高中语法回顾-Englsh Sentence Structures 英语句子结构

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Sentence

Structure

英语句子结构(1)英语基本句型有五个：S+V,S+V+Cs,S+V+O,S+V+Oi+Od,S+V+Od+Co,其共有特征是主谓结构(S+V)。句子成分主要有四种：主语S、谓语动词V、补语（主语补语Cs，宾语补语Co）和宾语（直接宾语Od，间接宾语Oi)。●Pattern1(S+V)1．此句型中，“V”是不及物动词，后面无宾语，如：Myrightarmhurts.但通常有后续成分或称状语(A)，即S+V+A，如：Shelivedhappily.Thesunriseseverymorning.2．在有些句子中，主语或谓语或某一部分可省略，如：(I)Hopetoseeyouagainsoon.（省略主语）Whocalled?Jane(did).（省略谓语）●Pattern2(S+V+Cs)1．此句型的“V”是连系动词，“Cs”是主语补语，或称表语。充当主语补语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词V-ing形式或V-ed形式、不定式及名词性从句等，如：MyfirstnameisBill.Lifeiscolorful.Seeingisbelieving.Ourbeliefisthatthingswillimprove.2．常见的连系动词有下列几类：a.表示“判断”：be；b.表示“变得”、“成为”：become,come,go,fall,get,grow,prove,turn等；c.表示“保持着某一状态”：hold,keep,lie,remain,rest,sit,stay等；d.表示“看起来”、“好像”：appear,look,seem等；e.表示“实感”：feel,sound,taste,smell等。e.g.SheisateacherandIamadoctor.Springcomesandalltreesturngreen.Hestayedawakeallnight.Youdon’tlookhappy,what'sthematter?Theirplansoundswonderful.●Pattern3(S+V+O)1．“V”是及物动词，后面需跟一个宾语，可充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、V-ing结构及名词性从句等，如：Iunderstandtheprogram.Sheaskedtoseethemanager.Maryisconsideringchangingherjob.Hesaidthathewouldcallmetomorrow.2．这种结构有时必须跟状语，意义才完整（即S+V+O+A），如：Weacceptedtheiradviceinbuyinganewcar.Shecompletedtheassignmentjustasthebellwasringing.Wedon’ttrusthimbecauseheoftenlies.Youmakeapromiseonlywhenyouknowyoucankeepit.●Pattern4(S+V+Oi+Od)1．此句型的“V”称为双宾及物动词，其后需跟间接宾语“Oi”（通常指人）和直接宾语“Od”（通常指物或事）。2．此类动词大都具有给与的意义，常见的有allow,assign,award,bring,buy,cause,choose,fetch,find,get,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,post,promise,read,recommend,refuse,render,return,sell,send,show,sing,take,telephone,touch,tell,throw,wish,write等，如：Igavehimthebook.I’llreturnyouthedictionarysoon.3．有时间接宾语可移至直接宾语之后，但要加相应的介词如“to”，“for”，“of”等，试比较：Bettygaveherdaughteranapple.→Bettygaveanappletoherdaughter.Fatherboughthimabike.→Fatherboughtabikeforhim.Heaskedmeaquestion.→Heaskedaquestionofme.●Pattern5(S+V+Od+Co)该句型中，谓语动词虽有宾语，但句子意义仍不完整，需加补语“Co”补足其意义。充当宾语补语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语及分词等，如：Wecallhimafool.Wefoundthehouseempty.Ourneighborsbuilttheirwallhigh.Webelieveyoutobeanhonestman.Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.常用的这类动词有：appoint,believe,call,catch,choose,consider,declare,elect,fancy,feel,find,hear,imagine,judge,keep,know,leave,make,name,need,prefer,prove,see,select,suppose,think,vote等。NounClause(名词从句)名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语等从句。它们可以由下列连词引导：从属连词that,whether,if；连接代词who(ever),whom,whose,what(ever),which(ever)；连接副词when,where,why,how,howmuch/many/long/often等。●主语从句在句中作主语Thatmathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscienceisevident.Whoeveristiredmayrest.Whytheearthmovesroundthesunisquiteclearnow.主语从句常放在句尾而用it作形式主语使句子更加平衡，这时口语中常省略that,如上面第一句改成“Itisevident(that)mathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscience.”更好。在下列情况下必须把主语从句放在句尾而用it作形式主语：1．主句谓语是被动语态时，如：Itissaidthatheisagooddoctor.2．主句是疑问句或感叹句时，如：Isittruethatthefilmstarwillcome?Howwonderfulitisthatwe'llvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.3．