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语法与句法

1.概述

II.本专栏目录

早T内容说明

第一节名词6

第二节冠词6

第三节代词6

第四节数词7

第五节形容词和副词7

第六节介词和介词词组8

第七节动词时态和语态8

第八节虚拟语气9

第九节情态动词9

第十节非谓语动词10

第H^一■节名词从句10

第十二节定语从句11

第十三节状语从句12

第十四节反意疑问句12

第十五节强调句13

第十六节倒装句13

第十七节一致关系14—17

第十八节测试1-18节综合测试

名词

1.名词种类

专有名词:China,Shanghai,MrSmith

(j个体名词astudent,abook

可数名词一

普通名词<集体名词committee,family

、不可数名词(物质名词cotton,tea

1抽冢名词courage,happiness

2.名词的数

(a)绝大多数可数名词加-s,-es变成复数(以辅音字母加y结尾的要先

变-y为-i再力口-es)。如pen-pens,class-classes,country-countries.

此外,常见的变化形式还有:

(b)以f(或fe)结尾的名词在构成复数时,一般是改f为v,再加

-eSo如self-selves,leaf-leaves,life-lives,knife-kniveso也有例外,如

roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,safe-safes,etc.

(c)以o结尾的名词,构成复数时,一般加-eshero-heroes,

potato-potatoes,echo-echoes,少数例夕卜,如:photo-photos,piano-pianos;

radio-radios,zero-zeros,bamboo-bamboos.

(d)某些名词单复数变化没有规则。如:man-men,woman-women,

tooth-teeth,child-children,foot-feet,mouse-mice.

(e)一些单复数同形的名词,如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,sheep,fish,

deer,means,series,species,aircraft,hovercraft.

(f)一些外来词保留原有的不规则变化形式,常用的有

analysis-analysesmedium-media

basis-basesnucleus-nuclei

crisis-crisesphenomenon-phenomena

datum-datadiagnosis-diagnoses

radius-radiiemphasis-emphases

thesis-thesesformu1a-formulae

(g)常用的不可数名词:

advice,air,bread,butter,cheese,clothing,coffee,courage,dust,earth,

elastic,enjoyment,equipment,evidence,equality,food,fruit,fun,

furniture,glass,hair,happiness,homework,honesty,housework,ice,

ignorance,information,intelligence,knowledge,leisure,luck,luggage,

mail,money,machinery,magic,meat,milk,music,news,oil,patience,

peace,postage,poverty,progress,rain,rice,salt,sand,snow,soap,sugar,

tea,traffic,violence,vocabulary,water,wealth,wood,work.

(h)常与不可数名词搭配的单位名词:

apieceofpaper/advice/information

abitofink/music/land

anarticleofclothing/fumiture

abarofchocolate/soap

ablockofice/stone/wood

acakeofsoap

aleafofbread

apackofcigarettes/clothes

abasketoffruit/eggs

akilogramofsugar

adropofwater/rain/blood

acrowdofpeople/books/papers

asetofinstruments

apairofshoes/stockings/scissors/trousers

acoupleofplayers/apples

aflockofbirds/sheep/younggirls

apileofletters/books/wood

agrainofrice/sand

(i)一些只用作复数的名词:

people,police,personnel,cattle,pants,trousers,jeans,shorts,scissors,

glasses,spectacles,shoes等。

①一些形似复数,实际作为单数名词使用的词:

news,means,works,theUnitedStates,TheUnitedNations,physics,

politics,mathematics,economics,electronics等。

3.名词所有格

英语的名词属格一般采取两种形式:-s属格和of-属格。例如

Shakespeare'splays和theplaysofShakespeare,前者为-s属格,后者为

of-属格。-s属格可以表示:

(a)所有关系

MrBrown'ssuitcase(相当于MrBrownhasasuitcase)

(b)主谓关系

DrSmith'sanswer(相当于DrSmithanswered)

thestudent'sapplication(相当于thestudentapplied)

myfather'sdeparture(相当于myfatherdeparted)

(c)动宾关系

theboy'spunishment(相当于punishedtheboy)

Napoleon'sdefeat(相当于defeatedNapoleon)

(d)事物的来源

Pat'sletter(相当于letterfromPat)

