初中英语语法精讲课件 代词

代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。2.1人称代词（1）、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、我们“、”你们“、”他们“的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变下表：数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyouhehimtheythem第三人称shehertheythemitittheythem如：Heismyfriend.他是我的朋友。It'sme.是我。（2）主格形式作主语，宾语形式做宾语。（3）代词的顺序：1.单数按照2.3.1人称排序，复数按1.2.3人称排序You，heandIaregoodfriends.We,youandIaregoodfriends.(4)It的特殊用法1.作代词Whatisinthepicture?Itisacat.2.作形式主语Itiseasytoclimbthehill.ItisnousearguingwithhimItisclearthatsheisthebeststudentintheclass.3.作形式宾语IfounditnoteasytogetonwellwithJim4.作为强调句的引导词Itis/wasTomwhometyourbrotheryesterday5.其他常用句型Itis…since…()1Thoughitrainedheavily,____werestillplayingontheplayground.A.theyB.themC.theirD.themselves()2Tomand____willgotoseeourteacher,for___isill.A.I;she.B.me;sheC.I;herD.me;her()3Is___aboyorgirl?A.sheB.heC.oneD.it()4Only____knowit.A.IandheB.heandyouC.heandID.Iandyou()5Theyasked___todothework.A.you,heandIB.you,himandmeC.I,youandheD.me,youandhim2.2物主代词物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表。数单数复数人称第一第二第三第一第二第三人称人称人称人称人称人称形容词性myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir物主代词名词性mineyourshis/hersitsoursyourstheirs物主代词如：Ilikehiscar.我喜欢他的小汽车。Ourschoolishere，andtheirsisthere.我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。()1Isaw___playinginthestreetatthattime.A.themB.theyC.theirD.theirs2Jimwillgive____ashorttalktomorrow.A.weB.usC.ourD.ours()3Pleaseask____nottoskateonthethinice.A.theyB.themC.theirD.theirs()4Thepenishers.Passitto____,please.A.herB.sheC.hersD.herself()5Letmegoandgivethecoatto____.A.heB.hisC.himselfD.him()6Thebirdbuilt___nestinthetree.A.it'sB.her'sC.hersD.its()7Haveyouseen___pen,ablackone?A.theseB.myC.youD.hers()8SorryIhaveforgot____telephonenumber.A.yoursB.himC.youD.his()9.Ourroomisbig,but____isbiggerthan____.A.their;ourB.their;oursC.theirs;oursD.theirs;our()10Theyaren'tourbooks.Arethey____?A.yourB.hisC.herD.their()11Ourroomisbiggerthan___.A.youB.yourC.yoursD.her()12Youhaveagoodroom,Ishouldsay.Butit'snotasbigas___.A.IB.myC.meD.mine2.3反身代词表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词如：Shewastalkingtoherself.她自言自语。【常用词组积累】MakeoneselfunderstoodteachoneselfEnjoyoneselfhelponeselftoMakeyourselfathomesaytooneself()1We____atthepartylastSunday.A.enjoyedmyselfB.enjoyedourselvesC.enjoymyselfD.enjoyedourself()2"Make____athome."hesaidtohisfriends.A.yourselfB.yourselvesC.youD.yours()3LetTonydoitby____.HeisnolongerakidA.himB.hisC.himselfD.he()4Youaretwelvenow.___mustlookafter___.A.You;yourselfB.Your;yourselfC.You;yourD.You're;yourself()5Sheandhermotherenjoyed___attheparty.A.herB.themC.herselfD.themselves2.4指示代词表示“那个”、“这个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。如：Thatisagoodidea.那是个好主意。【注意点】1.有时为了避免重复提到过的词，用that或those替代。ThelifeinJapanisdifferentfromthatinAmerica.2.this或that可以表示程度，相当于soIdon’twantthatmuch3.替代不可数名词Thisnewsisbetterthanthat()1Who'sthatatthedoor?____isthepostman.A.SheB.ThisC.ItD.He()2-Who'sthatinthepicture?A.It'smeB.That'sIC.ThisisaboyD.It'sI()3-Look,whoiscoming?-___mustbeourEnglishteacher.A.SheB.HeC.ItD.This()4Someoneisknockingatthedoor,butwhocan____be?A.oneB.heC.sheD.it()5___waslatesummerandtheweatherwasveryhot.A.ThatB.ItC.ThisD.It's()6Whattimeis____now?AitB.allC.thisD:that()7___is200kilometresfromheretothenaturalpark.Wehavetogotherebycar.A.ThereB.ItC.ThisD.Theplace2.5相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有eachother和oneanother两组，前者用于两者之间，后者用于三者或以上事物之间。YouandIknoweachotherverywell。Allthechildrenherearefondofoneanother。()1Heandsheareexactlyastallas____.A.themselvesB.themC.theirD.eachother()2Peopleusuallyputsmallpresentsin____stockingonChristmasEve.A.eachotherB.eachothersC.eachother'sD.eachothers'()3Thestudentsoftenhelp___.A.onetheotherB.eachtheotherC.oneanotherD.twoanother()4-Howmanyapplesdidyourmothergiveyou,LucyorLily?A.EachoneB.OneeachC.OneeveryoneD.Onemore()5-Haveyouacomputer?-Yes,Ihaveagood____.A.someB.oneC.itD.that()6Hehasonebluepenandtwored____.A.one'sB.thoseC.oneD.ones()7Isthisstoryasinterestingas__A.theoneB.someonesC.thatoneD.one2.6疑问代词疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）如：Tellmewhoheis.