13. 非谓语动词及其它-2022年上海名校高中自主招生英语直通车

第页第13第13讲：非谓语动词及其它考点归纳、考前巩固、真题链接 考点归纳说明:市面上的工具书中讲至非谓语章节一般会根据非谓语的不同种类(即不定式、动名词、分词)或根据其所作的不同成分(句法功能)进行分述，各有优劣；本资料倾向于先根据不同种类分述，再根据相同成分下不同非谓语的不同作用进行总结，内容上可能会有所重复，敬请谅解!判断句中谓语动词、非谓语动词、连词、从句数量的方法:“结构最大”(StructureFirstPrinciple) 一般情况下，一句句子中只允许有一个谓语动词；若要添加一个谓语动词，则需加入一个连词；若不增加连词，则需将谓语动词转变为非谓语动词；一般情况下，将句中所省略的连词全部补全，若有连词个，则从句有个，谓语动词有个在英语中，将不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词；非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词以及过去分词；现代专业语法将动词分为限定动词及非限定动词，一般动词具有现在时及过去时两种限定形式，具有不定式、-ing分词、-ed分词三种非限定形式谓语动词与非谓语动词的相同点: ① 对于及物动词，两者都可与宾语连用，如 Theybuiltagarden.Theysuggestedbuildingagarden. ② 两者都可以被状语修饰，如 Thesuitfitshimverywell.Thesuitusedtofithimverywell. ③ 两者都有主动与被动[态(voice)的变化]，一般式、进行体、完成体[体(aspect)的变化]，如 Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents. Wehavewrittenthecomposition.Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin. ④ 两者都可以有逻辑主语，如 Theystartedtheworkatonce.Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.谓语动词与非谓语动词的不同点: *① 非谓语动词没有时(tense)的标记，只存在态与体的变化 ② 非谓语动词可以有名词作用，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，如动词不定式和动名词 ③ 非谓语动词可以有形容词作用，在句中作定语、表语或宾补，如动词不定式和分词 ④ 非谓语动词可以有副词作用，在句中作状语，如动词不定式和分词非谓语动词的具体句法功能:句子成分非谓语主语表语宾语补语

(主补、宾补)定语状语同位语介词宾语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词不定式通常由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，某些情况下to需省略，在句子中起名词、形容词或副词的作用；不定式可以是一般形式、进行体形式、完成体形式以及完成进行体形式，列表如下主动态被动态一般形式towritetobewritten进行体形式tobewriting完成体形式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成进行体形式tohavebeenwriting 否定式为not/never(etc.)+(to)do；tobedoing表示正在进行且与谓语动词同时发生的动作 如遇到表性质的形容词(难易形容词)作表语(hard,difficult,easy等)，其后的不定式与主语存在动宾关系，则通常不定式用主动表被动

其他不定式主动表被动的内容详见时态语态章节2带to不定式与不带to不定式的情况:2 ① 对于边际情态助动词(need,dare)，如果作情态动词则跟不带to不定式，作普通动词则后跟带to不定式；特殊地，dare作情态动词后跟不带to不定式，作普通动词to可有可无 ② let,make,have等使役动词+宾语，之后用不带to不定式，当使役动词为被动态时，则需将不带to不定式转为带to不定式 ③ see,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch,lookat,listento等感官动词+宾语，之后用不带to不定式，当上述动词为被动态时，则需将不带to不定式转为带to不定式 ④ help或help+宾语后既可用带to不定式，也可以不带to不定式

注意区分can’thelp(to)do/can’thelpbutdo/can’thelpdoing ⑤ 在某些情态成语后的to，如wouldrather/wouldsooner/wouldassoon(宁愿)/mayaswell/mightaswell/can’tbut/can’thelpbut后跟不带to不定式；一些作“宁愿……而不愿”解释的词组，如wouldrather…than…/wouldsooner…than…/wouldassoon…as…句型中，省略号处都为不带to不定式 ⑥ 介词except,but后，如果之前有动词do及其变形(do的某种形式)，则其后跟不带to不定式，否则不定式带to，如

Theydidnothingexceptwork.There’snochoicebuttowait.

形象描述为“有毒(do及其变形)无兔(to)，有兔(to)无毒(do及其变形)”(有毒则无兔子)不定式符号to的使用与省略: ① 若根据上下文可推断出内容，则可省略to后的动词及其补足部分，如

Youcangoifyouwantto.

