专题10.‬书面表达

书面表达一．议论文写作议论文三要素论点，论据和论证是议论文的三要素，论点是作者对所论问题所持的见解和主张；论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据；论证就是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说，议论文每段应有主题句（topicsentence）来确定论点。文章结尾往往重申自己的看法、意见或建议。论证有立论和驳论两种，作者证明自己的论点正确，是立论；反之，证明别人的论点错误，是驳论。1.开头：背景+观点(2句)背景句：Thereisnodenyingthat….Thereisnodoubtthat…..Itiswidelyacceptedthat…..…playsanincreasinglyimportantroleinourdailylifeRecently,theproblemof….hasarousedpeople’sconcern.最近，…问题已引起人们的关注。With

the

development

of

science

and

technology,more

and

more

people

believe

that…随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为…观点句：Inmyopinion,….AsfarasIamconcerned,….Frommypointofviewthat…Frommyperspective,…2.中间（6句）Firstofall/Tobeginwith/TostartwithBesides/Inaddition/FurthermoreWhat’smore/Lastbutnotleast句型：(1)Itis+adj.forsb.todosth.It

is

necessary

(for

sb.)

to

do

/

that………是必要的

It

is

important/essential

(for

sb.)

to

do

/

that

……

是重要的Itisofgreatimportanceforsb.todosth.It

is

proper

(for

sb.)

to

do

/

that

…

……

是适当的

It

is

urgent

(for

sb.)

to

do

/

that

………是紧急的(2)Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…不用说…e.g.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatearlytobedandearlytoriseisworthy.早睡早起是值得的。(3)so…that…例：At

