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Sentence

Structure

英语句子结构(1)英语基本句型有五个:S+V,S+V+Cs,S+V+O,S+V+Oi+Od,S+V+Od+Co,其共有特征是主谓结构(S+V)。句子成分主要有四种:主语S、谓语动词V、补语(主语补语Cs,宾语补语Co)和宾语(直接宾语Od,间接宾语Oi)。●Pattern1(S+V)1.此句型中,“V”是不及物动词,后面无宾语,如:Myrightarmhurts.但通常有后续成分或称状语(A),即S+V+A,如:Shelivedhappily.Thesunriseseverymorning.2.在有些句子中,主语或谓语或某一部分可省略,如:(I)Hopetoseeyouagainsoon.(省略主语)Whocalled?Jane(did).(省略谓语)●Pattern2(S+V+Cs)1.此句型的“V”是连系动词,“Cs”是主语补语,或称表语。充当主语补语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词V-ing形式或V-ed形式、不定式及名词性从句等,如:MyfirstnameisBill.Lifeiscolorful.Seeingisbelieving.Ourbeliefisthatthingswillimprove.2.常见的连系动词有下列几类:a.表示“判断”:be;b.表示“变得”、“成为”:become,come,go,fall,get,grow,prove,turn等;c.表示“保持着某一状态”:hold,keep,lie,remain,rest,sit,stay等;d.表示“看起来”、“好像”:appear,look,seem等;e.表示“实感”:feel,sound,taste,smell等。e.g.SheisateacherandIamadoctor.Springcomesandalltreesturngreen.Hestayedawakeallnight.Youdon’tlookhappy,what'sthematter?Theirplansoundswonderful.●Pattern3(S+V+O)1.“V”是及物动词,后面需跟一个宾语,可充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、V-ing结构及名词性从句等,如:Iunderstandtheprogram.Sheaskedtoseethemanager.Maryisconsideringchangingherjob.Hesaidthathewouldcallmetomorrow.2.这种结构有时必须跟状语,意义才完整(即S+V+O+A),如:Weacceptedtheiradviceinbuyinganewcar.Shecompletedtheassignmentjustasthebellwasringing.Wedon’ttrusthimbecauseheoftenlies.Youmakeapromiseonlywhenyouknowyoucankeepit.●Pattern4(S+V+Oi+Od)1.此句型的“V”称为双宾及物动词,其后需跟间接宾语“Oi”(通常指人)和直接宾语“Od”(通常指物或事)。2.此类动词大都具有给与的意义,常见的有allow,assign,award,bring,buy,cause,choose,fetch,find,get,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,post,promise,read,recommend,refuse,render,return,sell,send,show,sing,take,telephone,touch,tell,throw,wish,write等,如:Igavehimthebook.I’llreturnyouthedictionarysoon.3.有时间接宾语可移至直接宾语之后,但要加相应的介词如“to”,“for”,“of”等,试比较:Bettygaveherdaughteranapple.→Bettygaveanappletoherdaughter.Fatherboughthimabike.→Fatherboughtabikeforhim.Heaskedmeaquestion.→Heaskedaquestionofme.●Pattern5(S+V+Od+Co)该句型中,谓语动词虽有宾语,但句子意义仍不完整,需加补语“Co”补足其意义。充当宾语补语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语及分词等,如:Wecallhimafool.Wefoundthehouseempty.Ourneighborsbuilttheirwallhigh.Webelieveyoutobeanhonestman.Iheardthemsingingintheclassroom.常用的这类动词有:appoint,believe,call,catch,choose,consider,declare,elect,fancy,feel,find,hear,imagine,judge,keep,know,leave,make,name,need,prefer,prove,see,select,suppose,think,vote等。NounClause(名词从句)名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语等从句。它们可以由下列连词引导:从属连词that,whether,if;连接代词who(ever),whom,whose,what(ever),which(ever);连接副词when,where,why,how,howmuch/many/long/often等。●主语从句在句中作主语Thatmathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscienceisevident.Whoeveristiredmayrest.Whytheearthmovesroundthesunisquiteclearnow.主语从句常放在句尾而用it作形式主语使句子更加平衡,这时口语中常省略that,如上面第一句改成“Itisevident(that)mathematicsfindsitsuseineveryscience.”更好。在下列情况下必须把主语从句放在句尾而用it作形式主语:1.主句谓语是被动语态时,如:Itissaidthatheisagooddoctor.2.主句是疑问句或感叹句时,如:Isittruethatthefilmstarwillcome?Howwonderfulitisthatwe'llvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.3.主句谓语动词是appear,turnout,happen,occur,come,strike,follow,matter等时,如:Ithappenedthatshehadacoldanddidn'tgowithusthatday.ItturnedoutthatIwaswrong.4.