Thegirl'sstory(相当于storytoldbythegirl)

(e)事物的类别

gent'sclothes(相当于clothesforthegents)

women'smagazines(相当于magazinesforwomen)

⑴其它意义

awinter'sday(相当于adayinwinter)

threedays'absence(相当于theabsencelastedthreedays)

of-属格的意义和用法于-s属格有许多相似之处。例如of-属格也可表

(a)所有关系:

thetrunkofanelephant=anelephant'strunk

theforeignpolicyofChina=China'sforeignpolicy

(b)表示主谓关系:

thearrivaloftheprimeminister(/目当于Theprimeministerarrived)

theclaimofthebuyers(相当于Thebuyersclaimed)

(c)表示动宾关系:

theoccupationoftheIsland(相当于occupiedtheIsland)

ourhatredof(for,against)theenemy(相当于Wehatetheenemy)

(d)表示事物的来源:

thecomediesofMoliere(相当于thecomedieswrittenbyMoliere)

thelawsofNewton(相当于thelawsdiscoveredbyNewton)

但是of-属格在用法上又不能和-s属格完全等同起来。例如当-S属格

用来表示事物类别或属性时,就不可用Of-属格来替代:“儿童画报”

应该是children'spictorial,而不是pictorialofchildren;“博士学位”应

该是adoctor'sdegree而不是thedegreeofadoctoro在某些习语中如

atone'swit'send,atthesword'spoints,ahair'sbreadth,awolfin

sheep'sclothing,inlife'sstruggle,inone'smind'seye,toone'sheart's

content等也只能用-s属格而不用of-属格。但在有些结构中却只能用

of-属格而不用-s属格,例如theopinionofthechairmanappointeda

monthago,thesuggestionofthosepresentatthemeeting,theincomeof

therich,thestruggleoftheexploited等。又of-属格能表示同位关系如

(thecityofNewYork),而-s属格通常不这样用。

冠词讲析

冠词分为定冠词the,不定冠词a(an)和零冠词(即不加冠词)

1.不定冠词a(an)

(a)当不定冠词所修饰的那个名词的第一个音(不是字母)为元音时,

不定冠词要用an,而以辅音开头时用“a”。

E.g.Paulsaidhecouldbehappytoteachthechildrentennis,thoughhe

certainlydidnotregardhimselfasanexpert.

Amathematicaleducationisessentialforasuccessfulcareerinthe

insurancebusiness.

Note:a(an)的用法,还要特别注意缩略词:

E.g.”一位国会议员”为amemberofParliament用a,而改成缩略词时

用anM.P.,因为m读音为<em>,头一个音为元音。

“一个不明飞行物”为anunidentifiedflyingobject,而改成缩略词时用a

UFOo

(b)物质名词和抽象名词前一般不用不定冠词。

E.g.CharlesBrown,usuallyhasexcellentplay,lostseveralgamesduring

thetournament.这里play是抽象名词,指竞赛技能。

Thewinner'sphotographwasofanoldbamwindowcoveredwith

delicatelacyfrost.这里frost为物质名词

(c)可数名词用不定冠词可表示“一”这个数量和一类。某些习惯用语,

也常用不定冠词。

E.g.Theaudience,includingasmanyseniorcitizensasyoungpeople,

wasentertainedbybeautifuldancinggirlsandaboy'ssinginggroup.

Whatdidyoudowhenhemadeanoise?习惯上用Makeanoise,它比

makenoise(s)更通用。

使用不定冠词的常用习语还有:

asamatteroffact(事实上)

asarule(通常、照例)

atatime(个别地,一次)

atadiscount(打折扣)

inapositionto(能够)

inaword(总而言之)

onalargescale(大规模地)

tohaveasayin(对有发言权)

tohaveatry(试一试)

tokeepaneyeon(照看)

totakeaninterestin(对感兴趣)

(d)在akind(sort,specties,type,class,form,variety,...)of等结构中,后

面的名词前一般不用任何冠词

在4tkinds(types,forms,etc.)of,复数形式时也一般不加冠词。

E.g.Afterreviewingthetroops,thevisitinggeneralcommentedthathe

hadfinallyseenthekindofsoldierthatthenationneeds.

