倒U形假说在管理中的应用

U（RobertM.Yerkes）与杜德逊（JohnDillinghamDodson）经实验研究归纳出的一UYerkes-DodsonlawUUTheYerkes-Dodsonlawdemonstratesanempiricalrelationshipbetweenarousalandperformance.Itdictatesthatperformanceincreaseswithcognitivearousal,butonlytoacertainpoint:whenlevelsofarousalbecometoohigh,performancewilldecrease.AcorollaryisthatthereisanoptimallevelofarousalforagivenItisascientificprincipledevelopedbypsychologistsRobertM.YerkesandJ.D.Dodson groundedwithinthediscoursesofbiopsychologyandRobertM.YerkesandJ.D.DodsonTheprocessisoftendemonstratedgraphicallyasaninvertedU-shapedcurve(curvilinear),increasingandthendecreasingwithhigherlevelsofarousal.(However,thereisalsoalinearcomponentwhichproposesthatinasimpletask,performanceincreaseswitharousal.Therefore,inasimpletaskthebetweenarousalandperformanceislinear.AccordingtotheYerkes-Dodsonlaw,onlyinadifficulttaskistherelationshipbetweenarousalandperformancecurvilinear.)Ithasbeenproposedthatdifferenttasksmayrequiredifferentlevelsofarousal.Forexample,difficultorintellectuallydemandingtasksmayrequirealowerlevelofarousalforoptimalperformance(tofacilitateconcentration),whereastasksdemandingstaminaorpersistencemaybeperformedbetterwithhigherlevelsofarousal(toincreasemotivation).TheeffectofthedifficultyoftaskslateronledtothehypothesisthattheYerkes-DodsonLawcanbedecomposedintotwodistinctfactors.TheupwardpartoftheconvertedUcanbethoughtofastheenergizingeffectofarousal.Thedownwardpartontheotherhandiscausedbynegativeeffectsofarousal(orstress)oncognitiveprocesses,likeattention("tunnelvision"),memory,andproblem-UTherehasbeenresearchindicatingthatthecorrelationsuggestedbyYerkesandDodsonexists,butacauseofthecorrelationhasnotyetsuccessfullybeenest