2016MBA管理类联考英语二真题及答案

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 .

SectionⅠUseofDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Happypeopleworkdifferently.They’remoreproductive,morecreative,andwillingtotakegreaterrisks.Andnewresearchsuggestthathappinessmightinfluence1firmswork,too.Companieslocatedinplaceswithhappierpeopleinvestmore,accordingtoarecentresearchpaper.2,firmsinhappyplacesspendmoreonR&D(researchanddevelopment).That’sbecausehappinessislinkedtothekindoflonger-termthinking3formakinginvestmentsforthefuture.Theresearcherswantedtoknowifthe4andinclinationforrisk-takingthatcomewithhappiness5thewaycompaniesinvested.SotheycomparedU.S.cities’averagehappiness6byGalluppollingwiththeinvestmentactivityofpubliclytradedfirmsinthoseareas.7enough,firms’investmentandR&Dintensitywerecorrelatedwiththehappinessoftheareainwhichtheywere8.Butisitreallyhappinessthat’slinkedtoinvestment,orcouldsomethingelseabouthappiercities9whyfirmstherespendmoreonR&D?Tofindout,theresearcherscontrolledforvarious10thatmightmakefirmsmorelikelytoinvest–likesize,industry,andsales–andforindicatorsthataplacewas11tolivein,likegrowthinwagesorpopulation.Thelinkbetweenhappinessandinvestmentgenerally12evenafteraccountingforthesethings.Thecorrelationbetweenhappinessandinvestmentwasparticularlystrongforyoungerfirms,whichthe13to“lesscodifieddecisionmakingprocess”andthepossiblepresenceof“youngerandless14managerswhoaremorelikelytobeinfluencedbysentiment.”Therelationshipwas15strongerinplaceswherehappinesswasspreadmore16.Firmsseemtoinvestmoreinplaceswheremostpeoplearerelativelyhappy,ratherthaninplaceswithhappinessinequality.17thisdoesn’tprovethathappinesscausesfirmstoinvestmoreortotakealonger-termview,theauthorsbelieveitatleast18atthatpossibility.It’snothardtoimaginethatlocalcultureandsentimentwouldhelp19howexecutivesthinkaboutthefuture.“Itsurelyseemsplausiblethathappypeoplewouldbemoreforward-thinkingandcreativeand20R&Dmorethantheaverage,”saidoneresearcher.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A]In[B]In[C]In[D]In3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [D][A] [B] [C] [A] [B] [C] [A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]pray [B]lean [C]give [D]sendSectionⅡReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersANSWERSHEET1.(40It'struethathigh-schoolcodingclassesaren'tessentialforlearningcomputerscienceincollege.Studentswithoutexperiencecancatchupafterafewintroductorycourses,saidTomCortina,theassistantdeanatCarnegieMellon'sSchoolofComputerScience.However,Cortinasaid,earlyexposureisbeneficial.Whenyoungerkidslearncomputerscience,theylearnthatit'snotjustaconfusing,endlessstringoflettersandnumbers-butatooltobuildapps,orcreateartwork,ortesthypotheses.It'snotashardforthemtotransformtheirthoughtprocessesasitisforolderstudents.Breakingdownproblemsintobite-sizedchunksandusingcodetosolvethembecomesnormal.Givingmorechildrenthistrainingcouldincreasethenumberofpeopleinterestedinthefieldandhelpfillthejobsgap,Cortinasaid.Studentsalsobenefitfromlearningsomethingaboutcodingbeforetheygettocollege,whereintroductorycomputer-scienceclassesarepackedtothebrim,whichcandrivetheless-experiencedor-determinedstudentsaway.TheFlatironSchool,wherepeoplepaytolearnprogramming,startedasoneofthemanycodingbootcampsthat'sbecomepopularforadultslookingforacareerchange.Thehigh-schoolersgetthesamecurriculum,but"wetrytogearlessonstowardthingsthey'reinterestedin,"saidVictoriaFriedman,aninstructor.Forinstance,oneoftheappsthestudentsaredevelopingsuggestsmoviesbasedonyourmood.ThestudentsintheFlatironclassprobablywon'tdropoutofhighschoolandbuildthenextFacebook.Programminglanguageshaveaquickturnover,sothe"RubyonRails"languagetheylearnedmaynotevenberelevantbythetimetheyenterthejobmarket.Buttheskillstheylearn-howtothinklogicallythroughaproblemandorganizetheresults-applytoanycodinglanguage,saidDeborahSeehorn,aneducationconsultantforthestateofNorthCarolina.Indeed,theFlatironstudentsmightnotgointoITatall.Butcreatingafuturearmyofcodersisnotthesolepurposeoftheclasses.Thesekidsaregoingtobesurroundedbycomputers-intheirpockets,intheiroffices,intheirhomes-fortherestoftheirlives,Theyoungertheylearnhowcomputersthink,howtocoaxthemachineintoproducingwhattheywant-theearliertheylearnthattheyhavethepowertodothat-theCortinaholdsthatearlyexposuretocomputersciencemakesiteasierto completefuturejobremodelthewayofformulatelogicalperfectartworkIndeliveringlessonsforhigh-schoolers,Flatironhasconsidered careeracademicDeborahSeehornbelievesthattheskillslearnedatFlatironwill helpstudentslearnothercomputerhavetobeupgradedwhennewtechnologiesneedimprovingwhenstudentslookforenablestudentstomakebigquickAccordingtothelastparagraph,Flatironstudentsareexpectedto bringforthinnovativecomputerstaylongerintheinformationtechnologybecomebetterpreparedforthedigitalizedcompetewithafuturearmyofTheword"coax"(Line4,Para.6)isclosestinmeaningto Biologistsestimatethatasmanyas2millionlesserprairiechickens---akindofbirdlivingonstretchinggrasslands-oncelentredtotheoftengreylandscapeofthemidwesternandsouthwesternUnitedStates.Butjustsome22,000birdsremaintoday,occupyingabout16%ofthespecies'historicrange.ThecrashwasamajorreasontheU.S.FishandWildlifeService(USFWS)decidedtoformallylistthebirdasthreatened."Thelesserprairiechickenisinadesperatesituation,"saidUSFWSDirectorDanielAshe.Someenvironmentalists,however,weredisappointed.Theyhadpushedtheagencytodesignatethebirdas"endangered,"astatusthatgivesfederalofficialsgreaterregulatorypowertocrackdownonthreats.ButAsheandothersarguedthatthe"threatened"taggavethefederalgovernmentflexibilitytotryoutnew,potentiallylessconfrontationalconservationsapproaches.Inparticular,theycalledforforgingclosercollaborationswithwesternstategovernments,whichareoftenuneasywithfederalaction.andwiththeprivatelandownerswhocontrolanestimated95%oftheprairiechicken'shabitat.Undertheplan,forexample,theagencysaiditwouldnotprosecutelandownerorbusinessesthatunintentionallykill,harm,ordisturbthebird,aslongastheyhadsignedarange-widemanagementplantorestoreprairiechickenhabitat.NegotiatedbyUSFWSandthestates,theplanrequiresindividualsandbusinessesthatdamagehabitataspartoftheiroperationstopayintoafundtoreplaceeveryacredestroyedwith2newacresofsuitablehabitat.Thefundwillalsobeusedtocompensatelandownerswhosetasidehabitat,USFWSalsosetaninterimgoalofrestoringprairiechickenpopulationstoanannualaverageof67,000birdsoverthenext10years.AnditgivestheWesternAssociationofFishandWildlifeAgencies(WAFWA),acoalitionofstateagencies,thejobofmonitoringprogress.Overall,theideaistolet"states"remaininthedriver'sseatformanagingthespecies,"Ashesaid.Noteveryonebuysthewin-winrhetoric.SomeCongressmembersaretryingtoblocktheplan,andatleastaindustrygroups,fourstates,andthreeenvironmentalgroupsarechallengingitinfederalcourt.Notsurprisingly,doesn'tgofarenough."Thefederalgovernmentisgivingresponsibilityformanagingthebirdtothesameindustriesthatarepushingittoextinction,"saysbiologistJayLininger.Themajorreasonforlistingthelesserprairieasthreatenedis [A]itsdrasticallydecreasedpopulation[B]theunderestimateofthegrasslandacreage[C]adesperateappealfromsomebiologists[D]theinsistenceofprivatelandownersThe"threatened"tagdisappointedsomeenvironmentalistsinthatit [A]wasagive-intogovernmentalpressure[B]wouldinvolvefeweragenciesinaction[C]grantedlessfederalregulatorypower[D]wentagainstconservationpoliciesItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatunintentionalharm-doerswillnotbeprosecutedifthey [A]agreetopayasumforcompensation[B]volunteertosetupanequallybighabitat[C]offertosupporttheWAFWAmonitoringjob[D]promisetoraisefundsforUSFWSoperationsAccordingtoAshe,theleadingroleinmanagingthespeciesis [A]thefederalgovernment[B]thewildlifeagencies[C]thelandowners[D]thestatesJayLiningerwouldmostlikelysupport [A]industrygroups[B]thewin-winrhetoric[C]environmentalgroups[D]theplanunderchallengeThateveryone'stoobusythesedaysisacliché.Butonespecificcomplaintismadeespeciallymournfully:There'sneveranytimetoread.Whatmakestheproblemthornieristhattheusualtime-managementtechniquesdon'tseemsufficient.Theweb'sfullofarticlesofferingtipsonmakingtimetoread:"GiveupTV"or"Carryabookwithyouatalltimes."Butinmyexperience,usingsuchmethodstofreeuptheodd30minutesdoesn'twork.Sitdowntoreadandtheflywheelofwork-relatedthoughtskeepsspinning-orelseyou'resoexhaustedthatachallengingbook'sthelastthingyouneed.Themodernmind,TimParks,anovelistandcritic,writes,"isoverwhelminglyinclinedtowardcommunication…Itisnotsimplythatoneisinterrupted;itisthatoneisactuallyinclinedtointerruption."Deepreadingrequiresnotjusttime,butaspecialkindoftimewhichcan'tbeobtainedmerelybybecomingmoreefficient.Infact,"becomingmoreefficient"ispartoftheproblem.Thinkingoftimeasaresourcetobemaximisedmeansyouapproachitinstrumentally,judginganygivenmomentaswellspentonlyinsofarasitadvancesprogresstowardsomegoal.Immersivereading,bycontrast,dependsonbeingwillingtoriskinefficiency,goallessness,eventime-wasting.Trytoslotitasato-dolistitemandyou'llmanageonlygoal-focusedreading-useful,sometimes,butnotthemostfulfillingkind."Thefuturecomesatuslikeemptybottlesalonganunstoppableandnearlyinfiniteconveyorbelt,"writesGaryEberleinhisbookSacredTime,and"wefeelapressuretofillthesedifferent-sizedbottles(days,hours,minutes)astheypass,foriftheygetbywithoutbeingfilled,wewillhavewastedthem."Nomind-setcouldbeworseforlosingyourselfinabook.Sowhatdoeswork?Perhapssurprisingly,schedulingregulartimesforreading.You'dthinkthismightfueltheefficiencymind-set,butinfact,Eberlenotes,suchritualisticbehaviourhelpsus"stepoutsidetime'sflow"into"soultime."Youcouldlimitdistractionsbyreadingonlyphysicalbooks,oronsingle-purposee-readers."Carryabookwithyouatalltimes"canactuallywork,too-providingyoudipinoftenenough,sothatreadingbecomesthedefaultstatefromwhichyoutemporarilysurfacetotakecareofbusiness,beforedroppingbackdown.Onareallygoodday,itnolongerfeelsasifyou're"makingtimetoread,"butjustreading,andmakingtimeforeverythingelse.Theusualtime-managementtechniquesdon'tworkbecause