有时to可与其后的动词、补足部分一同省略，如

Youwillmakeitifyoutry(to). ② 当两个带to不定式存在于并列结构(and/or)中，第二个to常可省略，但若两个不定式存在对比含义，则不能省略；总之，不省略一般都是对的，如

Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion. ③ 重点区分不定式符号to与介词to(参见“介词”章节)不定式作主语，如Toanswerthatquestionisdifficult.

此时常可将其转换为以it作形式主语的句子，即Itisdifficulttoanswerthatquestion.

故有固定结构Itis+adj.+for/of+sb.+todosth.

若形容词为描述某人的品质的(如good,wise,clever,silly,wrong等)，一般采用of，其他则使用for

不定式作表语，如Herjobistocleanthehall.比较Sheiscleaningthehall.不定式作宾语: ① 有些动词能直接带不定式，而不能直接带动名词，这类动词有agree,aim,apply,arrange,choose,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pledge,prepare,pretend,profess,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,swear,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow等 ② 上述agree,arrange,promise,resolve,claim,decide,demand,determine,hope,pretend,profess,swear,threaten等动词既能直接带不定式，也能直接带that从句 ③ 若不定式作宾语时，其后还有宾补成分，则可考虑用it作形式宾语，不定式作真正宾语后置，但注意并不是任何动词都能构成it的形式宾语结构，这些动词包括find,feel,judge,think,make,believe,consider ④ 动词不定式也可作介词宾语，特殊地but,except用法见上

动词不定式也可与wh-疑问词连用，如HegavemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.

这类能以疑问词加不定式作宾语的动词包括tell,show,know,advise,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn等，且不定式用一般式、主动式为多

注意Myquestionishowtodothework.Myquestioniswhattodonext. ⑤ 表希望、打算的动词若后接不定式的完成体形式，则表示过去有但未实现愿望不定式作宾语补足语:3 ① 有一些动词必须先带宾语再带不定式(且必须为带to不定式)，而不能直接带不定式，这类动词包括[1]arrangefor,askfor,relyon,callon,waitfor等词组动词；[2]consider,declare,find,prove,think,believe,discover,feel,judge,suppose,understand,want,wish,expect等表示心理状态的动词；[3]advise,allow,forbid,permit,recommend,require,urge,ask,tell,order,beg,help,persuade,prepare,cause,force,invite,oblige,enable,get,encourage,remind,request,command,warn,drive等表示劝告、允许、禁止等动词；使役动词、感官动词一般后跟不带to不定式，详见上，注意改为被动语态时需恢复to3 ② 第[2]类动词中，其后的不定式总带to，通常为tobe，往往可以省略，如

Weconsideredhim(tobe)foolish.

但不定式为完成体形式时则不能省略，如

Weconsideredhimtohavebeenfoolish.

上述动词后的名词或代词既是动词宾语，也是不定式的逻辑主语，故一般都可与that从句互换，如Iknowhimtobehonest.Iknowthatheishonest. ③ 第[3]类动词中advise,allow,forbid,permit,recommend等动词也可直接跟动名词作宾语，如Sheadvisedgivingupsmoking.Sheadvisedustogiveupsmoking.

有些表示建议的还可以改为that从句，且需注意虚拟语气，如

SheurgedthatgotoEurope.SheurgedthemtogotoEurope. ④ ask,hate,intend,prefer等动词，既可直接跟不定式，也可先加宾语再加不定式，更可改成that从句，有的还可直接带动名词，如

Iprefertowalkthere.→Theypreferredhernottogowithhim.→Theypreferredthatsheshouldnotgowithhim.→Shepreferreddressingformallytowearingsportclothes. ⑤ 复合宾语，如Withalotofworktodo,hedidn’tgotocinema.不定式作定语: ① 名词有时是不定式结构的逻辑主语，一般等同于同义的定语从句，如

Hewasthelastguesttoarrive.Hewasthelastguestwhoarrived.

名词有时是不定式结构的逻辑宾语，一般也等同于同义的定语从句，如

Hehasalargefamilytosupport.Hehasalargefamilythathemustsupport.

名词有时与不定式结构是一种同位关系，如

Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou. ② 如果不定式属于不及物动词，或由于意义上或结构上的需要，其后须加适当的介词，如Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith.

如果不定式修饰的名词是time,place,way则间或可省去介词，如

Hehasnoplacetolive(in). ③ 作名词的修饰语的不定式采用主动态或是被动态一般无甚区别，如

Givemealistofpeopletoinvite/tobeinvited.