that

moment,

I

was

so

upset

that

I

wanted

to

give

up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。(4)Wearesupposedtodosth.我们应该做…替换should(5)被动、定语从句3.结尾：重申观点+相信Allinall,Tosumup,Generallyspeaking,Wecandrawaconclusionthat…Istrongly/firmlyholdthebeliefthat…我坚信Iamlookingforwardtosth.Onlyinthiswaycanwe…（倒装句）例如：Onlyinthiswaycanwerealizeourdream.只有这样我们才能实现我们的梦想。强调句：Itis+强调部分+that+句子剩余部分例子1Howtoprotectmyself(怎样保护自己)Writeatleast60wordsaboutthetopic“Howtoprotectmyself”．(以“如何保护自己”为题,写一篇不少于60个词的短文,标点符号不占格。)提示： 自我保护是青少年需要掌握的重要技能。请谈谈你在生活中怎样进行自我保护(可结合生活中的某一个情景或具体事例,如：面对灾难如何自救,如何预防受骗或侵害,如何避免生活中的意外,等等)。Phrasesforreference(以下短语仅供参考)： ask…forhelp calmdown indanger prevent．．．from(注意：文中不得出现具体人名、校名等个人信息,否则不予评分。)写作提高Sentencestructure:…sothat……so…that…Itissaidthat…（据说）Itisafactthat…Itis+adj.+(forsb.)+todosth.Thereisnodoubtthat…(毫无疑问)Ifyoudon’t…,youwill…Theharder+主语+谓语,thebetter+主语+谓语Whata/an+adj.+n.+itis! How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语！Itisobvious（明显的）/truethat…,but…Oneofmyfavourite+n(复数).is…Sb.finds/thinksit+adj.+todoBeginning:Asweallknow,thereismuchdangeraroundus.It’snecessaryforustoknowhowtoprotectourselves.Protectingoneselfisanimportantskillthateveryteenagershouldhave.Ending:Thatistheusefulwaytoprotectyourself.Asyoucansee,tokeepussafe,weshouldlearnhowtoprotectourselves,orwe’llbeindanger.【参考范文】Protectingourselvesisakindofskillwhichisveryimportanttoourteenagersnowadays.Butinrecentyears,fewerandfewerstudentsexactlyknowhowtoprotectthemselves.Thisproblemisbeingmoreandmoreserious.Takeanearthquakeasanexample.Weshouldknowthefollowingrulestoprotectourselvesfromdanger.First,keepcalm.Nomatterwhatdangeryouarein,youshouldkeepacalmmindsothatyoucananalyze(分析)thesituationcarefullyandclearly.Second,askforhelp.Openthewindowandshoutloudlytogethelp.Third,usetheknowledgeyou’velearned.Ifanearthquakehappens,youhadbetterhideyourselfunderthedeskorinthecornerofthewalls.Ifpossible,youcangooutsidetoanemptyplace.I’msureyoucanprotectyourselffrombeinghurtinanearthquakeifyoucandothesecalmly.二．记叙文写作记叙文是记人叙事的文体，用来叙述曾经发生过的事情、人物的经历和故事。规范的记叙文应该包括六大要素：既6Ws：时间（when）、地点（where）、人物(who)、事件（what）、原因（why）、结果（how）。一般来说，记叙文的谓语动词常用过去时的时态。有时，为了再现事情发生的生动性，使读者有身临其境的感觉，可以使用过去进行时。叙事段落可用第一人称，也可用第三人称来叙述故事。常用的记叙顺序有顺序、倒叙和插叙三种。顺序是按照事情的先后次序来记叙；倒叙是先写结果，后写开始，前后颠倒；插叙是在叙述的过程中中断中心事件的叙述，插入相关的事情，然后在继续叙述中心事件到结束。记叙文包括的范围很广，如日记、游记、传记、新闻通讯、小说等。一篇记叙文常常是既记人又记事。二、提示要点：1.叙述时应该有明确的叙述目的，可以表达一个哲理，说明一个观点，弘扬一种美德，或者表达自己的情感。2.选材要精当，选择那些最能表达主题的有说服力的材料。3.记叙时切记不要泛泛描写，不可空洞笼统，要有细节的生动描写。例子2Writeapassageofatleast60wordsonthetopic“Oneproblem/questionImetinmyEnglishstudy”.accordingtothesituationgiven(请根据所给情形，以“我在英语学习中碰到的一个问题”为题，写一篇不少于60个字的短文。