表示说话人的推测或评价,如在itseems,itmaybe,itis(un)likely,itis(im)possible,itisapity,itisawonder等结构中,如:Itseemsthatthistestisreliable.Itisapity(that)shecan'tgowithus.5.强调主句的表语时,如:Itisamysterytomehowitallhappened.Itisnecessarythatheshoulddoso.●宾语从句在句中作宾语Ithought(that)youhadreadthebook.Weshouldlearntotellwhetheranelementispoisonousornot.Doyouknowwhoinventedthis?1.宾语从句后有宾语补足语时常移至句末,而用it做形式宾语放在前面,如:Theexperimentmakesitclearthatairhaspressure.2宾语从句可作某些介词和某些作表语用的形容词的宾语,如:Theresistanceofawirealsodependsuponwhatmaterialitismadeof.Wearesure(that)itwillbeasuccess.3.宾语从句可以是直接引语也可以是间接引语,如:Heaskedme,“AreyoufromChengdu?”(直接引语)HeaskedmewhetherIwasfromChengdu.(间接引语)●表语从句在句中作表语Thereasonis(that)wehaven'traisedenoughmoney.Thatiswhatwewanttoknow.●同位语从句在句中作补充说明名词及其短语的从句IamindoubtwhetherIshouldbuyornot.HeexpressedhishopethathewouldvisitChinaagain.RelativeClause(定语从句)引导定语从句的关系词有1.关系代词who,whom(代人);which(代物);that,whose,as(代人或物)。它们的数和人称要和先行词一致,格取决于它们在句中充当的成分,如:Amachineisakindofdevicewhich(that)helpstodowork.Thosewhowantticketsshouldgototheoffice.Thetechnicianwhomwemetyesterdayhadworkedoutanewautomaticdevice.先行词前有限定词all,any,every,(a)few,no,only,some,very或序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时,或先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,none或-thing构成的复合不定代词时,一般只用关系代词that,如:Anyboythatwantstosucceedmustworkhard.Thereisnotmuchthatcanbedone.I'vemadeupmymind,andnothing(that)yousaywillchangeit.先行词是指示代词such或same时,只用as,先行词被指示形容词such或same修饰时,通常用as,如:ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpected.Shesaidthesameasshesaidbefore.I'veneverseensuchdogsasyoudescribe.I'llwearthesamedressasIdidlasttime.EnglshSentenceStructures英语句子结构(2)2.关系副词有:when,where,why,它们都在从句中作状语,其先行词总是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,如:Thedayswhentheyhadtoimportgrainfromabroadhavenowpassed.Airmovesfromplaceswherethepressureishighertoplaceswherethepressureislower.Herefusedtotellthereasonwhyhedidit.限制性和非限制性定语从句(RestrictiveandNon-restrictiveClause)限制性定语从句是主句中的先行词不可缺少的一部分,如果省去,主句的意义就不完整或不明确,因此,它与主句关系十分密切,不用逗号与主句分开;非限制性定语从句只是对主句中的先行词作附加说明,如果省去,主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念,因此,它与主句间有一逗号分开,如:Don'tyouknowthepeoplewholivenextdoor?Theproblem,whichiscomplicated,hasbeensolved.That不用于引导非限制性定语从句;先行词是主句或主句的一部分时,用which或as引导非限制性定语从句,如从句放在主句之前则用as而不用which,如:Hechangedhismind,whichmademeveryangry.Hewasaforeigner,as/whichIknewfromhisaccent.Aswasexpected,heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.关于“Noun/Pronoun+Preposition+Which/Whom/Whose”结构Theresistanceofaconductordependsonthekindofsubstanceofwhichitismade.Isn'tshethegirlwithwhomyouvisitedtheexhibitiontheotherday?关系代词whom和which常常作介词of的宾语,用“名词/代词/数词+of+whom/which”结构,如:Heisreadingabook,thenameofwhichIdon'tknow.Herparents,bothofwhomareteachers,areverystrictwithher.Inourclasstherearefortystudents,fourofwhomarefromAfrica.Whose指物时常可用ofwhich代替,这时whose所修饰的名词放在ofwhich之前,如:Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.=Wehadameetingthepurposeofwhichwascompletelyunclear.AppositionandAppositiveClause(同位语和同位语从句)可以用作同位语的有:1.