthanthebusstarted.Hardlyhadthethiefseenthepolicewhenheranaway.5.“时间名词+before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：Hesaidhisfirstteacherhaddiedatleast10yearsbefore.XiaoHualeftschool3yearsago.例1．John,afriendofmine,whogotmarriedonlylastweek,spent$3,000morethanhe________forthewedding.A.willplanB.hasplannedC.wouldplanD.hadplanned点拨：D应选用过去完成时，表示“婚礼之前的计划”这一“过去的过去”的活动。例2．Theybecamefriendsagainthatday.Untilthen,they________toeachotherfornearlytwoyears.A.didn'tspeakB.hadn'tspokenC.haven'tspokenD.haven'tbeenspeaking点拨：

B

题干的句子表示“到他们再次变为朋友那天为止，他们几乎两年没有说过话”，这里的“没有说过活”发生于“那天他们再次变为朋友”这一过去行为的过去，下划线处应选用过去完成时。（8）将来完成时：will/shall+have+过去分词，用于第一人称，will+have+过去分词用于其他人称。表示将来某一时刻之前已完成的动作。Bytheendofnextmonthwewillhavelearnt1000words.（9）将来进行时：shall/will+be+现在分词"，表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。Whatwillyoubedoing(ateight)nextweek?Iwon’tbefreeFridaymorning.I’llbeseeingafriendoff.（10）注意几组时态的区别：1.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法比较现在完成时表示动作已完成，侧重结果；现在完成进时既可表示动作在说话时刻之前刚刚结束，也可表示动作还将继续下去，侧重于动作的持续性、暂时性和未完成的含义。Theyhaverepairedtheroad.(表示路已修好)Theyhavebeenrepairingtheroad.（表示路还在修）Thepolicehavebeenlookingintothematter,buttheyhaven’tdrawnaconclusionyet.2.一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较(1)一般过去时表示在过去某时发生过的动作或存在的状态，侧重动作已完成；而过去进行时可以表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，强调动作在持续，并未完成。Lastyear,hewroteabook.Lastyear,hewaswritingabook,buthasn’tfinishedtillnow.一般过去时和过去进行时同时出现在句中，表示一个动作发生在另一个动作进行的过程之中时，通常表示较短的动作用一般过去时，表示较长的动作用过去进行时。其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。They

were

always

quarreling.

他们老是吵嘴。

My

little

brother

was

continually

asking

questions.

我弟弟老是问东问西的。

(3).

过去进行时用法2注意

a.

常与过去进行时连用的时间状语有：

at

that

time当时at

five

yesterday昨天五点

then那时

this

time

yesterday昨天这个时候

the

whole

morning整个上午last

night昨晚

b.

表示礼貌

有时过去进行时并不表示过去的时间，而表达现在的客气、礼貌或不确定。此类动词主要有hope,

wonder,

think,

expect等。如：

I

was

wondering

if

we

could

have

dinner

together.

不知我们能否在一起吃晚饭。

I

was

hoping

that

you

could

help

me.

真希望你能帮我。

I

was

thinking

maybe

he

could

go

by

taxi.

我当时在想或许他可以坐出租车去。

例1．—Did

you

see

a

man

in

black

pass

by

just

now?

—No,

sir.

I

________

a

newspaper.

read

B.

was

reading

C.

would

read

D.

am

reading

点拨：

B

与前面表示“刚刚”的just

now对应，下划线处应选川过去进行时表示刚才正在进行的活动例2．.

—I

saw

Jane

and

her

boyfriend

in

the

park

at

eight

yesterday

evening.

—Impossible.

She

________

TV

with

me

in

my

home

then.

watched

B.

had

watched

C.

would

watch

D.

was

watching

点拨：

D

表示Jane昨晚八点正在做某事，应选用过去进行时的形式

3.现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较一般过去时只单纯表示过去发生过的动作或存在的状态，与现在时间没有联系，可和表示确切过去的时间、地点状语连用。现在完成时表示过去发生过的某动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调现在的情况，不能和表示确切的过去时间、地点状语连用。(1)Shehaspromisedtohelpme.Lastweekshepromisedtohelpme.(2)Hehasbeencaughtbythepolice.Hewascaughtbythepoliceatarestaurant.(3)Mr.BlackhaslivedinChinafortenyears.Mr.BlacklivedinChinafor3yearsinthe1990s.4.过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。Hecameuptothedoorofthehouse,stoodforawhileandthenenteredit.（11）固定句式或结构中的动词时态1.This/Itisthefirst/secondtime＋that从句。that从句中用现在完成时。如把is改为was，则从句中用过去完成时。ThisisthefirsttimeIhavecomehere.Itwasthethirdtime(that)hehadmadethesamemistake.2．Itis/hasbeen＋一段时间＋since从句。since从句中用一般过去时。如把is改为was，则从句中用过去完成时。Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincewehavehadsuchawonderfultime.3．was/wereabouttodo...when...意为“将要做……(这时)突然……”。Iwasabouttogooutwhenthetelephonerang.真题例析1.Planingsofarahead______nosense—somanythingswillhavechangedbynextyear.A.madeB.ismakingC.makesD.hasmade2.Iwasn’tsureifhewasreallyinterestedorifhe______polite.A.wasjustbeingB.willjustbeC.hadjustbeenD.wouldjustbe3.WhenAlicecameto,shedidnotknowhowlongshe______there.A.hadbeenlyingB.hasbeenlyingC.waslyingD.haslain4.Ifyoudon'tlikethedrinkyou______justleaveitandtryadifferentone.A.orderedB.areorderingC.willorderD.hadordered5.Experimentsofthiskind______inboththeU.S.andEuropewellbeforetheSecondWorldWar.A.haveconductedB.havebeenconductedC.hadconductedD.hadbeenconducted6.Tom______inthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.A.worksB.workedC.hasbeenworkingD.hadbeenworking7.——Thatmusthavebeenalongtrip.——Yeah,it______usawholeweektogetthere.A.TakesB.hastakenC.tookD.wastaking8.——BobhasgonetoCalifornia.——Oh,canyoutellmewhenhe______?A.hasleftB.LeftC.isleavingD.wouldleave9.Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilms______allovertheworld.A.haveproducedB.havebeenpro