要求内容切题、语言地道、表达流畅)情境：每个人在自己的英语学习过程中总会碰到这样那样的问题。你碰到过怎样的问题？你解决了这个问题吗？如果解决了，你认为你的解决方案怎么样？如果没有解决，你认为是什么原因？以后会用什么更好的方法？以下词或词组供参考can(not),understand,(don’t)know,read…correctly,remember,write,ask(注意：短文中不得出现考生的姓名、校名及其他相关信息，否则不予评分)【参考范文】IusedtobepooratEnglish.ThebiggestproblemwasthatIwasafraidofmunicatingwithothersinEnglish.Icouldn’tunderstandotherscorrectly,whileotherswerenotabletoknowwhatIsaid,either.SoIwasgettingmoreandmorenervouswhenImetforeigners.IaskedmyfriendshowtolearnEnglishorwhatmethodsIcanusewhenstudyingEnglish.TheytoldmetheystudiedEnglishinseveralways.OnewastoattendEnglishclass,listeningtotheteacher’slectureandwritingdownsomeimportantnotes.Second,Theyalwaysreviewedtheirlessons.Theyrecitedthenewwordsanddidhomeworkrequiredbytheteacher.TheyalsolistenedtothetapetopracticelisteningandtalkedwithforeignerstoimprovetheiroralEnglish.Sometimes,theywatchedEnglishfilmsandlearnculturesofthislanguage.Stepbystep,IfeelmyEnglishimprovedveryfast.IlikeEnglishnowandImademanyfriendsfromEnglishspeakingcountries.随堂练习一在文明城市建设中，仍然还有极少数不文明行为，请你针对各种不文明行为，写一封倡议书，向广大市民提出建议，为建设一座美丽的文明城市做出努力。（1）不要随地吐痰或乱扔垃圾。（2）遵守交通规则，不要闯红灯。（3）坐公交车时，请排队，要主动给老人和孩子让座。（4）参观博物馆时，不要触摸展品。（5）您认为应该提醒人们注意的其他不文明行为。（至少一条）参考词汇：闯红灯runtheredlight乱扔垃圾litter吐痰spit展品exhibits要求：（1）词数：80100个。（2）开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。（3）要点齐全，行文连贯，内容可以适当拓展。ALetterofAppealJanuary14th,2021Dearfriends,Wearebuildingacivilizedcity,buttherearestillsomebadbehaviors.I’mwritingthislettertocalloneveryonetopayattentiontothesebadbehaviors.Inordertobuildaclean,beautifulandcivilizedcity,Ihavesomesuggestions.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ifyou’dliketodosomethingforourcity,startfromnowon.Thankyou.Sincerelyyours,×××【答案】ALetterofAppealJanuary14th,2021Dearfriends,Wearebuildingacivilizedcity,buttherearestillsomebadbehaviors.I’mwritingthislettertocalloneveryonetopayattentiontothesebadbehaviors.Inordertobuildaclean,beautifulandcivilizedcity,Ihavesomesuggestions.It’sagoodhabittokeepourcitycleanandtidy.Aboveallweshouldn’tlitterorspit.Whenthetrafficlightsarered,don’truntheredlight.It’sdangerous!Whenwearewaitingforabus,pleasewaitinline,neverjumpthequeue.Whenyouareonthebus,youshouldofferyourseatstotheoldpeopleandthechildren.Moreimportantly,don’ttouchexhibitswhenyouvisitamuseum.Mostofall,weshouldbefriendlytoothersandreadytohelpothersinneed.Ifyou’dliketodosomethingforourcity,startfromnowon.Thankyou.Sincerelyyours,×××【解析】1.题干解读：本文是一篇材料作文。题目要求是根据材料提示的不文明行为，请你写一封倡议书，向广大市民提出建议，呼吁大家注意这些不良行为，为建设一座美丽的文明城市做出努力。要点要齐全，行文要连贯，内容可适当拓展；80100个词，开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。2.写作指导：本文是倡议书，人称以第一人称为主，时态以一般现在时为主，可以使用情态动词提出建议。本文给出了一些参考词汇，并给出了作文的开头和结尾。