北京市西城区2025届高三英语诊断性测试试题含解析

PAGE26-北京市西城区2025届高三英语诊断性测试试题（含解析）第一部分：学问运用（共两节，45分）第一节语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）A阅读下列短文，依据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Miarushedhomeandthrewopenthefrontdoor.Hermotherturnedaround,surprisedthatMiawashomefromschoolsoearly.“Iwonfirstplaceintheartcontest!”shesaid___1___prideandraisedherhead,expectingpraise.ThoughMia___2___(work)eagerlyonherartsubmissionforweeks,hermotherwasn’tsure___3___heprojectinvolved.“That’swonderful,Mia!Whatwasthesubjectofyourartproject?”hermotherasked.Smilingfromeartoear,Miahandedoverherartwork.Itwasaportraitofhermother.【答案】1.with2.hadworked/worked3.what【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，描述了米娅在艺术竞赛中得第一名（她的作品是一张妈妈的画像）后回到家告知妈妈这一好消息时的情景。1题详解】考查介词。句意：“我在艺术竞赛中得了第一名！”她傲慢地说。分析句子结构并结合句意可知此处须要用“with+抽象名词”作伴随状语，表示“傲慢地”，故填with。【2题详解】考查时态。句意：尽管米娅已经为她提交的这个艺术作品忙活了好几个星期，她的母亲却不知道她在忙什么。事情发生在过去，应当用一般过去时，也可理解成动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时，故填hadworked/worked。【3题详解】考查宾语从句。句意同上，此处为宾语从句，从句中的involved缺少宾语，故填what。B阅读下列短文，依据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Astudyfoundthatadultsaged18to33checkedtheirsmartphones85timesaday,oronceevery10minutes.AsIlearnedduringmyexperiment,___4___(place)somedistancebetweenmyselfandmydevicehelpedmedevotemyselftomyworkmore___5___(easy).Bynothavingmysmartphone,mydistraction(消遣)timewentdownandthusmyworktime___6___(spend)moreefficientlyandeffectively.Onnumerousoccasions,Ifound___7___(I)wonderingwhattodowiththeafternoonsinceIhadalreadycompletedmyhigh-impacttasksfortheday.Withtheextratime,Icanfinallyenjoythepleasuresoflife.【答案】4.placing5.easily6.wasspent7.myself【解析】本文是一篇说明文，作者通过亲自试验证明白远离手机能让工作更有效。【4题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在我和手机之间保持一些距离帮助我更简洁地投入到工作中。分析句子结构可知此处用动名词作主语，故填placing。【5题详解】考查副词。句意同上。修饰动词短语“devotemyselftomywork”用副词，故填easily。【6题详解】考查时态语态。句意：由于没有手机，我分心的时间削减了，因此我的工作时间更有效率。陈述的是过去的事情，主语myworktime与spend之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，且谓语动词用单数，故填wasspent。【7题详解】考查反身代词。句意：许多时候，我发觉自己都在想下午该做什么，因为我已经完成了当天的重要任务。依据句意可知此处表示“我自己”，故填myself。C阅读下列短文，依据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。InJune2012,China’sfirstmanneddeep-seasubmersible(潜水器),Jiaolong,setaworlddivingrecordforsubmersiblesofitskindbyreachinga___8___(deep)of7,062metersintheMarianaTrenchinthePacificOcean.In2024,Chinasuccessfullytestedasubmersible___9___(call)ShenhaiYongshi,capableofdiving4,500meters.___10___muchofJiaolong’sequipmentwasimported,about95percentofShenhaiYongshianditscorecomponentswereproduceddomestically,saidXuQinan,thechiefdesignerofJiaolong.【答案】8.depth9.called10.While/Although/Though【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“蛟龙”号潜水器和“深海勇士”号潜水器的设备及其下潜状况。【8题详解】考查名词。句意：2012年6月，中国第一艘载人深潜器“蛟龙”号在太平洋马里亚纳海沟下潜7062米，创建了潜水器下潜深度的世界纪录。作动词reaching的宾语用名词，adepthof表示“深度达多少”，故填depth【9题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：2024年，中国胜利测试了一种名为“深海勇士”的潜水器，其潜水深度达到4500米。分析句子结构可知此处运用非谓语动词，submersible与call之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作后置定语，故填called【10题详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：“蛟龙”号的首席设计师徐启南说，虽然“蛟龙”号的大部分设备都是进口的，但“深海勇士”号95%左右的设备及其核心部件都是国产的。