若名词作句子主语，则使用被动态更为自然，试比较

I’vegotletterstowritetonight.

Thecasestobeinvestigatedarenottobemadepublicinpress. ④ 有些名词如attempt,chance,effort,freedom,intention,necessity,opportunity,reason,time,way等，其后用不定式或介词+doing意义无甚区别；而ability,agreement,ambition,anxiety,curiosity,mind,obligation,permission,refusal,temptation,tendency后一般跟不定式，如

Woodhasatendencytoswellifitgetswet.

而delay,difficulty,excuse,experience,interest,habit,hope,idea,method,object,passion,plan,possibility,skill,success通常后跟介词+doing，如

Ahundredyearsago,fewpeoplebelievedinthepossibilityofflying.

thefirst/thelast/only/best等词常跟不定式作定语不定式作状语: ① 可表目的，如Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney. ② 注意不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语即主句的主语，注意其一致性:4 Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.

Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.4 ③ 可表结果，如Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.

常用only,just等放在不定式前表示强调，如Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout. ④ 可表原因，如Theywereverysadtohearthenews.

可表程度，如It’stoodarkforustoseeanything. ⑤ 表目的，也可用inorderto/soasto不定式表示，主要用于强调“目的”含义或表示否定不定式作独立成分，如totell(you)thetruth,tomakemattersworse,tosumup,tobehonest,tobefrank,tobeginwith

其中的tobe+adj.结构也可转换为adv.+speaking结构，如

tobehonest=honestlyspeaking,tobefrank=franklyspeaking有些不定式往往含有否定含义，如

Thefurnitureisheavytomove.=Thefurnitureistooheavytomove.

否定含义与heavy等形容词的本身意义有着密切关系

但若too…to…结构前形容词表示的是喜悦、急切的心理状态，则此时too类同于very注意不定式to与do及其变形的不同作用，如

Ihappenedtohaveheardofthenews.EQ\O(｜,↓,符合动词happen的搭配,→)符合时态、语态要求动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能；动名词可以是一般形式以及完成体形式，列表如下主动态被动态一般形式doingbeingdone完成体形式havingdonehavingbeendone 否定式为not/never(etc.)+动名词动名词作主语，如Readingaloudisveryhelpful.

当动名词作主语时，常用it作形式主语，如It’snousequarrelling.

常见句型如It’snouse/nogood/awasteoftimedoing

一般来说，较抽象的一般行为多用动名词作主语，具体、将来某动作多用不定式作主语

动名词作表语，如Intheantcity,thequeen’sjobislayingeggs.

表示一般性、经常性的动作多用动名词，而表示某一次将来的动作多用不定式；对于两者皆可的情况，遵从对称原则，即表语形式遵从主语形式，最常见的就是谚语“眼见为实”的表述方法，即Toseeistobelieve./Seeingisbelieving.

动名词作定语，表示所修饰词用途，且与被修饰词无逻辑上的主谓关系，例如waitingroom,swimmingpool,flyingsuit,sleepingcar动名词作宾语: ① 有一些动词能带动名词而不能带不定式作宾语，常见的有admit,acknowledge,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp(情不自禁),can’tresist,can’tstand,consider,delay,deny,dislike,ensure,enjoy,envy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,giveup,imagine,include,keep(on),mind,miss,pardon,postpone,practise,putoff,report,risk,suggest等 ② 动名词的主语若是不言而喻的或已在句中出现的，则无需表示出来；但若其本身带有主语，则必须表示出来，以免引起歧义，如Sheinsistedonmegoing. ③ 动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，若逻辑主语不在句首，则也可用宾格，如Idon’tmindJohn/John’s/him/hisbuyinganotherone. ④ 有一些动词不能直接带动名词，而必须在动词后添加宾语、介词(into/from)再带动名词，如tricksb.intodoingsth./talksb.intodoingsth.

特殊地，v.+sb.+fromdoingsth.结构一般带“使……不”的含义，如stop/prevent/keepsb.fromdoingsth.其中介词from也可略而不用

但如果动词为被动态时则介词不能省略，试比较

Wecan’tstopit(from)happening.Itcan’tbestoppedfromhappening.