告诉我他是谁。()1____isthebestseasonoftheyear?A.WhenB.WhatC.WhichD.Whattime()2-____isyoursister?-Sheisanurse.A.WhatB.WhichC.HowD.Who()3-___colourareyournewshoes?-Theyarebrown.A.AnyB.WhoseC.WhichD.What()4-___isyourclassmateJohnlike?-He'sverytall.A.HowB.WhatC.WhoD.Which()5.___hashappenedand____didit?A.Who;whoB.What;whoC.What;whatD.Who;what()6-_____isthatmanoverthere?-He'sMrGreen.A.WhatB.WhichC.HowD.Who()7-___istheboystandingthere?-Heismybrother.A.WhichB.WhatC.HowD.Who2.7关系代词（1）关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。如：Heisthemanwhomyouhavebeenlookingfor.他就是你要找的那个人。（2）关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中，that可指人也可指物，见表：限定性非限定性限定性指人指物指人或指物主格whowhichthat宾格whomthatthat属格whoseofwhich/whoseofwhich/whoseThisisthepencilwhosepointisbroken.(whose指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)Hecamebackforthebookwhichhehadforgotten.（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）（3）关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子，例如：Hesaidhesawmethere,whichwasalie.他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。()1____onedoyoulike,theblueoneortheredone?A.WhatB.WhichC.ThatD.This()2-___isbigger?-Theyellowone.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.It()3___ofyouwouldliketogowithus?A.WhoB.WhichC.AllD.Both()4-_____bagisthis?-It'sJack'sA.WhatB.WhichC.WhoseD.Who's()5-___pencilsarethese?-Theyaretheirs.A.WhichB.WhoseC./D.These()6___houseisbeingrepaired?A.WhatB.WhereC.WhoD.Whose()7Pleasefindout____heislookingafterathome.A.whoB.whichC.whomD.when()8____doyouthinkyoushouldhelp?A.WhoseB.WhichC.WhatD.Whom()9Hetoldme___hewassentfor.A.whomB.thatC.bothD.where2.8不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody，something，noone。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。如：---Doyouhaveacar?--你有一辆小汽车吗？---Yes，Ihaveone.--是的，我有一辆。---Idon'tknowanyofthem.他们，我一个也不认识。（1）不定代词包括all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no以及some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,none,everybody,everyone.等。（2）不定代词的用法1.除every和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。Ihavenoideaaboutit.2.all都，指三者以上。all的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。Allgoeswell.一切进展得很好。all通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说allthebook，而说thewholebook。但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如allday，allnight，alltheyear；但习惯上不说allhour，allcentury。all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如allChina，allthecity，allmylife，alltheway3.both都，指两者。a.both与复数动词连用，但both…and…可与单数名词连用。b.both,all都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前，be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。WhocanspeakJapanese?Weboth(all)can.4.neither两者都不a.neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数b.作定语与单数名词连用，但neither…nor用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。c.可用于下列句型，避免重复。Shecan'tsing，neither(can)he.neither与nord.如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用nor。Ifyoudon‘tdoit，neithershouldI.如果你不干，我也不干e.如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。Hecan'tsing，nordance，norskate.5.none无1)none作主语，多与of构成短语noneof。在答语中，none可单独使用。Arethereanypicturesonthewall?None.2)none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。Itisnoneofyourbusiness.6.few一些，少数few作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。7.some一些1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当做“某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。（=acertain）Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。Acertain(some)personhasseenyoubreaktherule.某些人不同意你的看法。【注意点】(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。Wouldyoulike句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：Ifyouneedsomehelp，letmeknow.c.some位于主语部分,Somestudentshaven'tbeentherebefored.当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：Ihaven'theardfromsomeofmyoldfriendstheseyears.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。8.any一些1)any多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。Herearethreenovels.Youmayreadany.9.one,ones为复数形式ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some,any，而不用ones。