分析句子结构并结合句意可知此处为让步状语从句，此处表示“尽管、虽然”，故填While/Although/Though。其次节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）OnemorninginJuly2011,ataxisatwanderingoutsidePetcoParkstadiuminSanDiego.AndWadeLeBlanc,a(an)___11___pitcher(棒球投手)forthePadres,climbedin.”Totheairport,please,”hetoldthedriver.LeBlancwasheadedtoTucson,Arizona,homeoftheclub’sA-levelbranchorganizationatthetime.He’dbeensentdowntotheminors.Again.Fortheeighthtimeinthreeyears.“You’reWadeLeBlanc,”thetaxidriversaid.“Right.”“Yougotsomegoodstuff.”This___12___thepitcher,afterthepreviousnight’sdisastrousperformance.“Ithinktherearesomethingsyoushouldthinkabout___13___,”thedrivercontinued.”Idon’tknow;I’mnota___14___.Maybesomethinglikegoingoveryourheadinyourwindup(摆臂动作)”Wait,what?Thisguywasoffering___15___?Earlierinhiscareer,LeBlancmighthave___16___Orbeenangry.Buttoday,hejust___17___.Hecouldn’taffordtodismissanything.Hiscareerwasontheline.Thenextday,inTucson,LeBlancmethis___18___.Hesaidhewasthinkingaboutmaking___19___tohiswindup.Hiscoachagreed.Insteadofkeepinghishandstighttohischestatthebeginningofhisdelivery,LeBlancraisedthembrieflyoverhishead,asthetaxidriverhad___20___.LeBlancincludedthenew___21___intohisnextstart.Andhewas___22___,allowingonlyonehitoverseveninnings(回合).Itwastheturningpointinhiscareer.Eightyearslater,LeBlancisapitcherfortheSeattleMariners.HesignedthefirstcontractextensionofhisMajorLeagueBaseballcareer—atage33.Thefunnythingaboutadvice:Wesooftentakeitfromthe___23___people.Thatis,we___24___theadviceofexperts,whileundervaluingtheinputofregularfolk.WadeLeBlanc___25___thattrend,andheobtainedthe___26___.“Expertadvisersoftenmakesurprisinglyinaccuratepredictionsaboutthefuture,yetpeople___27___theirsuggestionsnevertheless,”concludedStanfordUniversitypsychologistsinastudypublishedlastyear.Now,noteveryonetookexperts’advice.Themore___28___peoplebecome,thesmallerthepoolofadvisersthey___29___.Participantsinpositionsofpowerignoredalmosttwothirdsoftheadvicetheyreceived,accordingtooneHarvardUniversitystudy.Otherparticipants—thecontrolandlowpowergroups—ignoredadviceabouthalfasoften.Soitrequiredamassiveincreaseofmodesty(虚心)todowhatWadeLeBlancdid:hearwhatthetaxidriverwasofferinghimandacceptitasa(an)___30___.11.A.excellent B.struggling C.ambitious D.awkward12.A.surprised B.concerned C.disturbed D.angered13.A.avoiding B.making C.trying D.crossing14.A.player B.director C.joker D.loser15.A.service B.advice C.chances D.courses16.A.accepted B.worried C.smiled D.laughed17.A.explained B.interrupted C.listened D.guessed18.A.parents B.coach C.driver D.fans19.A.changes B.contributions C.additions D.objectives20.A.included B.announced C.suggested D.resisted21.A.aim B.effect C.hobby D.move22.A.patient B.optimistic C.brilliant D.justified23.A.attractive B.popular C.humble D.wrong24.A.overvalue B.skip C.ignore D.involve25.A.identified B.supported C.opposed D.started26.A.qualifications B.benefits C.prize D.degree27.A.follow B.abandon C.provide D.improve28.A.literary B.successful C.careful D.negative29.A.tolerate B.help C.know D.trust30.A.job B.example C.excuse D.gift【答案】11.B12.A13.C14.A15.B16.D17.C18.B19.A20.C21.D22.C23.D24.A25.C26.B27.A28.B29.D30.D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，用韦德·勒布朗虚心接受出租车司机的建议变更自己的投球动作最终取得胜利的例子告知我们：我们往往会高估专家的建议，而低估一般人的建议，而事实上我们常常会从一般人那里得到特别有用的建议，一个人要想胜利，就要虚心接受一般人给的建议。