我们要做的就是根据要求列出写作要点，用正确的英语把要点表达出来，并适当发挥想象说出自己的观点。然后紧扣要点，动笔写作，在写作过程中，要注意主谓一致等问题，不要出现语法错误；最后要细心复核检查，确保正确无误。二假如你是阳光中学学生王芳，学校将组织一次环境保护志愿活动，你打算邀请交换生Linda参加。请根据以下提示用英语给她写一封电子邮件。（1）明天早上八点在学校门口集合，一起坐地铁去水上公园。（2）捡垃圾并分类放入垃圾桶内，以便回收利用。（3）张贴海报，告诫人们保护环境。（4）活动一天。（你的嘱咐，例如：带水……）（5）期待着你的回复。注意：（1）要点齐全，文中不得出现你的真实姓名和学校名称（2）语言通顺，意思连贯，条理清楚，书写规范（3）词数80左右，邮件的开头与结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。DearLinda,I’mwritingtoinviteyoutotakepartintheschool'svoluntaryactivitytoprotecttheenvironment.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,WangFang【答案】DearLinda,I'mwritingtoinviteyoutotakepartintheschool'svoluntaryactivitytoprotecttheenvironment.We'llmeetat8:00a.m.tomorrowattheschoolgate,thenwe'lltaketheundergroundtoWaterParktogether.First,let'spickuprubbishandputitintherubbishbag.Thenweseparatethingslikeglass,plasticandpaperintodifferentgroupsinorderthattheycanberecycled.Wewillalsoputupsomeposterstoletpeopleknowmoreabouthowtoprotecttheenvironment.We'llstaytherethewholeday.You'dbettertakesomewaterandwearwarmclothes.I'mlookingforwardtoyourreply.Yours,WangFang【解析】1.题干解读：本文是一篇书信作文。要求根据提示内容，给交换生Linda写一封邮件；注意要点要齐全，可适当发挥。2.写作指导：写作时主要以第一人称为主，时态用一般将来时。作文可分为四段，第一段表明写这封邮件的目的；第二段介绍活动的时间、地点等信息；第三段介绍活动内容；第四段给Linda建议并期待回信。要保证语言连贯，无语法和拼写错误。三假如你是九年二班的班长李华，在班会上你将对同学们进行题为"如何保持健康校园生活"的发言。请你结合以下要点，写一篇英语短文来介绍如何保持健康的校园生活。内容要点：题目：如何保持健康校园生活课间休息1.在课间最好来到操场上锻炼身体。2.可以踢足球或打篮球，也可以试着跑步。3.做你喜欢的运动，目的是走出教室来到户外呼吸新鲜空气。饮食要求4.学校建议学生不要吃垃圾食品。5.学校餐厅提供美味的健康餐饮。时间安排6.从10:00到10:20大课间休息，可以吃水果。7.午餐在12:00开始，有充足的健康美食供你选择。8.……我的希望……参考词汇：垃圾食品junkfood要求：1.词数：80~100词。2.开头已给出，不计入总词数。3.要点齐全，行文连贯，可适当发挥。Goodmorning,everyone!I'mLiHua,theclassmonitorofClassTwo,GradeNine.Iamgoingto________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Goodmorning,everyone!I'mLiHua,theclassmonitorofClassTwo,GradeNine.Iamgoingtogivesomeadviceonhowtostayfitandkeephealthyeating.Beforeschool,duringthebreaksandatlunchtime,you'dbettergooutsideandtakesomeexerciseintheschoolplayground.It'sagoodideatoplayfootballorbasketball,ortryrunning.Inaddition,youcantakeanysportsyoulike,justtogetoutoftheclassroomanddosomeexerciseinthefreshair.Theschooldoesn'tallowstudentstoeatjunkfood,becausejunkfoodisveryunhealthy.Attheschooldininghall,youcangetsomehealthyfood.Duringthebreakfromtentotentwenty,youcangetsomefruitoradrink.Lunchisservedattwelveo'clockandthereareplentyofhealthychoices,likesoup,vegetables,fishandchicken.Icanpromiseyouthatallthefoodisbothdeliciousandhealthy.Ihopeeveryonewillleadahappyandhealthyschoollife!Enjoyyourselves!【解析】1.题干解读：本文是一篇材料作文，要求按照材料内容，就“如何保持健康校园生活”发表意见和感想；内容包括：课间休息、饮食要求、时间安排以及个人希望。2.写作指导：本文以第二人称、一般现在时为主，注意主谓一致问题；写作时按要点分段叙述，首段开门见山，引入主题；第二段介绍课间休息；第三段介绍饮食要求及时间安排；最后一段表达个人希望。