Haveyouboughtanyrulers?Yes，I'veboughtsome.【辨别】1.one，that和itone表示泛指，that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it与所指名词为同一个。Ican'tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。Ican'tfindmyhat.Idon'tknowwhereIputit.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。2.one/another/theotherone…theother只有两个some…theothers有三个以上one…another，another…some…others，others…others=otherpeople/thingstheothers=therest剩余的全部1)泛指另一个用another。2)一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用theother。3)一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one(another)，第三个可用theother，athird。4)一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用theothers。5)泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。3.both,either,neither,all,any,none这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be动词之后，行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。1)both(两者都)，either(两者中任何一个)，neither(两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。Neitherofthetwoboysisclever.两个男孩都不聪明。2)both，eitherboth与复数连用，either与单数连用。Boththeboysareclever.两个男孩都很聪明。Eitherofthetwoboysisclever.两个男孩都很聪明。Thereareflowersonbothsidesofthestreet.(两岸)Thereareflowersoneithersideofthestreet.(岸的两边)路边长满了野花。Thereareflowersoneithersideofthestreet.(岸的两边)路边长满了野花。3)all(所有的，全部的人或物)，any(任何一个)，none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。Alltheflowersaregone.所有的花都谢了。Idon'tlikeanyoftheflowers.这些花我都不喜欢。Ilikenoneoftheflowers.这些花我都不喜欢。注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。Allofthestudentsarethere.所有的学生都在那。All(of)themilkisthere.所有的牛奶都在那。4.few,little,afew,alittle(a)few+可数名词,(a)little+不可数名词afew/alittle为肯定含义，还有一点few/little为否定含义，没有多少了。Hehasafewfriends.他有几个朋友。Hehasfewfriends.他几乎没有朋友。Westillhavealittletime.我们还有点时间。Thereislittletimeleft.几乎没剩下什么时间了。【固定搭配】onlyafew(=few)notafew(=many)quiteafew(=many)manya(=many)Manybooksweresold.Manyabookwassold.卖出了许多书。()1.Thereareshopson_____sideofthestreet.________ofthemdonotclosetill12atnight.A.both;AllB.every;NoneC.either;SomeD.other;Many()2Theboyrunsfasterthan_______inhisclass.,A.anyoftheboyB.anyboysC.anyotherboysD.alltheboys()3Tomisstrongerthan___inhisclass.A.anystudentsB.otherstudentC.anyotherstudentD.anyotherstudents()4Thereisnot___meatinmybowl.Thereis____chickeninit.A.some;anyB.any;someC.any;anyD.some;some()5-Ihaveforgottenmybread.-Nevermind,youcanhave____.A.someofusB.someofourC.someofoursD.manyofours()6-Isthere___teain'thatgreencup?-Yes,thereis____.A.the;someB.any;anyC.some;anyD.any;some()7Couldyoudo___forme,please?A.everythingB.nothingC.somethingD.anything()8Thebottleisempty.Thereis___init.A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything()9-TurnofftheTV,Betty.____iswatchingit.-Oh,no.Mum.I'mwatchingitnow.A.somebodyB.NobodyC.EverybodyD.Anybody()10-Didyoufind___intheroom?-No,wefound___there.A.anybody;nobodyB.somebody;everybodyC.anybody;somebodyD.everybody;anybody()11Ihavealotofworktodo.Ihave___timetoplay.A.notB.anyC.noD.some()12Asweknow,heis___fool.A.notB.noaC.notanD.no()13Iaskedhimforsomeoil,buthehadn't___.A.someB.anyC.anythingD.no()14___ofthefourroadswilltakeyoutothehospital.A.NeitherB.EitherC.BothD.Any()15Wouldyoulendme___ofyourmoney?A.someB.lotC.afewD.any()16Wouldyoulike___morecoffee?A.littleB.anyC.someD.another()17Listentome.Ihave____totellyou.A.anythingnewB.somethingnewC.newsomethingD.nothingnew()18Bytheway,isthere____intoday'snewspaper?A.somethingnewB.anythingnewC.newsomethingD.newanything()19Pleasebequiet.Ihave___totellyou.A.importantsomethingB.nothingimportantC.importantanythingD.somethingimportant()20I'mnotbusy.Ihaven't____todo.A.somethingB.everythingC.nothingD.anything()21____hashappened,Iwantyoutotellmeaboutit.A.SomethingB.EverythingC.AnythingD.Nothing()22Yesterdaymorning___boysbrokeintothegarden.A.anyB.someC.manyD.much()23___twentyboyswereplayingfootballatthattimeyesterday.A.EachB.SomeC.NooneD.Neither()24NowIhave______questions.Let'sgotoaskourteacher.A.anyB.muchC.someD.alot()25CanIhave___bottleoforange,please?A.anotherB.otherC.othersD.theothers()26Thereareforty-fourstudentsinClassOne.Nineteenofthemareboys,___aregirls.A.theotherB.theothersC.othersD.someothers()27MrSmithhastwosons.____isasoldier,___isadoctor.