【11题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：韦德·勒布朗，一名在教士队表现特别挣扎的投手，爬上车。A.excellent优秀的；B.struggling奋斗的、挣扎的；C.ambitious有理想的；D.awkward笨拙的。依据下文中的“Hiscareerwasontheline.”可知，韦德·勒布朗的棒球生涯奄奄一息，因此他在球队的表现得特别挣扎，故B项正确。【12题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这让韦德·勒布朗感到很惊异，因为前一晚的竞赛他表现得很糟糕。A.surprised使惊异；B.concerned使担忧；C.disturbed打搅；D.angered使发怒。依据空后的“afterthepreviousnight’sdisastrous”可知，前一晚的竞赛他表现得很糟糕，而司机却夸他表现还不错，这让韦德·勒布朗感到很惊异，故A项正确。【13题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：“我觉得有些动作你应当考虑试一试，”司机接着说，“我不是球员，我也说不清，我想可能是在你的摆臂动作中手臂要超过头顶”。A.avoiding避开；B.making制作；C.trying尝试；D.crossing横过。依据空后的“Maybesomethinglikegoingoveryourheadinyourwindup”可知，司机让他考虑试一试新的动作，故C项正确。【14题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A.player运动员、球员；B.director导演；C.joker爱开玩笑的人；D.loser失败者。依据上文可知，韦德·勒布朗是一名棒球运动员，司机和他谈论棒球的投球动作，因此司机说他并不是一名运动员，故A项正确。【15题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：什么?这家伙在提建议?在职业生涯的早期，勒布朗可能会大笑（含不屑之意）或生气，今日，他只是在耐性地听着。A.service服务；B.advice建议；C.chances机会；D.courses过程。上一句司机说让他试一下在摆臂动作中手臂要超过头顶，这是司机给他提的建议，故B项正确。【16题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A.accepted接受；B.worried担忧；C.smiled微笑；D.laughed发笑。依据空后的“Orbeenangry.”可知，要是在以前，勒布朗对司机的话会不屑地大笑，故D项正确。【17题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A.explained说明；B.interrupted打断；C.listened倾听；D.guessed猜想。空后一句说现在他不能无视任何一条建议，他的棒球生涯奄奄一息，因此他不会像以前一样对司机的话束之高阁，而是会耐性地倾听，故C项正确。【18题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：其次天，在图森，勒布朗遇到了他的教练。A.parents父母；B.coach教练；C.driver司机；D.fans粉丝。依据空后的“Hiscoachagreed”可知，勒布朗遇到了他的教练，故B项正确。【19题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他说他在考虑对摆臂动作做一些变更。A.changes变更；B.contributions贡献；C.additions附加物；D.objectives宗旨。依据上文中的“Maybesomethinglikegoingoveryourheadinyourwindup”可知，那个司机建议他在摆臂动作中手臂要超过头顶，因此勒布朗和教练说想要对他的摆臂动作做一些变更，故A项正确。【20题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：起先投球时，勒布朗并没有把双手紧紧地放在胸前，而是依据出租车司机的建议，把双手短暂地举过头顶。A.included包括；B.announced宣布；C.suggested建议；D.resisted抗拒。依据上文中的“Maybesomethinglikegoingoveryourheadinyourwindup”可知，那个出租车司机建议勒布朗在摆臂动作中手臂超过头顶，故C项正确。【21题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：勒布朗在他的下一轮竞赛中加入了这个新动作。A.aim目的；B.effect影响；C.hobby爱好；D.move动作。空前一句说投球时，勒布朗并没有把双手紧紧地放在胸前，而是依据出租车司机的建议，把双手短暂地举过头顶，此处指的就是“把双手举过头顶”这个动作，故D项正确。【22题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他真是太棒了，七局只被击出一支安打。A.patient耐性的；B.optimistic乐观的；C.brilliant杰出的；D.justified合乎情理的。空后一句说勒布朗七局只被击出一支安打，这说明他表现得特别精彩，故C项正确。【23题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：关于建议好玩的一点是：我们常常从错误的人那里得到建议。A.attractive吸引人的；B.popular受欢迎的；C.humble谦逊的；D.wrong错误的。依据上文情节可知那个人既不是运动员也不是教练，只是一个出租车司机，却给了勒布朗特别有用的建议，因此此处是说我们常常从错误的人（非专业人士）那里得到建议，故D项正确。【24题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：也就是说，我们往往会高估专家的建议，而低估一般人的投入（建议）。A.overvalue高估；B.skip跳过；C.ignore忽视；D.involve包含。依据空后的“whileundervaluingtheinputofregularfolk.”可知，而我们却低估了一般人的建议，这说明我们往往会高估专家的建议，故A项正确。