主句谓语动词是appear,turnout,happen,occur,come,strike,follow,matter等时，如：Ithappenedthatshehadacoldanddidn'tgowithusthatday.ItturnedoutthatIwaswrong.4．表示说话人的推测或评价，如在itseems,itmaybe,itis(un)likely,itis(im)possible,itisapity,itisawonder等结构中，如：Itseemsthatthistestisreliable.Itisapity(that)shecan'tgowithus.5．强调主句的表语时，如：Itisamysterytomehowitallhappened.Itisnecessarythatheshoulddoso.●宾语从句在句中作宾语Ithought(that)youhadreadthebook.Weshouldlearntotellwhetheranelementispoisonousornot.Doyouknowwhoinventedthis?1．宾语从句后有宾语补足语时常移至句末，而用it做形式宾语放在前面，如：Theexperimentmakesitclearthatairhaspressure.2宾语从句可作某些介词和某些作表语用的形容词的宾语，如：Theresistanceofawirealsodependsuponwhatmaterialitismadeof.Wearesure(that)itwillbeasuccess.3．宾语从句可以是直接引语也可以是间接引语，如：Heaskedme,“AreyoufromChengdu?”（直接引语）HeaskedmewhetherIwasfromChengdu.（间接引语）●表语从句在句中作表语Thereasonis(that)wehaven'traisedenoughmoney.Thatiswhatwewanttoknow.●同位语从句在句中作补充说明名词及其短语的从句IamindoubtwhetherIshouldbuyornot.HeexpressedhishopethathewouldvisitChinaagain.RelativeClause(定语从句)引导定语从句的关系词有1．关系代词who,whom（代人）；which（代物）；that,whose,as（代人或物）。它们的数和人称要和先行词一致，格取决于它们在句中充当的成分，如：Amachineisakindofdevicewhich(that)helpstodowork.Thosewhowantticketsshouldgototheoffice.Thetechnicianwhomwemetyesterdayhadworkedoutanewautomaticdevice.先行词前有限定词all,any,every,(a)few,no,only,some,very或序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时，或先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,none或-thing构成的复合不定代词时，一般只用关系代词that,如：Anyboythatwantstosucceedmustworkhard.Thereisnotmuchthatcanbedone.I'vemadeupmymind,andnothing(that)yousaywillchangeit.先行词是指示代词such或same时，只用as,先行词被指示形容词such或same修饰时，通常用as,如：ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpected.Shesaidthesameasshesaidbefore.I'veneverseensuchdogsasyoudescribe.I'llwearthesamedressasIdidlasttime.EnglshSentenceStructures英语句子结构(2)2．关系副词有：when,where,why,它们都在从句中作状语，其先行词总是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，如：Thedayswhentheyhadtoimportgrainfromabroadhavenowpassed.Airmovesfromplaceswherethepressureishighertoplaceswherethepressureislower.Herefusedtotellthereasonwhyhedidit.限制性和非限制性定语从句(RestrictiveandNon-restrictiveClause)限制性定语从句是主句中的先行词不可缺少的一部分，如果省去，主句的意义就不完整或不明确，因此，它与主句关系十分密切，不用逗号与主句分开；非限制性定语从句只是对主句中的先行词作附加说明，如果省去，主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念，因此，它与主句间有一逗号分开，如：Don'tyouknowthepeoplewholivenextdoor?Theproblem,whichiscomplicated,hasbeensolved.That不用于引导非限制性定语从句；先行词是主句或主句的一部分时,用which或as引导非限制性定语从句，如从句放在主句之前则用as而不用which,如：Hechangedhismind,whichmademeveryangry.Hewasaforeigner,as/whichIknewfromhisaccent.Aswasexpected,heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.关于“Noun/Pronoun+Preposition+Which/Whom/Whose”结构Theresistanceofaconductordependsonthekindofsubstanceofwhichitismade.Isn'tshethegirlwithwhomyouvisitedtheexhibitiontheotherday?关系代词whom和which常常作介词of的宾语，用“名词／代词／数词＋of＋whom/which”结构，如：Heisreadingabook,thenameofwhichIdon'tknow.Herparents,bothofwhomareteachers,areverystrictwithher.Inourclasstherearefortystudents,fourofwhomarefromAfrica.Whose指物时常可用ofwhich代替，这时whose所修饰的名词放在ofwhich之前，如：Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.=Wehadameetingthepurposeofwhichwascompletelyunclear.AppositionandAppositiveClause(同位语和同位语从句)可以用作同位语的有：1．