Herdresswasspotlesslycleanandwellmade,butitwasthekindofdress

whichthedaughterofapoormanmighthaveworn.

2.定冠词

定冠词通常用于特指的单数可数名词和复数名词前.。物质名词和抽象

名词前通常不用冠词。

(a)特指的单数可数名词前要用冠词。

E.g.EminentphysicistsfromallovertheworldcametotheUnitedStates

tocelebratethecentennialofEinstein'sbirth,"thecentennial”特指爱因

斯坦百年纪念。(centennial既可作形容词,又可作名词,这里用作名

词。)

Thoughthedustlayheavyuponthefloor,itwasevidentthattheold

house,itswindowscarelesslyboardedup,mustoncehavebeena

magnificentmansion.虽然地板上盖着厚厚的灰尘,窗户用木板胡乱

地钉上,显然这栋老房子是非常富丽堂皇的公馆。

Note:same不管作形容词、代词或副词,前面一般都用the。

E.g.Thespeedofradiowaveisthesameasthatoflight.

Whatevertheoldmandid,themonkeydidthesame.

Richorpoor,thatwasallthesametohim.

(b)物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词前通常不加冠词。

Eg.”Youhavebeenverybusylately.“"SobusyIhaven'thadtimeto

cleanmyhouse.Thereisdustwhereveryoulook.^^

Itisnecessarythatapersondrinkseveralglassesofwaterdailyifhe

wishestoremainhealthy.

Note:但有时物质名词前也可加定冠词表示特指。但若不是特指,则

一般不应加定冠词。如:

Gatheringsofmorethanthreepersonswereprohibited,supposedlyinthe

nameoflawandorder.

(这里law和order都是抽象名词,不用冠词。)

EventhosewelltrainedinEnglishareoftenpuzzledbytheidiomatic

structureofthelanguage.

(English在这里是专有名词,前面不应加冠词。)

(c)most作代词时表示“大多数,',常用mostof结构,前面不加任何冠

词。most作形容词时一,前面也不加冠词。只有作副词的most(表示

very时一)前面才可加不定冠词。在most与最高级的形容词与副词连

用时一,才可加定冠词。

E.g.Duringtheseventeenthcenturymostcolonistswereprimarily

concernedwitheconomicsanddefense

Mostofthetheoriesaboutitsoriginassumethattheearthbeganina

gaseousstate,movedthroughaliquidstate,andfinallybecamepartly

solid.

("mostof+the+复数可数名词”为特指,而“most+复数可数名词”

为泛指。)

Note:mostof后面的复数可数名词,通常要加the,若后面的名词前

已有专有名词修饰,则不应加the。如:

MostofWilliamFaulkner'snovelsdealwiththeuniversalproblemsof

evilasrepresentedbyfamilydisintegrationanddegeneration.

同样,some是形容词性时,前面也不用冠词,而“someof+the+复数

可数名词''也为特指,“some+复数可数名词”也为泛指。如:

Whilesomeofthelawyerswouldendorsetheoppositeview,mostwould

probablyagreethatfreedomofthepressisnotabsolute.

(d)习惯上用冠词的常用习语:

alltheyearround(一年至!J头)

bytheway(在途中)

forthetimebeing(暂时)

inthedistance(在远处)

onthepartof(在方面)

onthetrack(未离题)

theotherday(前几天)

underthecircumstances(在这种情况下)

tofollowtheplough(种田,务农)

togobytheboard(落空,失败)

totellthetruth(讲实话)

(e)习惯上不用冠词的常用习语:

attable(在进餐)

atrest(安宁的,解决了的)

atstake(在危险中,处于成败关头)

beyondhope(力量不及)

dayandnight(夜以继日地)

indistress(穷困,不幸)

inhonorof(向...表示敬意,为纪念)

instock(现有的,存货)

onboard(在船上,上船)

outofjob(失业)

withinreachof(在附近,容易达到)

withoutresult(无效地,徒劳地)

withoutquestion(doubt)(毫无疑问,的确)

tosetsail(出航)

totakecareof(照顾,照料)

totakecommandof(指挥)

代词讲析

1.人称代词

(a)人称代词作主语时用主格;作宾语时用宾格。作表语时,特别在

口语中用宾格居多。如:

Whobrokethevase?It'sme.