【25题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：韦德·勒布朗反对（违反了）这种趋势，结果从中获益。A.identified坚决；B.supported支持；C.opposed反对；D.started起先。依据上文情节可知，勒布朗遵从了那个司机的建议，这说明他反对（违反了）“高估专家的建议、而低估一般人的建议”这种趋势，故C项正确。26题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A.qualifications资格；B.benefits好处；C.prize奖品；D.degree学位。依据上文中的“Andhewas___12___,allowingonlyonehitoverseveninnings”可知，勒布朗在竞赛中表现得特别精彩，七局只被击出一支安打，这说明他从这个建议中获益了，故B项正确。【27题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：斯坦福高校心理学家在去年发表的一项探讨中总结道：“专家顾问对将来的预料往往出人意料地不精确，但人们还是会听从他们的建议。”。A.follow跟随、遵循；B.abandon放弃；C.provide供应；D.improve改进。依据上文中的“Thatis,we___14___theadviceofexperts,whileundervaluingtheinputofregularfolk.”可知，我们往往会高估专家的建议，而低估一般人的建议，因此我们往往会听从专家的建议，故A项正确。【28题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：越胜利的人，他们信任的顾问就越少。A.literary精通文学的；B.successful胜利的；C.careful仔细的；D.negative消极的。依据空后的“Participantsinpositionsofpower”可知此处指“胜利的”，故B项正确。【29题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A.tolerate忍受；B.help帮忙；C.know了解；D.trust信任。后一句说哈佛高校一项探讨显示，位高权重的参与者几乎忽视了三分之二的建议，这说明越胜利的人，他们信任的顾问就越少，故D项正确。【30题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以，要像韦德·勒布朗那样行事，要懂得虚心：倾听出租车司机给他的建议，当礼物一样接受它。A.job工作；B.example例子；C.excuse借口；D.gift礼物。依据上文情节可知，勒布朗耐性地厅出租车司机给他的建议并听从了它，这也成为他职业生涯的转折点，因此此处指“当礼物一样接受建议”，故D项正确。【点睛】本篇第13空B项popular干扰性较大，有些同学会认为我们常常从受欢迎的人那里的得到建议而误选此项，但依据上文中的“thetaxidriver”可知，那个人既不是运动员也不是教练，只是一个一般的出租车司机，却给了勒布朗特别有用的建议，因此此处是说我们常常从错误的人（非专业人士）那里得到建议，即：关于建议好玩的一点是：我们常常从错误的人那里得到建议，故D项（wrong）正确。其次部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）AWhichmealkitserviceisrightforyou?Asthesimpleactofshoppingandpreparingfoodfordinnerbecomeshardertofitin,awaytohelpmeetconsumerneedsandchangethewayweshopandeathasgrown:meal-deliveryplans.Here’saquickreviewofsomepopularoptions:1.HelloFreshHelloFreshprovideshigh-qualityingredients（烹饪原料）andgenerousportions（份量）,withrecipesthataregenerallyeasytoprepare.Theclear,step-by-stepinstructionsgeteventhenewesthomechefsuptospeed,andtherecipecardsarewell-made,soyoucanrefertoyourfavoriterecipesagainandagain.Therearemealsforalmostanylifestyle,includingvegetarian（素食）options,low-caloriemealsand“quick”recipesthatgetdinneronthetablefast.Cost:$8.75to$9.99perserving,withupto16servingsperweek.2.FreshlyGetfresh,home-cookedfoodwithoutthetroubleofactuallycooking.Thissubscriptionservicedeliverscomfortfoodstoyourdoorstep,andthemealsarepreparedrightbeforedelivery.Neverfrozenandonlyrequiringminimalreheating,they’renutritiousandcostlessthanmanystandardtakeoutoptions.Cost:$7.99to$11.50perserving,withupto12servingsperweek.3.BlueApronBlueApronisfulloffreshingredients,withtraditionalorvegetarianoptions.Likemanyoftheplans,thefoodisdeliveredinonebigboxandtherecipecardisseparatefromthemealingredients.Thevarietyisgoodandtherecipesaregenerallyeasytoprepare.Cost:$7.49to$9.99perserving,withupto16servingsperweek.4.EveryPlateEveryPlateofferssimplermealsforalowercost.Userscanchoosebetweeneightrecipeseachweek,sothereisn’talotofflexibilityfordifferentdietaryneeds,buttherecipesarefullofflavorandgivesubscribersgenerousportions.Ifyou’relookingforanaffordablewaytogetintomealkits,EveryPlateisagoodoption.Cost:$4.99perserving,withupto12servingsperweek.5.DailyHarvestDailyHarvestspecializesindelicioussmoothies.Themealsarepackedwithfruitsandvegetables,makingnutritioneasyandtasty.Smoothiesjustrequiretheadditionofliquid,sofeelfreetoaddyourfavoritetypeofmilkorwatertotheblendandgetyourdaystarted.Cost:$6.99perserving,withbetween9and26servingsavailable.31.Whichmealkitserviceisrightforavegetarian?A.DailyHarvestandEveryPlate.B.HelloFreshandBlueApron.C.EveryPlateandFreshly.D.HelloFreshandFreshly.32.Eachmeal-deliveryplanisavailablewith______.A.fruitsandvegetablesB.unlimitedservingsC.easypreparationD.separaterecipes33.Themeal-deliveryplansmeetthecustomerneedsof______.A.livinganenvironmentallyfriendlylifeB.cuttingdownondailyfoodcostsC.adaptingtoanewlifestyleD.improvingcookingskills【答案】31.B32.C33.C【解析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了几个特别便利的送餐安排。【31题详解】细微环节理解题。依据HelloFresh部分中的“Therearemealsforalmostanylifestyle,includingvegetarian（素食）options,”及BlueApron部分中的“BlueApronisfulloffreshingredients,withtraditionalorvegetarianoptions.”可知，HelloFresh和BlueApron适合素食主义者，故B项正确。【32题详解】细微环节理解题。依据HelloFresh部分中的“easytoprepare”、Freshly部分中的“Neverfrozenandonlyrequiringminimalreheating”，BlueApron部分中的“easytoprepare”，EveryPlate部分中的“simplermeals”及DailyHarvest部分中的“Smoothiesjustrequiretheadditionofliquid,”等信息可知，每个送餐安排的打算都很简洁，故C项正确。【33题详解】细微环节理解题。依据第一段中的“Asthesimpleactofshoppingandpreparingfoodfordinnerbecomeshardertofitin,awaytohelpmeetconsumerneedsandchangethewayweshopandeathasgrown:meal-deliveryplans.”可知，随着购物和为晚餐打算食物的简洁行为变得越来越难以适应，一种帮助满意消费者需求和变更我们购物和吃饭方式的方法已经发展起来：送餐安排，由此可知，送餐安排满意了顾客适应新的生活方式的需求，故C项正确。BKylieKirkpatrickwasgettingreadyforworkwhenher9-yearoldson,RyanKyote,burstintoherbedroom.TheNapa,California-basedthird-graderhadjustwatchedanewsstoryaboutakindergartenstudentinIndianawhowasforcedtoreturnherschoollunchbecauseheraccountbalancecouldn'tcoverthemeal."Ryanwasupset,"KirkpatricktoldTODAYParents.“Hesaid,'Mom,howdoessomethinglikethishappen?'Thenheaskedwhathecoulddotohelp."Afterabitofbrainstorming,Kyote-pronounced“coyote"-decidedhewouldusesixmonths'worthofallowancehehadsaveduptopayoffthelunchdebtofhisentireclassatWestParkElementarySchool.ThebillcameuptoS74.50.ThoughKyotehadbeeneyeballinganewpairofbasketballsneakers,thiswasfarmoreimportanttohim.So,onMay24,hehappilydonatedhissixmonthsofsavingstotheNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictfoodservicesdepartment."Ryantoldthem,'Pleaseletmyfriendsknowthattheynolongeroweanymoney,"Kirkpatrickrecalled."Lunchishisfavoritepartofthedayanditbrokehishearttothinkthatit'sastressfultimeforsomechildren."Thefourth-grader-to-bewantedhisactofkindnesstobeunknowntoothers,buthisproudmothercouldn'tresistsharingaphotoonTwitter,whereitspreadquickly."Givethiskidhismoneyback.Nochildshouldbecoveringlunchdebtforhisclasswithhisallowance,"wroteoneperson.Addedanother:"Lovethisstory...Specialkid."PracticinggooddeedsisnothingnewforKyote."I'llgointothegarageandRyan'sbikeismissingbecausehegaveittoafriendinneed,"Kirkpatrick,asignlanguageinterpreter,toldTODAYparents."Onetime,afrienddidn'thaveanyshoesthatfit,soRyangavehimapairofhisownshoes."Recently,aninvestorgotwindofwhatKyotehaddoneforhisclassmatesandhecontactedKirkpatrick.