除上述以外，congratulatesb.ondoingsth./accusesb.ofdoingsth.等也可归入此类5 ⑤ 在attempt,begin,can’tbear,continue,hate,intend,like,love,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,start等动词之后既能直接带不定式，也能直接带动名词，基本意义无甚区别，但需注意5 a) 在begin,can’tbear,cease,continue,like,love,neglect,omit,prefer,propose,start等动词后，表示一般行为用动名词居多，表示特定的、具体的动作则用不定式居多，试比较

Idon’tlikewatchingtelevision.I’dliketoswimtoday. b) 在need,want,require,deserve等动词后，可使用动名词主动形式，这相当于用不定式被动形式，如Thehousewantsrewiring.Thehousewantstoberewired.

试比较Myradioneedsrepairing/toberepaired.Ineedmyradio(tobe)repaired.

试比较Hedeservesshootingfirst.(应先被杀)Hedeservestoshootfirst.(应先射击) c) 在begin,start之后若跟的是静态动词，或begin,start为进行体，则使用不定式，如

Webegantoseewhathemeant./It’sbeginningtorain. d) 在attempt,intend,plan后，以跟不定式比较普通 ⑥ 在forget,goon,leaveoff,mean,regret,remember,stop等动词后既能带不定式，也能带动名词，但含义完全不同，这类动词大致可分为以下五类分述: a) remember,forget,regret之后，用动名词表示动作发生在“记得”、“忘记”、“后悔”之前(动名词动作已发生)，意义上doing=havingdone；用不定式表示动作发生在“记得”、“忘记”、“遗憾”之后(动名词动作未发生)，试比较:

eq\o\ac(○,1)IregrettellingyouthatJohnstoleit.=IregretthatItoldyou…

eq\o\ac(○,2)IregrettotellyouthatJohnstoleit.=Iamsorrytotellyou…

不过，例句1也可理解为IregretthatIamnowtellingyou… b) stop,leaveoff,goon等词之后，通常用动名词作宾语[停下、继续做某事(同一件事)]，若用不定式结构便不是宾语而是目的状语，相当于inorderto[停下、继续做另一事]，试比较

TheystoppedwatchingTVat9:30.=At9:30theydidn’twatchTVanymore.

TheystoppedtowatchTVat9:30.=Theypausedat9:30inordertowatchTV.

特别注意goontodo/goondoing对“一件事”、“另一件事”定义较为严格，如readingTextOne与readingTextTwo虽同指reading一事，但对于goon属两件事 c) try,mean,can’thelp等词之后，根据动词本身的不同含义选择todo或doing

trytodo努力、设法trydoing试着、试用

meantodo打算(plantodo)meandoing意味着

can’thelptodo不能帮忙(to可省略)can’thelpdoing禁不住(can’thelpbutdo) d) agree,decide等词之后，可直接带不定式，若要带doing则需加介词，如 Theyagreedtheremuneration(报酬). e) encourage,permit,allow,recommend,advise等词之后，可直接带doing，若要带不定式则需添加自己的逻辑主语，如 Shedoesn’tallow. ⑦ 在以下一组句子中，使用doing或todo无甚区别 Ilike. 但在以下一组句子中则语义略有不同，试比较 IhateEQ\O(……………,……………) ⓐ句表示的是一般的说谎行为，此时tellinglies的逻辑主语泛指一般的人，而ⓑ句表示的是特指的说谎行为，逻辑主语为主句的主语I，又如分词分为现在分词与过去分词，两者典型的区别在于

现在分词表主动、进行；而过去分词表被动、完成6现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能；动名词可以是一般形式以及完成体形式，列表如下6及物动词write不及物动词go主动态被动态主动态一般形式writingbeingwrittengoing完成体形式havingwrittenhavingbeenwrittenhavinggone 否定式为not+现在分词 现在分词的主动态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生，完成体形式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示动作之前发生，常作状语；现在分词的被动态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生的被动动作，完成体形式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示动作之前发生，且为被动的动作；分词完成体形式只能作状语现在分词作定语时，如果分词单独作定语则放在所修饰名词前，如果是分词短语作定语则放在所修饰名词后，如

Inthefollowingyearsheworkedevenharder.

如上例句，现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，表示正在进行或经常发生的动作，此处inthefollowingyears=intheyearsthatfollowed

现在分词作表语，如Thefilmbeingshowninthecinemaisexciting.

bedoing既可表示现在进行时，也可表示现在分词作表语，区别在于其表示进行的动作是进行时，若表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成的系表结构现在分词作宾语补足语: ① 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾补，如感官动词see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,listento,lookat及使役动词find,get,keep与leave,catch等，如

Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom? ② 以上的绝大多数动词后可带todo或doing作宾补，试比较其区别

InoticedanoldmanEQ\O(………,………) ⓒ句表示的是动作正在进行，即非全过程，而ⓓ句表示的是动作已完成，即全过程 ③ 当人称代词在主句中作宾语，随后又跟现在分词作宾补，则此时人称代词只能用宾格，如

Theycaughthimcheatingontheexam.

