骨与关节的基本结构与功能Basicstructurea

骨与关节的基本结构与功能Basicstructureandfunctionofboneandjoints骨的承载基本概念Basicconceptofbonebearingcapacity骨的生物学特性Biologicalcharacteristicsofbone1骨的强度Thestrengthofthebone2骨的刚度Therigidityofthebone3骨的稳定性Bonestability骨在承载负荷的情况下抵抗破坏的能力Theabilityofbonetoresistdamageunderload骨在外力作用下抵抗变形的能力Theabilityofbonetoresistdeformationunderexternalforces骨保持原有平衡形态的能力Theabilityofbonestoretaintheiroriginalbalancedshape

当外力作用于骨时，骨以形变产生内部阻抗以抗衡外力Whenanexternalforceactsonthebone,thebonedeformstocreateaninternalresistancetocounteracttheexternalforce应力stress

力force应力stress=

面积area应变strain

骨在外力作用下的局部变形Localdeformationofboneunderexternalforce

变化量variablequantity应变strain=

原长度Theoriginallength应力-应变曲线stress-straincurve应力-应变曲线stress-straincurve骨的载荷基本形式Thebasicformofboneload拉伸stretch压缩compress弯曲curve剪切cut扭转reverse复合recombination骨的载荷Boneoftheload骨的两端收到一对大小相等、方向相反沿轴线的力的作用。骨骼内部产生拉应力和应变。Theendsofthebonereceiveapairofequalandoppositeforcesactingalongtheaxis.Tensilestressesandstrainsoccurwithinthebones.拉伸载荷tensileload施加于骨组织表面的两个沿轴线的大小相等、方向相对的载荷。骨骼内部产生压应力和应变。Twoequalandoppositeaxialloadsappliedtothesurfaceofbonetissue.Compressivestressesandstrainsoccurwithinthebones.压缩载荷compressiveload使骨沿其轴线发生弯曲形变的载荷。Aloadthatcausesabonetobendalongitsaxis弯曲载荷bendingload中性轴两旁一侧拉应力和拉应变，另一侧压应力和压应变。中性轴上没有应力和应变。Tensilestressandstrainonbothsidesoftheneutralaxis,compressivestressandstrainontheothersidethereisnostressandstrainontheneutralaxis骨的表面受到一对大小相等、方向相反且相距很近的力的作用。Thesurfacesofthebonesareacteduponbyapairofforcesofequalmagnitude,oppositedirectionsandveryclosetogether.剪切载荷shearload加在骨上并使其沿轴线发生扭转。Applytotheboneandtwistitalongitsaxis.扭转载荷torsionload骨的几何结构不规则，同时又受到多种不定的载荷。Boneisgeometricallyirregularandsubjectedtoavarietyofvariableloads.复合载荷combinedload骨的生物学特性Biologicalpropertiesofbone骨的生物学特性Biologicalcharacteristicsofbone1234567各向异性anisotropy弹性和坚固性Resilienceandrobustness抗压力强抗张力差StrongresistancetopressurePoorresistancetotension

耐冲击力和持续利差ResistancetoimpactAndthepersistentspread

应力强度的方向性Directivityofstressintensity

机械力对骨的影响Theeffectofmechanicalforcesonbone骨的强度和刚度Strengthandstiffnessofbone概念WOLF定律

骨骼能承受骨组织的机械应变，并具有适应这些功能需要的能力，骨骼结构受应力的影响，负荷增加骨增粗，负荷减少骨变细。Bonecanwithstandthemechanicalstrainofbonetissueandhastheabilitytoadapttotheneedsofthesefunctions.Bonestructureisaffectedbystress.Bonesbecomethickerwithincreasingloadandthinnerwithdecreasingload.想一想

对于中老年人和更年期妇女，什么方法可以预防骨质疏松呢？Tomiddle-agedandsenileandmenopausalwomen,whatmethodcanpreventosteoporosis?凹凸定律ConvexandConcaveRealationship关节的运动滚动：多点与多点接触

Multi-pointcontact滑动：单点与多点接触Singlepointandmulti-pointcontact转动：旋转关节面上单点与单点接触Singlepointcontactwithsinglepointontherotatedjointsurface关节的运动凸面-凹面的运动Convex-concavemotion凹面-凸面的运动Concave-convexmotion关节的运动凸动，滚动和滑动方向相反Convex,rollingandslidinginoppositedirections关节的运动形式Theformofjointmotion关节的运动屈伸两骨相互靠近或远离Thetwobonesaremovingtowardsorawayfromeachother左屈右伸Leftdownrightout跖屈plantarflexion背伸Backout关节的运动收展向正中面靠拢或远离Movetowardsorawayfromthemid