“HewantedtogiveRyanmoneytoputinhissavingsaccount,"shesaid.Kyote,whorecentlylosthisfathertoALS,hadanotheridea."Ryantoldthemantopayitforward,"Kirkpatricksaid."SohemadeadonationtotheALSAssociation.Ican'tevenbegintotellyouwhatthatmeanttoRyan.Allhewantsistomaketheworldabetterplace."34.HowdidRyanfeelafterwatchingthenewsstory,aboutakindergartenstudent?A.Shocked. B.Relieved.C.Excited. D.Bored.35.Insteadofbuyinganewpairofsneakers,Ryanwasmoreconcernedabout______.A.hisschoollunchB.hisaccountbalanceC.hissixmonthsofsavingsD.hisclassmates’lunchdebt36.WhatdoweknowaboutRyanKyotefromthepassage?A.Hetriedhisbesttohelphisfriendsinneed.B.Hecouldn'tresistsharinghisphotosonTwitterC.HeacceptedadonationfromtheALSAssociation.D.Hearguedagainstnegativereviewsonsocialmedia.37.Whatdoesthestoryintendtotellus?A.Lifeisalwaystoughforschoolchildren.B.Akidcanmakeadifferenceintheworld.C.Socialmediacanmakeyoungpeoplepopular.D.Friendshipisanimportantpartofbeingayouth.【答案】34.A35.D36.A37.B【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲解并描述了9岁的瑞安总是尽最大努力帮助有须要的挚友——他用攒了6个月、打算买运动鞋的零用钱来支付全班同学的午餐费用，而且他还把自己的自行车送给了一个有须要的挚友，他这么做只是想让世界变得更加美妙。【34题详解】推理推断题。依据其次段中的“Hesaid,'Mom,howdoessomethinglikethishappen?'”可知，瑞安说：“妈妈，怎么会发生这样的事情呢？”，这说明瑞安感到很震惊，故A项正确。【35题详解】细微环节理解题。依据第三段中的“Kyote-pronounced“coyote"-decidedhewouldusesixmonths'worthofallowancehehadsaveduptopayoffthelunchdebtofhisentireclassatWestParkElementarySchool.”可知，瑞安确定用他攒了6个月、打算用来买郊狼牌运动鞋的零用钱来支付他在西园小学全班同学的午餐费用，再依据第四段中的“ThoughKyotehadbeeneyeballinganewpairofbasketballsneakers,thiswasfarmoreimportanttohim.”可知，尽管瑞安始终想买新运动鞋，但这对他来说要重要得多，由此可知，瑞安更关切的是他同学的午餐费用，故D项正确。【36题详解】细微环节理解题。据第三段中的“Kyote-pronounced“coyote"-decidedhewouldusesixmonths'worthofallowancehehadsaveduptopayoffthelunchdebtofhisentireclassatWestParkElementarySchool.”可知，瑞安用他攒了6个月、打算买郊狼牌运动鞋的零用钱来支付他在西园小学全班同学的午餐费用，再依据倒数第四段中的“Ryan'sbikeismissingbecausehegaveittoafriendinneed,”可知，瑞安还把自己的自行车送给了一个有须要的挚友，由此可知，瑞安总是尽最大努力帮助有须要的挚友，故A项正确。【37题详解】推理推断题。依据文章内容，特殊是最终一段中的“Allhewantsistomaketheworldabetterplace.”可知，文章讲解并描述了9岁的瑞安用他攒了6个月、打算用来买运动鞋的零用钱来支付全班同学的午餐费用，而且他还把自己的自行车送给了一个有须要的挚友，他这么做只是想让世界变得更加美妙，由此可知，这篇文章是想告知我们一个小孩的善行也会对世界产生重大影响，故B项正确。CAcrucialperiodforlearningtherulesandstructureofalanguagelastsuptoaroundage17or18,saypsychologistJoshuaHartshorneofMITandhiscolleagues.Previousresearchhadsuggestedthatgrammar-learningabilitydevelopedinearlychildhoodbeforehittingadeadendaroundage5.However,Hartshorne’steamreportsonlineinCognitionthatpeoplewhostartedlearningEnglishasasecondlanguageinanEnglish-speakingcountrybyage10to12ultimatelymasteredthenewtongueaswellasfolkswhohadlearnedEnglishandanotherlanguageatthesametimefrombirth.Bothgroups,however,fellsomewhatshortofthegrammaticalfluencydisplayedbyEnglish-onlyspeakers.Afterages10to12,new-to-EnglishlearnersreachedlowerlevelsoffluencythanthosewhostartedlearningEnglishatyoungeragesbecausetimeranoutwhentheirgrammar-absorbingabilityfellstartingaroundage17.Aimingforasampleoftensofthousandsofvolunteers,HartshornebeganbycontactingfriendsonFacebooktotakeanonlineEnglishgrammarquiz,whichusedaperson’sresponsestoguesshisorhernativelanguageanddialect(方言)ofEnglish