Period Ⅴ　Writing-概要写作 学案 高中英语 外研社必修第一册

PeriodⅤWriting——概要写作一、技法指导概要写作是在正确理解文章的基础上，对原文的内容和思想进行浓缩，用精炼的词句概括出文章的要点、次要点等内容，再现原作者的思想、观点，主要包括阅读和写作两个过程。首先，要求考生能够读懂所给阅读材料的内容；其次，要求考生将原文的要点及所理解的内容用自己的简明、精练的语句准确地表达出来。二、写作步骤在写概要时，要按照“六步法”的程序进行，具体操作方法如下：1.Scanthepassage—览全文，定体裁2.Underlinethemainpoints—划要点3.Missthedetails—画细节4.Analysethestructure—析结构5.Restatethepoints—换表达6.Combinethesentencesintoapassage—连全文一、亮点词汇1.转折：but，however，yet，nevertheless2.结果：so，thus，therefore，consequently，infact3.原因：because，as，since，for，dueto/owingto4.对比：instead，likewise，onthecontrary5.让步：though，as，although，despite6.列举：first(ly)，next/later，then，finally/eventually7.增补：also，besides，what’smore，moreover，furthermore，inaddition，aboveall...8.举例：forexample，forinstance9.替代：alternatively10.解释：namely，inotherwords，whichmeans，referto，thatistosay，orrather11.目的：aimto，mainlydealwith，focuson二、高级句式1.议论文可用以下开头语：①Thepassage/authorarguesthat...本文/作者主张……②Thepassage/authorhighlightstheimportanceof...本文/作者强调了……的重要性。③Thepassage/authordiscussestheimpactof...本文/作者讨论了……的影响。④Thepassage/authorcompares...with...本文/作者比较了……与……2.说明文可用以下开头语：①Accordingtothepassage，wecanknow...根据文章我们可知……②Thispassage/articleismainlyabout...这篇文章主要是关于……③Inthepassage，thewriter/authormainlytellsus...在这篇文章中，作者主要告诉我们……④Anewstudyfound...一项新的研究发现……⑤Thepurposeofthereportistoshow...这一报告的目的是表明……3.记叙文可用以下开头语：①Thepassage/storyismainlyabout...本文/这个故事主要是关于……②Thewriter/authortellsusastoryabout...作者告诉我们一个关于……的故事。③Thepassageisastoryabout...本文是一个关于……的故事。④Accordingtothepassage，weknow...根据短文，我们知道……阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Scientistssayahugepercentageofbirdspeciesareindangerbecausetheirhabitats，orhomelands，aredisappearing.Traditionalmigrationpathstakebirdsthroughcountriesthatarenotprotectinglocationstostop，restandfeed.Thescientistsstudiedthemigration，orflightpaths，ofalmost1，500species.Theydecidedthat91percentofthempassedthroughdangerousareas.Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.Buildingandpavinghavecoveredovernaturewherebirdsstopandfeedastheymovefromonepartoftheworldtoanother.Forexample，abirdcalledthebar-tailedgodwitmigratesfromitsbreedinggroundsintheArctic.ItfliesallthewaytothesouthernhemisphereinAustraliaandNewZealand.Alongtheway，thesmallbirdsstopatYellowSeamudflatsinChina，NorthKoreaandSouthKorea.Oneofthescientistsworkingonthestudysays，“Manyofthesecriticalsiteshavebeenlosttolandreclamation(开垦)owingtourban，industrialandagriculturalexpansion.”Theproblem，accordingtoinvestigators，isthatmanyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigrationbecausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest.Thereisnoplacetorestoretheirenergyforthenextlegoftheirjourney.