Who'sthere?Me,mother.

IfIwereher,Ishoulddoitfirst.

(b)人称代词的次序

单数复数

you,heandIweandyou/they

youandheyouandthey

you/heandIwe,youandthey

如:JaneandIhavealreadyeaten.

(c)当代词与名词为同位语时一,两者单复数形式应该保持一致。如:

WestudentsshouldstudyEnglishwell.

Thepartywaspreparedbythemgirl-students.

She可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。如:

Note:注意it的正确用法:

*it用来表示天气、时间、距离等。

It'sJune25th.

It's50milesfromShanghai.

It'snottoday.

*用作形式主语或形式宾语,其真正的主语或宾语可能是不定式短

语、动名词短语或that从句。如:

It'spleasanttolieinthesun.

It'sapitythatyoucannotcome.

it无具体意义,用在类似以下若干句型中。如:

Itseemsthatnoonehasnayobjectiontotheidea.

ItappearsthatIamwrong.

Itissaidthattherehasbeenaseriousearthquakethere.

用于“Itis(was)”..that(who)..强调句型。如:

ItwasFredawhophonedJacklastnight.

ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIwastoldthenews.

2.物主代词

要注意名词性物主代词mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours和theirs的用法;

它们在句中可作主语、宾语和表语如:

Hisisalightandspaciousroom.

Ourclassroomisonthefirstfloorandtheirsonthesecond.(以上作主

语)

Doyoupreferhisormine?Let'scleantheirroomfirstandourslater.(作

宾语)

That'soursnottheirs.(作表语)

3.不定代词

英语中有下列不定代词:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,

little,few,many.much,other,another,some,any,no还有由

some,any,no和every构成的合成代词。这些不定代词中,多数都能

作主语、宾语、表语或定语。但none和含有some,any,no,every的合

成代词只能作主语、宾语、表语,而every和no只能作定语。

(a)both和all

both是在谈到两个人或东西时用的,all是在谈到两个以上的人或东

西时使用。如:

Ihavetwosisters;bothareteachers.

Ihavethreebrothers;allareengineers.

Ilikeallthesebooks.

Bothroadsleadtotheshoppingcenter.

在谈到不可数东西时,也可以用all,连用的动词要用单数第三人称。

Allisgoingwell.

Isthatallyouwanttoknow?

Thatisall.

(b)each和every

*each是“每一个,,的意思,但又不同于every,在把一些人或东西一

个个加以考?时,多用each。如:

Eachoneofushashisduty.我们每个人都有各自的职责。

Theywenteachtotheroomassigned.他们各自回到指定的房间去。

Hetellseachofusonlywhatwehavetoknow.

*every也是“每一个”的意思,只能作定语。比起each来,every更

强调“每一…都...”,“全体”,“所有”。

Everystudentistogivehishomeworktotheteachertomorrow.所有学

生明天都得把家庭作业交给老师。

Shemadeeveryattempttogo.她想尽办法去。

Note:every和body,one,thing构成合成代词,主要用作主语,宾语或

表语。如:

Everythinggoeswellwithus.(主语)

Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.(宾语)样样想懂,样样不通。

Herdaughteriseverythingtoher.(表语)

(c)either和neither

*either是指“两个中的任何一个”,动词用单数。

Eitherofthetwobookswilldo.(两本书)哪一本都可以。

Ifeitherofyoucarestocall,Ishallbeinthisevening.不论你俩谁想找

我,我今晚都在家。

*neither表示两者之中的任何一个都不……意思既非这个,也非那

个。其动词通常用单数形式。如:

DidyouseeLeeandSmith?No,Isawneitherofthem.

BothJoeandDavidarethere,butneitherhassaidanything.

Neitheransweriscorrect.

Note:neither也可用作副词,用于强调语气的句子时,应与表示肯定

意义的动词连用。如:

Youdon'tbelievethis?NeitherdoI.此句也可说成:

Youdon'tbelievethis?Idon'teither.

(d)other和another

other和another具有名词和形容词性质。other用作名词时,有数和格

的变化,可与定冠词连用,用作形容词时一,后接复数名词,而another

只能代替或修饰单数的可数名词,前面不可用冠词。如:

Heboughttwocopiesof“ChinaDaily”.Hekeptoneforhimselfandsent

theothertohisfriend.