名词、代词、数词及其它们的短语、不定式和分词短语,如:China,ourgreatmotherland,nowisdevelopingrapidlyinscienceandtechnology.Weallwenttoseeher.WetwoarefromChongqingandtheythreearefromChengdu.Weallhaveacommondesire—tobecomequalifiedteachers.That'sherjob,takingcareoftheagedinthecommunity.2.of引导的介词短语,如:thecityofBeijing,theartofwriting3.用连词or,orrather或orbetter等引导的词或短语,如:Theyarrivedhomelatethateveningorratherearlythenextmorning.4.用插入语thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely,forexample,forinstance,suchas,say,especially,particularly,chiefly,mainly等引导的词或短语,如:Mr.Smithknowsfivelanguages,namelyEnglish,French,Chinese,RussianandJapanese.5.同位语从句,即与先行词同位或等同的从句,其先行词多为belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,promise,question,remark,reply,report,thought,truth等;其引导词多为that(在口语中可省去),也可用whether等,如:Therecanbenodoubtthatwe'llfinishintime.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistsofatoms.Weshoulddiscusscarefullytheimportantquestionwhetherornotwecancompletethetaskwithinaweek.注意that在同位语从句中不作任何句子成分,只起引导从句的作用,而在定语从句中that还充当主语或宾语,或状语,比较:Noonecandenythefactthathehasmadegreatachievementsinhiswork.(同位语从句,连词that在从句中不作任何句子成分。)Thisisthepicturethatthelittleboydrewyesterday.(定语从句,关系代词that在从句中作宾语。)英语句子中的谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,如:Mr.SmithteachesusoralEnglish.Nowadayslotsofcollegegraduatesarebusylookingforjobs.1.一些句子结构中的主谓一致:a.在"there+be"句型中,谓语动词通常和最邻近它的那个名词保持一致,如:Thereisabookandfourpensonthedesk.Therearetwobedsandabookshelfintheroom.b.在定语从句中,谓语动词应和该从句的先行词保持一致,如:Aliceisthepersonwhorunstheschool.Hewhocheatsonexamswillbekickedoutoftheschool.Iwasoneofthosepersonswhowereluckilyinterviewedbythedirectorhimself.上例中如果one前有theonly修饰,强调某一个体时,从句的谓语动词应用单数,如:Iwastheonlyoneofthosepersonswhowasluckilyinterviewedbythedirectorhimself.c.倒装结构中的谓语动词应与它的真正主语保持一致,如:Hereisaletterforyou.Therecometwobuses.2.并列结构作主语时句子的主谓一致:a.由both...and...连接的两个名(代)词作主语时,谓语动词用复数,如:BothTomandMaryhavebeeninvitedtotheparty.b.由and连接的并列结构作主语,谓语一般用复数。但当两个名词表达同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时,谓语应该用单数,如:Thewriterandeditorisgoingtothemeetinginperson.Breadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.Lawandorderissoimportanttoacountrythatnooneshouldbreakit.c.由aswellas,asmuchas,alongwith,besides,inadditionto,including,like,nolessthan,ratherthan,(together)with等连接的两个名(代)词作主语时,谓语应和第一个名(代)词保持数的一致,如:Thebusdriveraswellasseveralpassengershassurvivedtheaccident.YesterdayIsawapick-pocketwithhiscompanywascaughtbyapoliceman.d.由or,either…or...,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等连接的两个名(代)词作主语时,谓语一般和后一个名(代)词保持一致,如:NotyoubutIamtoblame.NeitheryounorIamresponsibleforthewholething.3.集体名词作主语时句子的主谓一致a.cattle,police作主语时,谓语动词总用复数,如:Lotsofcattleareraisedonthegrassland.Thepoliceweresearchingforthecriminals.b.audience,board,class,committee,crowd,crew,enemy,family,government,team等作主语时,如果作整体看待,谓语动词用单数;若强调每一成员,谓语用复数,如:Thecommitteeconsistsof12members.Thecommitteehaven'treachedanyagreementyet.Iamnotsurewheremyfamilyis.Myfamilycarealotaboutmystudy.4.一些代词作主语时句子的主谓一致:a.由any,every,no和one,thing,body构成的合成代词作主语时,谓语用单数,如:Nothingwasfoundinthero

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