四根据下面的提示，用100词左右介绍一下你去年暑假度过了愉快的假期生活，文中不能出现自己的真实姓名。提示：1.回老家和祖父母生活半个月的时间，既陪伴了老人，又享受了清新的空气；2.利用十天的时间参加了一些活动，锻炼了自己的生活技能；3.剩余的假期，上午在家里做暑假作业和预习(preview)新课；下午做点家务或外出和朋友踢足球；晚上和父母看电视、聊天；4.写出你的一点感受……Lastsummerholiday,Iwentback_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Inshort,_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Lastsummerholiday,IwentbacktomyhometownandIhadaperfectsummerholiday.Ilivedtherewithmygrandparentsforhalfamonth.Inotonlystayedwithmygrandparents,butalsoenjoyedfreshair.What'smore,Ispenttendaystakingpartinsomeactivitiestopractisemylivingskills.Duringtherestoftheholiday,Ididlotsofthingsathome.Inthemorning,Ididmyhomeworkandpreviewednewlessons.Intheafternoon,Ialsodidsomehouseworkorplayedfootballwithmyfriends.Intheevening,IwatchedTVorhadachatwithmyparents.Inshort,Ienjoyedmyselfinmyhometown!Ihopetogothereagain!【解析】1.题干解读：本文属于材料作文，主要介绍去年的暑假生活，结合所给的要点提示展开描写，可适当进行发挥。写作时要运用正确的英语表达和恰当的词汇。2.写作指导：文章主要采用一般过去时，人称用第一人称展开描述。开头总领全文，接下来具体详细地介绍了去年暑假生活过程，内容丰富且形象生动，最后总结全文并表达希望。全文详略得当，条理清楚。五假设你是李华，你发邮件邀请去年曾在你班学习的英国学生Chris参加你校今年的摄影大赛。你的邀请邮件应包含以下要点：(1)大赛主题：DailyLifeatSchool,Nature,HomeandAway,munity,andFestival。(2)照片要求：活泼，漂亮，真实。参赛的照片要有简要文字介绍。照片尺寸为9cm×13cm。(3)1月20日把照片和文字发到你的邮箱。(4)根据Chris的经历，你向他建议参赛的主题,并预祝他赢得比赛。参考词汇：简要的brief要求：(1)词数：80～100个。(2)短文的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。(3)要点齐全,行文连贯，可适当发挥。DearChris,I'mwritingtoinviteyoutoenterthephotopetitionthisyearinourschool._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bestwishes,LiHua【答案】DearChris,I'mwritingtoinviteyoutoenterthephotopetitionthisyearinourschoolThethemeofthecontestisDailyLifeatSchool,Nature,HomeandAway,munity,andFestival.Photosshouldbelively,beautifulandrealistic.Thephotosofthepetitionmustbeintroducedwithsomewords.Thephotosizeshouldbe9cm×13cm.Ifyouwanttotakepartinthiscontest,besuretosendthephotosandtexttomyemailbyJanuary20th.IsuggestyouchooseDailyLifeatSchoolasthetheme.Iamlookingforwardtoyourparticipationandhopeyouwinthepetition.Bestwishes,LiHua【解析】1.题干解读：本文是一篇材料作文。假设你是李华，你发邮件邀请去年曾在你班学习的英国学生Chris参加你校今年的摄影大赛。邀请邮件的内容包括：大赛的主题、照片的要求以及你建议他参赛的主题和对他的希望等等；注意要点要齐全，可适当发挥。2.写作指导：本文主要采用第一、第三人称来展开写作，时态主要用一般现在时。写作时要认真审题，根据提示的内容，列出写作要点及每个要点中可能要用到的表达；然后紧扣要点，动笔写作；可以围绕主题准确使用一定的语法、词汇、短语和句型等；语言的表述要符合语法的结构，造句应该符合英语的表达习惯；层次要分明、条理要清晰。六近期，“光盘行动”正在如火如荼的进行中，请你根据以下提示，用英语为某报社写一篇短文，谈谈作为中学生，在日常生活中应该如何“厉行节约、反对浪费”。1.在学校午餐时，尽可能吃光所有的食物，以“光盘”为荣；2.在餐馆就餐时，不要点过多的食物；3.在餐馆就餐后，把没吃完的剩菜带回家；4.养成健康饮食习惯，珍惜粮食，不要浪费粮食；5.积极影响身边更多的人，使“光盘”成为一种习惯。要求:1.要点齐全，行文连贯，可适当发挥。2.词数:80~100个，开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。3.书写工整占1分。参考词汇：:粮食foodstuffn.光盘行动“clearyourplate”campaign没吃完的剩菜uneatenfood珍惜cherishv.Recently,the