“Theysimplyperish(死亡)alongtheway，”saysoneofthescientists.CountriesinNorthAfrica，CentralAsiaandthosealongthecoastsofEastAsiaarehavingthemostdifficulttimeconservingland.Thescientistssaythesecountriesdonothaveenoughareasthataresafeforbirds.Theresearcherssaycountriesneedtoworktogetherandprovidesafestopoverareasforbirdsthatpassthroughtheirboundaries.Forexample，onecountrymighthavepreservedsafezonesformigratingbirds.Butaneighborcountrymightnot.Abirdmightperish.OnescientisttellstheLosAngelesTimesthatwhilesomehabitatsarechanging，moreworkcanbedonetomakeurbanareassafeforbirds.Hesayssmallchanges—likeplantingmorenativeplantsorkeepingcatsoutofareasbirdswouldbelikelytouse—couldmakeabigdifference.第一步读懂原文，归纳大意本文是说明文，全文共分四段。每段的中心大意如下：第一段：科学家指出世界上大部分的鸟类的生存受到威胁，因为鸟类正在失去它们的栖息地。第二段：对鸟类最大的威胁来自人类的经济发展。第三段：因为鸟儿们找不到安全的栖息场所，大量的鸟儿死在迁徙的途中。第四段：呼吁世界各国加强合作，为过境的鸟儿提供安全的栖息地。只有这样才能改变或改善现状。本文是典型的“总—分—总”的结构，即提出问题——分析问题——提出解决办法，结构明确，要点清晰。第二步定位主题句，找到关键在读懂原文、抓住大意的基础上，接下来需要逐段定位每个段落的主题句，并以提纲的形式记录下来。第一段：Scientistssayahugepercentageofbirdspeciesareindangerbecausetheirhabitats，orhomelands，aredisappearing.第二段：Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.第三段：Theproblem，accordingtoinvestigators，isthatmanyofthesesmallbirdsdiealongtheirmigrationbecausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest.第四段：Theresearcherssaycountriesneedtoworktogetherandprovidesafestopoverareasforbirdsthatpassthroughtheirboundaries.Smallchangescouldmakeabigdifference.第三步整理要点，转换表达要点1：第一段主题句可概括为要点1，主题句中的birdspeciesareindanger可改为birdspeciesareendangered；becausetheirhabitats，orhomelands，aredisappearing可改为短语duetothedisappearanceoftheirhabitatsorhomelands或withtheirhabitatsorhomelandsdisappearing。要点2：第二段主题句可概括为要点2，主题句中的Themajordangerformigratorybirdsisdevelopment.可用另一种结构和表达方式，比如：Developmentaccountsfor/istoblamefor/takestheresponsibilityforthemajordangerformigratorybirds.要点3：第三段主题句可概括为要点3，主题句中的becausetheydon’thaveasafeplacetoeatandrest可整合为forlackingofasafeeatingandrestingplace。要点4：第四段主题句可概括为要点4，主题句中的needtoworktogether可用makejointefforts来替换；smallchanges可改为alittlekindness；makeabigdifference可改为contributealot。第四步衔接过渡，连句成篇阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。InplaceslikeCalifornia，theRockyMountains,andtheSouthernUnitedStates，wildfiresareanunavoidablereality.Wildfirescancausedamagetopropertyandhumanlife，buttheyhavemanybeneficialeffectsonnativevegetation(植被)，animals，andecosystemsthathaveevolvedwithfires.Theforests，includingpinebarrens，lodgepolepineforestsandmanymore，requirefirestoreproducebecausethetreesintheforestareadaptedtoonlyproduceseedsfollowingamajorfireevent.Therefore，withoutthemmanyoftheseforesttypeswoulddecline.Afirerenewsthewatershed(集水区)inwaysincluding，butnotlimitedto，recyclingofnutrients，increasingfoodsourcesforfishinstreams，supplementtostream-sidevegetation，spreadoffire-adaptedplants，etc.nottomentionrenewalofthesoilchemistrywhichisvitaltotheforestandthewatershed.Thebasisisthatofsomeonewhohasstudiedwildfiresandstreamssincethe1988Yellowstonewildfires.Thesciencebacksuphownaturalwildfirescanbefavorablethroughresearchpublicationafterpublication.It’slike“resettingtheclock”ontheecosystem，allowingtheforesttofunctionsmoothlyalloverag