whattheycanofferdoesnoteasethemodernwhatchallengingbooksdemandisrepetitivewhatpeopleoftenforgetiscarryingabookwithwhatdeepreadingrequirescannotbeThe"emptybottles"metaphorillustratesthatpeoplefeelapressure .updatetheirto-domakepassingtimecarrytheirplanspursuecarefreeEberlewouldagreethatschedulingregulartimesforreading .encouragetheefficiencymind-developonlinereadingpromoteritualisticachieveimmersive"Carryabookwithyouatalltimes"canwork .readingbecomesyourprimarybusinessoftheallthedailybusinesshasbeenpromptlydealtyouareabletodropbacktobusinessaftertimecanbeevenlysplitforreadingandThebesttitleforthistextcould .HowtoEnjoyEasyHowtoFindTimetoHowtoSetReadingHowtoReadAgainstabackdropofdrasticchangesineconomyandpopulationstructure,youngerAmericansaredrawinganew21st-centuryroadmaptosuccess,alatestpollhasfound.Acrossgenerationallines,Americanscontinuetoprizemanyofthesametraditionalmilestonesofasuccessfullife,includinggettingmarried,havingchildren,owningahome,andretiringintheirsixties.Butwhileyoungandoldmostlyagreeonwhatconstitutesthefinishlineofafulfillinglife,theyofferstrikinglydifferentpathsforreachingit.Youngpeoplewhoarestillgettingstartedinlifeweremorelikelythanolderadultstoprioritizepersonalfulfillmentintheirwork,tobelievetheywilladvancetheircareersmostbyregularlychangingjobs,tofavorcommunitieswithmorepublicservicesandafasterpaceoflife,toagreethatcouplesshouldbefinanciallysecurebeforegettingmarriedorhavingchildren,andtomaintainthatchildrenarebestservedbytwoparentsworkingoutsidethehome,thesurveyfound.Fromcareertocommunityandfamily,thesecontrastssuggestthatintheaftermathofthesearingGreatRecession,thosejuststartingoutinlifearedefiningprioritiesandexpectationsthatwillincreasinglyspreadthroughvirtuallyallaspectsofAmericanlife,fromconsumerpreferencestohousingpatternstopolitics.Youngandoldconvergeononekeypoint:Overwhelmingmajoritiesofbothgroupssaidtheybelieveitisharderforyoungpeopletodaytogetstartedinlifethanitwasforearliergenerations.Whlieyoungerpeoplearesomewhatmoreoptimisticthantheireldersabouttheprospectsforthosestartingouttoday,bigmajoritiesinbothgroupsbelievethose"justgettingstartedinlife"faceatougheragood-payingjob,startingafamily,managingdebt,andfindingaffordablehousing.PeteSchneiderconsiderstheclimbtoughertoday.Schneider,a27-yaear-oldautotechnicianfromtheChicagosuburbssayshestruggledtofindajobaftergraduatingfromcollege.Evennowthatheisworkingsteadily,hesaid."Ican'taffordtopaymamonthlymortgagepaymentsonmyown,soIhavetorentroomsouttopeopletomarkthathappen."Lookingback,heisstruckthathisparentscouldprovideacomfortablelifefortheirchildreneventhoughneitherhadcompletedcollegewhenhewasyoung."Istillgrewupinanuppermiddle-classhomewithparentswhodidn'thavecollegedegrees,"Schneidersaid."Idon'tthinkpeoplearecapableofthatanymore."Onecross-generationmarkofasuccessfullife .tryingoutdifferenthavingafamilywithworkingbeyondretirementsettingupaprofitableItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatyoungpeopletend .favoraslowerlifeholdanoccupationattachimportancetopre-maritalgiveprioritytochildcareoutsidetheTheprioritiesandexpectationsdefinedbytheyoung becomeincreasinglyfocusonmaterialisticdependlargelyonpoliticalreachalmostallaspectsofAmericanBothyoungandoldagree .good-payingjobsarelesstheoldmademorelifehousingloanstodayareeasytogettingestablishedisharderfortheWhichofthefollowingistrueaboutHefoundadreamjobaftergraduatingfromHisparentsbelieveworkingsteadilyisamustforHisparents'goodlifehaslittletodowithacollegeHethinkshisjobasatechnicianquitechallengingPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Besilly[B]Havefun[C]Expressyouremotions[D]Don'toverthinkit[E]Beeasilypleased[F]Noticethings[G]AskforAsadults,itseemsthatweareconstantlypursuinghappiness,oftenwithmixedresults.Yetchildrenappeartohaveitdowntoanart——andforthemostparttheydon'tneedself-helpbooksortherapy,instead,theylookaftertheirwellbeinginstinctively,andusuallymoreeffectivelythanwedoasgrownups.Perhapsit'stimetolearnafewlessonsfromthem. Whatdoesachilddowhenhe'ssad?Hecries.Whenhe'sangry?Heshouts.Scared?Probablyabitofboth.Aswegrowup,welearntocontrolouremotionssotheyaremanageableanddon'tdictateourbehaviors,whichisinmanywaysagoodthing.Buttoooftenwetakethisprocesstoofarandendupsuppressingemotions,especiallynegativeones.That’saboutaseffectiveasbrushingdirtunderacarpetandcanevenmakeusill.Whatweneedtodoisfindawaytoacknowledgeandexpresswhatwefeelappropriately,andthen——again,likechildren——move. AcoupleofChristmasesago,myyoungeststepdaughter,whowasnineyearsoldatthetime,gotaSupermanT-shirtforChristmas.Itcostlessthanafiverbutshewasoverjoyed,andcouldn'tstoptalkingaboutit.Toooftenwebelievethatanewjob,biggerhouseorbettercarwillbethemagicsilverbulletthatwillallowustofinallybecontent,buttherealityisthesethingshaveverylittlelastingimpactonourhappinesslevels.Instead,beinggratefulforsmallthingseverydayisamuchbetterwaytoimprove Haveyouevernoticedhowmuchchildrenlaugh?Ifweadultscouldindulgeinabitofsillinessandgiggling,wewouldreducethestresshormonesinourbodiesincreasegoodhormoneslikeendorphins,improvebloodflowtoourheartsandevenhaveagreaterchanceoffightingoffinfections.Allofwhich,ofcourse,haveapositiveeffectonhappinesslevels. Theproblemwithbeingagrownupisthatthere'sanawfullotofseriousstufftodealwith——work,mortgagepayments,figuringoutwhattocookfordinner.Butasadultswealsohavetheluxuryofbeingabletocontrolourowndiariesandit'simportantthatwescheduleintimetoenjoythethingswelove.Thosethingsmightbesocial,sporting,creativeorcompletelyrandom(dancingaroundthelivingroom,anyone?)--itdoesn'tmatter,solongasthey'reenjoyable,andnotlikelytohavenegativesideeffects,suchasdrinkingtoomuchalcoholorgoingonawildspendingspreeifyou'reonatightbudget. Havingsaidalloftheabove,it’simportanttoaddthatweshouldn'ttrytoohardtobeScientiststellusthiscanbackfireandactuallyhaveanegativeimpactonourwellbeing.AstheChinesephilosopherChuangTzuisreportedtohavesaid:"Happinessistheabsenceofstrivingforhappiness."Andinthat,oncemore,weneedtolooktotheexampleofourchildren,towhomhappinessisnotagoalbutanaturalby-productofthewaytheylive.PartCDirections:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET2.(15Thesupermarketisdesignedtolurecustomersintospendingasmuchtimeaspossiblewithinitsdoors.Thereasonforthisissimple:Thelongeryoustayinthestore,themorestuffyou’llsee,andthemorestuffyousee,themoreyou’llbuy.Andsupermarketscontainalotofstuff.Theaveragesupermarket,accordingtotheFoodMarketInstitute,carriessome44,000differentitems,andmanycarrytensofthousandsmore.Thesheervolumeofavailablechoiceisenoughtosendshoppersintoastateofinformationoverload.Accordingtobrain-scanexperiments,thedemandsofsomuchdecision-makingquicklybecometoomuchforus.Afterabout40minutesofshopping,mostpeoplestopstrugglingtoberationallyselective,andinsteadbeganshoppingemotion