高中英语语法复习之构词法

学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载英语构词法第一部分：派生法一.前缀★un-:表示否定意义， unhappy,untrue,unlike,,unfair,unknown,unhealthy,unusual,uncertain,unclear,unequal,unlucky,uncomfortable,uninteresting,unimportant,unnecessary,unpleasant,unfold★dis-:表示否定意义， dislike,disagree,disappear,disadvantage,dishonest,disability,discover,disobey★in-,im-,il-,ir-:表示否定意义， incomplete,incorrect,inconvenient,inexpensive,impossible,immoral,illegal,irregular,★表示否定意义，non- non-smoker,non-stop,,nonsensemis-:表示错误的意义 mistake,mislead（误导）,misunderstanding,misuse,misspell,mistrust,mistreatanti-:表示“反、防、抗”的意义：, antiknock（防震）,antiforeigner（排外的）,anti-war,anti-pollutionde-表示“在下，向下”：表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀：decrease,degradeen-,em-表示“在内，进入”： encage,embedex-表示“外部，外”： exit,expand,export,exposefore-表示“在前面”：forehead,foreground,foreleg,forefoot★in-,im-表示“向内，在内，背于”： inland,inside,indoor(s),importinter-表示“在……间，相互”： international,interaction,internet,interviewout-表示“在外部，在外”： outline,outside,outward(s),outdoor(s)over-表示“在上面，在外部，向上”： overlook,overhead,overboard,overcoat,overdress,overseapre-表示“在前，在前面，提前”： prefix（前缀）,preface（前言）,prepare,prefersuper-表示“在…..之上，超级”： superpower,superman,surpermarkettrans-表示“移上，转上，在那一边”： translate,transform（转移）,transplant（移植）,transportation（交通）under-表示“在…..下面，下的”：underline,underground,underwater,undershirtup-表示“向上，向上面，在上”：upward(s),uphold,uphill（上坡）,upgradeauto-表示“自己，独立，自动”： automobile（自动车）,autobiography（自传）tele-表示“远离”： television,telephone,telegram（电报）,telegraph（电报）,telescopefore-表示“在前面，先前，前面”： foreword（前言）,forecast（预报）,foretell（预言）,foresee（预见）,foreknow（先知）,foreknowledge（先知）mid-表示“中，中间”： midnight,midsummer,mid-day,mid-autumnpost-表示“在后，后”： postwar,postgraduate（研究生）,postdate★re-表示“再一次，重新”： retell,rewrite,renew,reconsider,reuse,remarry,recycle（回收利用）,rebuildover-表示“超过，过度，太”：overeat（吃过多）,oversleep（睡过头）,overpraise（过奖）,overwork,表示共同，相等意思的前缀：co-表示“共同，一起”： coexist（共同生存）,co-operate,co-worker,coactions（合作行动）,coauthor（合作作者）表示某种状态，构成形容词、副词或动词： a-afraid,alive,alone,asleep,ashamed,aloud,ahead,aside,alike,awakea-表示“分离，离开”：away,apartde-表示“离去，处去”：depart,discolor表示“自我”：self-self-protect(ion),self-made,self-knowledgea.具有某种职业或动作的人：★-an,-ian,-ician表示“……地方的人，精通……的人”：American,Asian,Australian,Russian,Italian,historian,librarian,electrician,magician（魔术师）,technician,musician,politician（政客）,physician（内科医生），-ant,-ent表示“……人”：merchant,servant,assistant,agent,student,-ee表示“动作承受者”：employee（雇员）,examinee,payee（收款人）,interviewee-eer表示“从事于……人”：engineer,volunteer（志愿者）★-er表示“从事某种职业的人,某地区，地方的人”：banker,observer,Londoner,villagersinger,driver,writer,speaker,traveller,★-or表示“……者”：author,doctor,operator,actor,visitor,inventor,educator-ar,-ary表示“……的人,从事……的人”：scholar,liar,beggar,secretary,missionary-ess表示“阴性人称名词”：actress（女演员）,hostess（女主人）,manageress（女经理）★-ist表示“从事……研究者，信仰……主义者”：pianist,communist,dentist,artist,chemist,socialist,typist,构成具有抽象名词的含义：-age表示“状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称”：courage,storage,marriage,percentage★-al表示“事物的动作，过程”：refusal,arrival,-ance,-ence表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”：importance,distance,avoidance,appearance,performance,diligence,difference,obedience,absence,presence（出席）,existence-ancy,-ency表示“性质，状态，行为，过程”：frequency（频繁）,urgency（紧急）,efficiency（高效率）,-ity表示“性质，状态，程度”：purity,reality,equality-bility表示“动作，性质，状态”：ability,possibility,probability,responsibility-dom表示“等级，领域，状态”：freedom,kingdom,wisdom-ery,-ry表示“行为，状态，习性，性质”：bravery,slavery-hood表示“资格，身份,年纪，状态”：childhood,girlhood,boyhood,manhood-ice表示“行为，性质，状态”：notice,justice,service★-ion,-ation,-ition,-sion表示“行为的过程，结果，状况”：suggestion,action,solution,invention,direction,correction,collection,instruction,destruction,introduction,congratulation,dictation,invitation,pronunciation,examination,graduation,operation,education,information,translation,starvation,satisfaction,relation,irrigation,determination,preparation,imagination,explanation,opposition,competition,description,decision,division,conclusion,explosion,impression,expression,admission,permission,discussion★-ment表示“行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果”：disappointment,treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument,agreement,government,development,improvement,requirement,astonishment,encouragement★-ness表示“性质，状态，程度”：goodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness,business,illness,happiness,goodness,willingness,weakness,fairness★-ism表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为”：socialism,criticism,heroism,tourism,communism（共产主义）,Marxism（马克思主义）-ship表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”：hardship,relationship,membership,friendship,seamanship,ownership,scholarship,professorship★-th,表示“动作，性质，过程，状态”：strength,length,width,depth,wealth,truth,growth,warmth,youth-ure表示“行为，结果”：exposure（暴露）,pressure,failure,procedure(手续),mixture-craft表示“工艺”：aircraft,needlecraft,woodcraft②形容词后缀：a.带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义：★-able,-ible:movable,comfortable,eatable,enjoyable,acceptable,reasonable,applicable,visible,responsible,terrible,horrible★-al:natural,additional,educational,national-ant,-ent:distant,important,excellent★-ing（表示特征：令人觉得）:moving,touching,daring,interesting,exciting,disappointing,astonishing,boring,amazing★-ed（表示情绪：觉得）:pleased,interested,surprised,worried,excited,bored,determined,delighted-ish:foolish,bookish,selfish★-ive:active,impressive,decisive,active,instructive,expensive,progressiveb.表示“相象，类似”的含义：-ish:boyish,childish-like:manlike,childlike-some:troublesome,handsome★-y:milky,cloudysunny,windy,rainy,foggy,healthy,wealthy,worthy,bloody,funny,dirty,lucky,noisy,salty,smelly,hilly★-ly:manly,fatherly,motherly,sisterly,brotherly,daily,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,friendly,lonely,orderly,lovely,lively,likely,scholarlyc.表示“充分的”含义：★-ful:beautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthful,successful,harmful,useful,careful,forgetful,merciful-ous:dangerous,courageous,nervous,mountainous,humorous,variousd.表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义：-en:wooden,golden,woolene.表示方向的含义：-ern:eastern,western,southern,northern,southeastern,northwestern-ward:downward,forwardf.表示“数量关系”的含义：★-teen:thirteen★-ty:fifty★-th:fourth,fiftiethg.表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义：★-an:Roman,European★-ese:Chinese,Japanese-ish:English,Spanishh.表示否定：★-less:countless,stainless（不锈的）,wireless,useless,endless,priceless（无价的，贵重的）,hopeless③动词后缀：★-ize,ise表示“做成，变成，……化”：modernize（现代化）,democratize（民主化）,organize,apologize,realize-en表示“使成为，引起，使有”：quicken,weaken,soften,harden★-fy表示“使……化,使成”：beautify,purify（净化）,intensify,signify,simplify（简化）,satisfy④副词后缀：★-ly:possibly,swiftly,simply-ward(s):downward,inwards,upward-ways:always,sideways-wise:otherwise,clockwise注意：有的单词有双重后缀，如：use（用途）→useless（无用的）→uselessness（无用）self（自己）→selfish（自私的）→selfishness（自私）有的单词则是前后缀同时使用，如：important→importance→unimportanceregular（有规律的，有规则的）→irregular（无规律的，不规则的）→irregularity（无规律，不规则）★2．合成法（1）合成名词boyfriend,girlfriend,bus-driver,necklace,playground,radioactive,headmaster,sunshine,notebook,armchair,wheelchair,postcard,football,spaceship,blackboard,firefighter,fireman,gateman,chairman,weatherman,businessman,armyman,postman,sportsman,bedroom,reading-room,classroom,newspaper,pickpocket（扒手）,she-goat（雌性山羊）,editor-in-chief（主编）,daybreak（破晓）,handshake（握手）,silkw