Theycaughthischeatingontheexam.现在分词可在句中作状语，表示多种意义，兹各举一例如下，一般都可转换为对应从句 时间状语 Climbingtothetopofthetower,wesawamagnificentview. 现在分词表示的动作若较短暂，且与谓语动作紧接着发生，通常使用一般形式，如 Hearingthenews,thechildrenjumpedwithjoy. 原因状语 Beingahardworkingyoungman,heispraisedbyallhisfellowworkers. 条件状语 Playingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime. 让步状语 Manyboys,havinghadfewadvantagesintheiryouth,haveneverthelessdonegreatthingsfortheircountry. 结果状语 Hespreadarumourthatthepresidentwasgoingtoresign,leadingtoagreatconfusioninthatcountry. 表伴随 Theoldmanwasfastasleep,holdingabookinhishand. 此外，有一些表示说话人对说话内容所持态度的现在分词已经成为固定用语，如

Judgingfromwhatyousay,hehasdonehisbest.

Generallyspeaking,thisbookisnotverydifficult.

这是以现在分词短语作评注性状语

现在分词还可以带从属连词，如

Whensleeping,Ineverhearathing.

ThoughunderstandingnoGreek,Charleswasabletocommunicatewithhim.

也可作独立结构，如

Timepermitting,we’lldoanothertwoexercises.

Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.

其中的havingbeen或being间或可以省去，如

Thequestion(havingbeen)settled,themeetingadjourned.

有时也可由介词with引出，如

Withthetreegrowingtall,wegetmoreshade.7过去分词只有一种形式

过去分词作定语:7 OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.

注意当过去分词是单词时，一般置于名词前，如果是短语则后置，过去分词作定语相当于一个被动态的定语从句，表示动作发生在谓语所表示动作之前

过去分词作表语: cf. Thewindowisbroken.(系表)Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.(被动)过去分词作前置定语(修饰语): ① 来自及物动词的过去分词作前置修饰语通常带有被动意义和完成意义；而能作上述用法的现在分词有的来自及物动词，有的来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成意义，如

frozenfoodafreezingwind afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

aboredtravelleraboringjourney arecordedtalkarecordingmachine ② 有些过去分词通常不能单独作前置修饰语，但若加前缀un-或者构成符合形容词后便可作作前置修饰语，如

uninvitedguests badly-builthouse

anundeterminedboundary highly-developedindustry

来自不及物动词的过去分词很少用作前置修饰语，如果能作前置修饰语则其仅表示完成意义，而无被动意义，如

aretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretired fallenleaves=leavesthathavefallen 过去分词作后置修饰语相当于一个缩略的定语从句，如

Oneofthehouses(whichwere)wreckedbythestormbelongedtomygrandfather.过去分词作补语: ① 许多现在分词、过去分词已被形容词化

-ed与-ing型形容词的区别:前者用于描述人的感受，后者用于修饰引发该感受的人或事 ② 古英语遗留下来的过去分词问题参见第一章 ③ 能以过去分词作宾补的动词主要分成以下三类: a) see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉、心理状态的词，如

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

IsawTomseatedonthebench.(=sitting) b) make,get,have,keep等表致使含义的词，如

Ihavemyhaircuteverytenday. Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.

注意havesth.done结构中，have有三种不同含义，试比较

Wehadtheproblemssolved.(使，有意行为)

Shehadherarmbrokeninanaccident.(遭受，非有意行为)

Ihavenotanymoneyleft.(有)

注意have的一些结构: eq\o\ac(○,1) have…do/doing/done此处have作使、让，have的主语多为人，如

I’mgoingtohaveyouwriteanarticle.

Theyhavethecarwaitingforusatthegate./Iwon’thaveyoutalkingsomuchnow!

You’dbetterhaveyourlegexamined.8 eq\o\ac(○,2) have…todo/tobedone此处have作有解释，如

Westillhavealotofproblemtosolve.

Ihavemanydocumentstobetyped.8 c) like,want,wish,order等表希望、要求含义的词，如

Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.过去分词可在句中作状语，表示多种意义，兹各举一例如下，一般都可转换为对应从句 时间状语 Onceappointedsupremecommander,hetookthesternmeasuresexpectedofhim. 原因状语 Deeplymoved,hethankedheragainandagain. 条件状语 United,westand;divided,wefall. 让步状语 Beatenbythepoliceandsenttojail,Gandhiinventedtheprincipleofnonviolentresistance. 表伴随 HewenttoBeijingthatyear,disguisedasamerchant. 过去分词还可以带从属连词when,although,though,asif,if,evenif,once,unless,until等，如

Thedictionarywilllooknicewhenprinted.

Thoughsurrounded,theguerillaswerenotdiscouraged.

Oncepublished,thebookcausedaremarkablestir.

上述结构可视作一个省略主语+be的从句，注意主语一致问题

也可作独立结构，如

Myworkdone,wewenthomestraightaway.

有时也可由介词with引出，如

Theysatintheroomwiththecurtainsdrawn.独立(主格)结构(建议理解)——带主语的分词结构

① n./pron.+现在分词，如

Mr.Libeingaseniorteacher,weallrespecthim.

② n./pron.+过去分词，如

Theirworkdone,theworkersleftthefactory.

独立结构作状语类似于with结构，有时可交替使用综述非谓语动词的逻辑主语: ① 作表语、宾语、状语时，其逻辑主语即句子主语，如

Hiswishistoliveinaflat. ② 作定语时，其逻辑主语即被修饰词，如

ToysmadeinChinaareverypopular. ③ 作宾补时，其逻辑主语即该句宾语，如

Manyparentsurgetheirchildrentoattendextraclassesinholiday. ④ 若非谓语动词需自己独立的主语 a) 不定式可使用for/ofsb.注意of仅用于表示人物性格、特点的形容词后 b) 动名词作主语则可用名词所有格或物主代词，如Hiscominglatemademeangry.