.Thenvolunteersfilledoutaquestionnaireaskingwheretheyhadlived,languagestheyhadspokenfrombirth,theageatwhichtheybeganlearningEnglishandthenumberofyearstheyhadlivedinanEnglish-speakingcountry.Intheend,theresearchersanalyzedresponsesof669,498nativeandnonnativeEnglishspeakers.StatisticalcalculationsfocusedonestimatingatwhatagespeoplewithvaryingamountsofexperiencepeakingEnglishreachedpeakgrammarability.Researcherswhostudylanguagelearningregardthenewstudyasfascinating,butexploratory.AccordingtopsycholinguistDavidBarneroftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,Hartshorne’steamcan’tyetsaythatlanguageskilldevelopsalongasingletimeline.Differentelementsofgrammar,suchasusingcorrectwordorderorsubjectsandverbsthatagreewithoneanother,mightbelearnedatdifferentrates,Barnersays.It’salsounclearwhethertheresponsesofvolunteerstoanonline,132-itemgrammartestreflecthowwellofpoorlytheyactuallyspeakEnglish,hesays.What’smore,languagelearninginvolvesmorethanacrucialperiodforacquiringgrammar,cautionslinguistDavidBirdsongoftheUniversityofTexasatAustin.Forinstance,growingupspeakingtwolanguagesatonceputsstillpoorlyunderstoodburdensontheabilitytograspgrammar,hesays.InthenewstudypeoplewhowerebilingualsfrombirthfellshortofpeakEnglishgrammarscoresachievedbyEnglish-onlyspeakers.That’sconsistentwithevidencethatbilingualscannoteasilyturnoffonelanguagewhilespeakinganother,Birdsongsays.Interactionsbetweentonguesspokenbyonepersonmayslightlydepresshowmuchcanbelearnedaboutbothlanguages,evenifbilingualcommunicationstillreacheshighlevels,hesuggests.38.Hartshorneandhiscolleaguesfoundthat____.A.onereachesahigherleveloffluencyatage10B.onelearnsasecondlanguagefastestataboutage12C.onegetsagoodgraspofEnglishgrammarbeforeage5D.one’sabilitytomastergrammardeclinesataroundage1739.Hartshornecollecteddatathrough______.A.socialmediaB.experimentsinthelabC.literaturereviewD.face-to-faceinterviews40.DavidBarnerbelievesthat______.A.languageskilldevelopsalongasingletimelineB.onlinevolunteersdonotcoverawideenoughrangeC.differentgrammaritemsmaybeacquiredatdifferentpacesD.thequizinthenewstudydoesnotincludeenoughquestions41.Whatcanweknowaboutbilingualsfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Theycanachieveaperfectgrammarscore.B.Grammarlearningisthebiggestburdenforthem.C.Theyareabletomakeaswiftshiftbetweenlanguages.D.Speakingtwolanguagesaffectstheirlanguageacquisition.【答案】38.D39.A40.C41.D【解析】本文是为一篇说明文，介绍了麻省理工学院的心理学家约书亚·哈特肖恩通过探讨发觉学习语言规则和结构的关键时期可以持续到17或18岁左右，其他语言学家也发表了对这项探讨的不同看法。【38题详解】细微环节理解题。依据第一段“Acrucialperiodforlearningtherulesandstructureofalanguagelastsuptoaroundage17or18,saypsychologistJoshuaHartshorneofMITandhiscolleagues.”可知，麻省理工学院的心理学家约书亚·哈特肖恩和他的同事发觉，学习语言规则和结构的关键时期可以持续到17或18岁左右，故D项正确。【39题详解】细微环节理解题。依据第三段中的“HartshornebeganbycontactingfriendsonFacebooktotakeanonlineEnglishgrammarquiz”可知，哈特肖恩首先联系脸书上的挚友参与一个在线英语语法测试，也就是说他是通过社交媒体来收集数据的，故A项正确。【40题详解】细微环节理解题。依据倒数第三段中的“Differentelementsofgrammar,suchasusingcorrectwordorderorsubjectsandverbsthatagreewithoneanother,mightbelearnedatdifferentrates,Barnersays.”可知，大卫·巴纳说不同的语法元素，比如运用正确的词序或主谓一样，可能会以不同的速度被学习，故C项正确。【41题详解】推理推断题。