名词、代词、数词及其它们的短语、不定式和分词短语，如：China,ourgreatmotherland,nowisdevelopingrapidlyinscienceandtechnology.Weallwenttoseeher.WetwoarefromChongqingandtheythreearefromChengdu.Weallhaveacommondesire—tobecomequalifiedteachers.That'sherjob,takingcareoftheagedinthecommunity.2．of引导的介词短语，如：thecityofBeijing,theartofwriting3．用连词or,orrather或orbetter等引导的词或短语，如：Theyarrivedhomelatethateveningorratherearlythenextmorning.4．用插入语thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely,forexample,forinstance,suchas,say,especially,particularly,chiefly,mainly等引导的词或短语，如：Mr.Smithknowsfivelanguages,namelyEnglish,French,Chinese,RussianandJapanese.5.同位语从句，即与先行词同位或等同的从句，其先行词多为belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,promise,question,remark,reply,report,thought,truth等；其引导词多为that（在口语中可省去），也可用whether等，如：Therecanbenodoubtthatwe'llfinishintime.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistsofatoms.Weshoulddiscusscarefullytheimportantquestionwhetherornotwecancompletethetaskwithinaweek.注意that在同位语从句中不作任何句子成分，只起引导从句的作用，而在定语从句中that还充当主语或宾语，或状语，比较：Noonecandenythefactthathehasmadegreatachievementsinhiswork.（同位语从句，连词that在从句中不作任何句子成分。）Thisisthepicturethatthelittleboydrewyesterday.（定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作宾语。）英语句子中的谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，如：Mr.SmithteachesusoralEnglish.Nowadayslotsofcollegegraduatesarebusylookingforjobs.1．一些句子结构中的主谓一致：a.在"there+be"句型中，谓语动词通常和最邻近它的那个名词保持一致，如：Thereisabookandfourpensonthedesk.Therearetwobedsandabookshelfintheroom.b.在定语从句中，谓语动词应和该从句的先行词保持一致，如：Aliceisthepersonwhorunstheschool.Hewhocheatsonexamswillbekickedoutoftheschool.Iwasoneofthosepersonswhowereluckilyinterviewedbythedirectorhimself.上例中如果one前有theonly修饰，强调某一个体时，从句的谓语动词应用单数，如：Iwastheonlyoneofthosepersonswhowasluckilyinterviewedbythedirectorhimself.c.倒装结构中的谓语动词应与它的真正主语保持一致，如：Hereisaletterforyou.Therecometwobuses.2．并列结构作主语时句子的主谓一致：a.由both...and...连接的两个名（代）词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如：BothTomandMaryhavebeeninvitedtotheparty.b.由and连接的并列结构作主语，谓语一般用复数。但当两个名词表达同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时，谓语应该用单数，如：Thewriterandeditorisgoingtothemeetinginperson.Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.Lawandorderissoimportanttoacountrythatnooneshouldbreakit.c.由aswellas,asmuchas,alongwith,besides,inadditionto,including,like,nolessthan,ratherthan,(together)with等连接的两个名（代）词作主语时，谓语应和第一个名（代）词保持数的一致，如：Thebusdriveraswellasseveralpassengershassurvivedtheaccident.YesterdayIsawapick-pocketwithhiscompanywascaughtbyapoliceman.d.由or,either…or...,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等连接的两个名（代）词作主语时，谓语一般和后一个名（代）词保持一致，如：NotyoubutIamtoblame.NeitheryounorIamresponsibleforthewholething.3．集体名词作主语时句子的主谓一致a.cattle,police作主语时，谓语动词总用复数，如：Lotsofcattleareraisedonthegrassland.Thepoliceweresearchingforthecriminals.b.audience,board,class,committee,crowd,crew,enemy,family,government,team等作主语时，如果作整体看待，谓语动词用单数；若强调每一成员，谓语用复数，如：Thecommitteeconsistsof12members.Thecommitteehaven'treachedanyagreementyet.Iamnotsurewheremyfamilyis.Myfamilycarealotaboutmystudy.4．一些代词作主语时句子的主谓一致：a.由any,every,no和one,thing,body构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语用单数，如：Nothingwasfoundinthero