提示:EQ\O(him,×)此处不可使用him

动名词作宾语则可用名词宾格/宾格代词或名词所有格/物主代词，如

Canyouimaginemy/meeatingthesethingswithintenminutes? c) 独立(主格)结构 考前巩固I. Correcterrors,ifany,inthefollowingsentences.OnlythesentencesinEnglishneedrevising.Payspecialattentiontowhatyou’velearntinthischapter.It’snecessaryofyoutolearnsomeEnglish.Themedicinecan’thelpgettingridofyourcold.Tomstoppedlistening,buttherewasnosound.Hesuggestedustowatchamovie.9Theyweremadeworkdayandnight.9Wedon’thavepapertowrite.Themeetingbeingheldnextmonthissuretobeagreatsuccess.Seeingfromthehill,thetownlooksmagnificent.HowoftenIhaveregrettednottotakehisadvice!Idon’tknowhowtodo.I’mconfusing.Shecandoeverythingexcepttocook.Heisaleaderlovingbythepeople.Hefeltitanhonortotakingpartinthework.Rememberpostingtheletteronyourwayhome,David.Ineedmytelevisionrepairing.Tomfailingintheexammademeunhappy.Onceseen,Idon’twanttoseeitagain.(这看过一遍就不想看第二遍了)Whynotaskingyourparentsforhelp?Heistobeblamed.Turningtotheleft,andyouwillfindthezoo.II. Addtowherenecessary.Ratherthan_____runtheriskoflosingeverythingtheyacceptedhisterm.Icoulddonothingbut_____pretend_____knownothing.Whynot_____urgehim_____reconsiderhisdecision?Mr.Joneswasmade_____answerinnumerablequestions.Whydon’tgetyourwife_____explainittoyou?Helpthegirlinfrontofyou_____carrythebaskets.Herwholelifehadbeenspentinlisteningtootherpeople_____talk.Shehadnochoicebut_____obey.WhatcanIdothenexcept_____watchthem_____carryyouaway?Areyouwillingtoletyourwife_____becontrolledbydestiny?III. Puttheverbsinbracketsintothecorrectforms,choosingamongtheinfinitive,thegerund,thepresentparticipleandthepastparticiple.Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsidered_____(go)away.Thecriminaleventhreatened_____(murder)thepresident.Practise_____(put)thetipofyourtonguebetweenyourteethandblowing:Youwillpronounceperfectth’s!Ican’thelp_____(wonder)whetherweshouldrisk_____(go)withoutraincoats.Don’ttellmeyoualwaysescape_____(fine)becauseyouhaveaveryfastsportscar!Timdecided_____(put)brokenglassontopofhiswall_____(prevent)boys_____(climb)overit.Thedoctoradvised_____(stay)longerinhospital.Weallappreciateyour_____(want)_____(help)usinourdifficulties.Thewitnessdenied_____(see)theaccusedman.Michaelhasdelayed_____(write)tohertilltoday.Ididn’tmean_____(eat)anythingbutthecakeslookedsogoodthatIcouldn’tresist____(try)one.Mostpeopleprefer_____(spend)moneyto_____(earn)it.Wedon’tallow_____(smoke)inthelectureroom.Thisproblemneeds_____(lookinto).Ilove_____(lie)onmybackandstaringatthesky.10Hepermitted_____(arrive)latewithanexcuse.10Iwishhewouldstop_____(pretend)tobeanexpertonByzantineArt.Iremember_____(allow)them_____(play)inmygardenwithoutfirst_____(ask)forpermission.Doyouwishyourbreakfast_____(bring)toyourroom,madam?Idon’twantthatkindofthing_____(keep)happening.I’mnotgoingtohaveyou_____(mixup)withthissortofbusiness.Don’tforgettohavehim_____(come).Icaughttheboys_____(steal)applesfrommygarden.Canyougettheclock_____(go)again?Thelecturersoongotus_____(think).I’llgetthebook_____(send)toyounextmail.Youshouldmakeyourviews_____(know).I’llleaveyou_____(settle)allthebusiness.It’sbettertoleavesomething_____(unsay).Hekeptthem_____(work)allday.HereafterIwantyoutokeepme_____(inform)ofhowthingsaregoingwithyou.Ifeltagreatweight_____(takeoff)mymindbythispromise.Isawtheman_____(knockdown)andthedriver_____(drive)away.Therentyouasksoundsreasonableforthesizeofthecottage.Howwouldyoulikeit_____(pay)?Iwon’thaveanything_____(say)againsthimbehindhisback.IV. Completethesentencesbyusingthepresentorthepastparticipleformoftheverbinbrackets.Mrs.Allisonwillcharmeveryoneattheparty.Sheisa_____(charm)woman.Hassomethingtroubledyou?Didyoureceivesome_____(trouble)news?Willyour_____(increase)salaryenableyoutobuyanewcar?Didyoutrytoencourageyourson?Didyougivehimany_____(encourage)advice?The_____(fall)snowwasfrozenhard.Dickjumpedoutofthewayofthe_____(approach)train.Weneedanothercopyofthe_____(sign)contract.The_____(return)packagehadnostampsonit.Sheilaisthe_____(adopt)daughterofawell-knownbanker.TheChieffeltthoroughlylostinthe_____(crowd)streetsofLondon.V. Combinethefollowingsentencesbyusingsuitablenon-predicativeverbs.Iknewthathewaspoor.Iofferedtopayhisfare.Hefoundnooneathome.Heleftthehouseinabadtemper.Hewasexhaustedbyhiswork.Hethrewhimselfonhisbed.Shedidn’twanttohearthestoryagain.Shehadhearditallbefore.Sheenteredtheroomsuddenly.Shefoundthemsmoking.Sheaskedmetohelpher.Sherealizedthatshecouldn’tmoveitalone.*VI. Combineeachgroupofsentencesintoasinglesentencebyusingclauses,non-predicativeverbsorboth.TommyhasenteredakeyuniversityinShanghai.

Hewasoncepraisedbyhishighschoolteacherforhisdiligence.Thisisagoodspotforpicnic.

Ariverflowsononeside.

Alargetreeprovidesshade.

Wecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.ThetownfolkenviedHorace.

11Horacehadcomeintoasmallfortune.

Withthefortuneheboughtabighouse.

WiththefortunehealsoobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryinBritain.11Hehadgreatlywrongedhisonlydaughter.

Shemightneverforgivehim.

Thisideaalmostdrovehimcrazy.Thestorywritteninplainlanguage.

Itconsistsofthreeparts.

Ithasaninterestingplot.

Theplotcentresroundanoldaristocraticfamily.

Thefamilylivedin17th-centuryFrance.Farabovethewatersofabeautifullakestandfivepavilions.

ThepavilionsareinChinesestyle.

Theystandoverthetopsofthetallpinetrees.

Thepinetreesgrowonthesteepslopesofahill.Theoldmanstoppedfartherdownthestreet.

Heleanedagainstalamp-post.

Helistenedtoasong.

Thesongwascheerful.