依据最终一段中的“Interactionsbetweentonguesspokenbyonepersonmayslightlydepresshowmuchcanbelearnedaboutbothlanguages,evenifbilingualcommunicationstillreacheshighlevels”可知，一个人说的两种语言之间的互动可能会略微降低他对两种语言的了解程度，即使双语沟通仍旧达到很高的水平，由此推断出，说两种语言会影响双语者的语言习得，故D项正确。DThelastdecadesawtheriseofthefieldof“plantneurobiology(神经生物学)”.Thatdebatablefieldisbasedontheideathatplants——whichdonotpossessbrains——handleinformationinwayssimilartocomplicatedanimalnervoussystems.Thisthinkingimpliesthatplantscouldfeelhappinessorsorroworpain,makeintentionaldecisionsandevenpossessconsciousness.Butthechancesofthatare“effectivelyzero,"LincolnTaizandcolleagueswriteinanopinionpieceinTrendsinPlantScience."There'snothingintheplantremotelycomparabletothecomplexityoftheanimalbrain,"saysTaiz,fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz.Someplantsarecapableofcomplicatedbehavior.Woundedleavescansendwarningsignalstootherpartsoftheplant,andharmfulchemicalscanwarnanimalsthateatthem.Someplantsmayevenhaveaversionofshort-termmemory:Tinysensinghairscancountthenumberoftouchesthatcomefromaclumsyinsect.Butplantsperformthesewithequipmentthat'sverydifferentfromthenervoussystemsofanimals,nobrainrequired,Taizargues.Heandcolleaguespointoutmethodological(方法的)faultsinsomeofthestudiesthatclaimplantshavebrain-likecommandcenters,animal-likenervecellsandchangingpatternsofelectricitythataresimilartoactivityfoundinanimalbrains.Butbeyondthedebateoverhowthesestudiesareconducted,Taiz'steamarguesthatplantconsciousnessdoesn'tevenmakesensefromanevolutionary(进化的)pointofview.Complicatedanimalbrainsadvancedinparttohelpalivingbeingcatchamealandavoidbecomingone,Taizsays.Butplantsarerootedtothegroundandrelyonsunlightforenergy,aninactivelifestylethatdoesn'trequirequickthinkingoroutsmartingapredator(捕食者)——ortheenergeticallyexpensivenervoussystemsthatenablethosebehaviors.“Whatusewouldconsciousnessbetoaplant?”Taizasks.Theenergyrequiredtopowerawarenesswouldbetoocostly,andthebenefitfromsuchawarenesstoosmall.Ifaplantworriedandsufferedwhenfacedwithathreat,itwouldbewastingsomuchenergythatitwouldn'thaveanylefttodoanythingaboutthatthreat,Taizsays.Imagineaforestfire."It'sunbearabletoevenconsidertheideathatplantswouldbeconsciousbeingsawareofthefactthatthey'rebeingburnedtoashes,watchingtheyoungtreesdieinfrontofthem,"Taizsays.Thefrighteningsceneillustrates"whatitwouldactuallycostaplanttohaveconsciousness."Furthermore,plantshaveplentytodowithouthavingtobeconscious,too.Withsunlight,carbondioxideandwater,plantscreatethecompounds(化合物)thatsustainmuchoftherestoflifeonEarth,Taizpointsout."Isn'tthatenough?"42.AccordingtoParagraph1,aplantneurobiologistwouldmostprobablyagreethat______.A.plantsarecapableofindependentthinkingB.plantsareasbiologicallycomplexasanimalsC.plantsdevelopednervoussystemsforsurvivalD.plantsfeelemotionsinthesamewayasanimals43.Whatdoestheunderlined"one”inParagraph4referto?A.Apredator.B.Ameal.C.Aninactiveplant.D.Alivingbeing.44WhichstatementdoesLincholTaizbelieve?A.Plantspossessbrain-likecommandcenters.B.Thelifestyleofplantsrequiresnervoussystems.C.Itisunnecessaryforplantstohaveconsciousness.D.Nervoussystemsenableplantstofighttheirpredators.45.LincolnTaizintroducesa