Itcameoutfromarestaurant.

Therestaurantwasontheoppositesideofthestreet.Mr.JacobwasTony’sformeremployer.

HehadpromisedTonyahalf-dayjob.

ThejobwouldgiveTony£20aweek.

Itwasnecessarytobreakthisnewstohisfamily,Tonythought.VII. TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着。(keep)我们对他的不辞而别感到很惊讶。(without)看到奶奶有些睡意，他拉上窗帘并把电视的音量调低了。(turn)你为什么不在网上订票呢？(Why)要保持身体健康，我们应该每天抽出一定的时间来锻炼。(health)在寒冷的冬日喝杯热饮真是惬意。(It)阅读电子书籍渐渐成为年轻人的新时尚。(trend)请避免经常11点以后睡觉。(avoid)得知他心情不好，我建议他与朋友聊聊天，以去除烦恼。(suggest)今天报纸上的这篇文章值得一看。(worth)你已经使我没什么可说的了。(leave)做这种实验值得吗？(worthwhile)重修这条运河已经给国民经济带来许多好处。(bring)看到面前坐着这么多人，他感到很紧张。(feel)我在四川住过许多年，对那里很了解。(familiar)我们开始敲门，以为那就是他的住所。(knock)由于太兴奋，他不知说什么好。(know)她坐在那里一声不响，泪水顺着面颊流下来。(with结构) 真题链接Choosethebestanswer.Friendshipislikemoney:easiermadethan_____.12 A.kept B.tobekept C.keeping D.beingkept12_____themeetinghimselfgavethemagreatdealofencouragement, A.Thepresidentwillattend B.Thepresidenttoattend

C.Thepresidentattended D.Thepresident’sattendingUnless_____tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference. A.invited B.inviting C.beinginvited D.havinginvitedShewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole_____inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive. A.tohaveplayed B.toplay C.tobeplayed D.tobeplayingHavingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_____whethertheywillenjoyit. A.tosee B.tobeseen C.seeing D.seenTheresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit. A.begins B.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun–Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?

–Thekey_____theproblemistomeetthedemand_____bythecustomers. A.tosolving…making B.tosolving…made C.tosolve…making D.tosolve…madeInordertogainabiggershareintheinternationalmarket,manystate-runcompaniesarestriving_____theirproductsmorecompetitive. A.tomake B.making C.tohavemade D.havingmadeQuiteafewpeopleusedtobelievethatdisaster_____ifamirrorwasbroken. A.wassureofstriking B.wassureofhavingstruck

C.wassuretobestruck D.wassuretostrikeThough_____money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity. A.lacked B.lackingof C.lacking D.lackedinDon’tusewords,expressions,orphrases_____onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge. A.beingknown B.havingbeenknown C.tobeknown D.known_____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin. A.Exposed B.Havingexposed C.Beingexposed D.AfterbeingexposedPricesofdailygoods_____throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices. A.arebought B.bought C.beenbought D.buyingInsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_____foranotherhour. A.waiting B.towait C.wait D.tobewaitingWhen_____,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear. A.completed B.completing C.beingcompleted D.tobecompletedInordertomakeourcitygreen,_____. A.itisnecessarytohaveplantedmoretrees B.manymoretreesneedtoplant

C.ourcityneedsmoretrees D.wemustplantmoretreesWithalotofdifficultproblems_____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime. A.settled B.settling C.tosettle D.beingsettled_____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver. A.Havingsuffered B.Suffering C.Tosuffer D.SufferedFindinghercarstolen,_____. A.apolicemanwasaskedtohelp B.theareawassearchingthoroughly

C.itwaslookedforeverywhere D.shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelpDoletyourmotherknowallthetruth.Sheappears_____everything. A.totell B.tobetold C.tobetelling D.tohavebeentold_____anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual. A.Notknown B.Knownnot C.Knowingnot D.Notknowing–There’saholeinyourbag. –Iknow.Iamgoingtohaveit_____.13 A.mend B.mending C.mended D.tobemended13Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead. A.lying B.lie C.lay D.layingTellhim_____thewindow. A.toshutout B.nottoshut C.tonotshut D.notshutThefurniture_____onOctober15wasseriouslydamagedbecauseofaroadaccident. A.beingdelivered B.havingdelivered

C.havingbeendelivered D.deliveredHehadhisleg_____inthematchyesterday. A.tobreak B.broken C.break D.breakingIcan’timagine_____th