Theyliveontheothersideofthestreet.

Someoftheenemieswerekilled,otherswounded.

Weshouldconsiderothers'opinions.

Youcangohome,buttheothersmuststayhere.

Ifyoufinishthebook,Icangiveyouanother.

Ofcourse,that5sanothermatter.

(e)Some和any

*some和any是表示不定数量的代词,相当于“一些”,但意思不强,

翻译时不一定这样译出,在句中多用作定语,可形容可数名词复数以

及不可数名词。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句、否定句或条

件句。如:

Haveyouanyquestionstoask?-Yes,Ihavesome,(or:No,Idon't

haveanyquestionstoask.)

Ifthereisanytrouble,letmeknow.

Note:有些疑问句表示请求、建议、反问时,这时多用some而不用

any。如:

Willyouhavesomecoffee?

Haveyouborrowedsomebooks?

*Some和any还可修饰可数名词单数,这时some表示“某一个”,any

表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个如:

Irememberhavingreadaboutitinsomemagazine.

HewenttosomeplaceinFrance.

Youmaytakeanybookyoulike.

*some和连词连用,表示“大约”,“大概”。

Somefiftypeoplewerekilledinthetrafficaccident.

Ourbridgeclubhassomefortymembers.

*some还可和one,body,thing构成合词someone,somebody,

something.如:

Somebodycametoseeyouyesterday.

Someonewantstoseeyou.(someone比起somebody来,显得更文言一

j二th。)\

Somethingorotherpreventedhimfromcoming.

*与something有关常用词组有:orsomething(…或什么的,

somethinglike(有点像,大约)somethingofa(有一点)

Sheisastewardessorsomething.她是位空中小姐或什么的。

Thebuildinglookedsomethinglikeachurch.

Heissomethingofacarpenter.他有一点木工常识。

(f)One

*one有时可作代词,代替上文中提到过的人或事物,以避免重复。

如:

Haveyouanybooksoncomputer?Iwanttoborrowagoodone.

*有时它还可以有自己的定语或冠词,甚至可以有复数形式。如:

Arethoseyourbooks?Iwanttoborrowagoodoneoncomputer.

Idon'tlikethishat.Showmeabiggerone.

Whichoneisyours,thisone,thatoneortheoneonthetable?

Givemeapples.Iwantbigones.

*one可以用来泛指一个人,任何人。如:

Onecannotsucceedatthisunlessonetrieshard.

Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.

(g)all,bothandevery在否定句式中

all,both,every等与谓语动词和否定式连用时一,表示部分否定。如:

Alltheanswersarenotright.

Idon'tlikebothofthenovelsyougavemeyesterday.

Everyonecannotunderstandballet.

4.指示代词

(a)This,these和that,those的基本用法:

指比较近的事物,单数用this,复数用these:指比较远的事物,单数

用that,复数用those。如果指时间、程度,只能用单数this或that。

如:

Morehasbeenlearnedsince1945aboutchemicalchangesinthebody

thaninallhumanhistorybeforethattime.

Thattimehelivedinaigloointhewintermonths.

(b)用于避免重复的指示代词that和those

为了避免重复,用that代替前面提到过的单数名词,用those代替复

数名词。如果是单数可数名词,多用the加不定代词来表示。如:

Aninternationallyfamousballerina,MariaTallchiefdemonstratedthat

thequalityofballetintheUnitedStatescouldequalthatoftheballetin

Europe.

Forestanimalsutilizethesenseofsmelllessthanthoseinthe

countryside.

Today'slibrariesdiffergreatlyfromthoseofthepast.

riltaketheseatnexttotheonebythewindow.

数词讲析

数词分为基数词(one,two,three,)和序数词(first,second,

third,)

1.数词与名词的连用

数词与名词连用时,它们的次序为“名词+基数词”,或者“the+序数词

+名词如:

“HowmanypresidentsaretherebeforeAbrahamLincoln?

"Fifteen,soheisthesixteenthpresident.^^

GertrudefinallygottothetheaterjustbeforetheendofActTwo.

Becausehisparentsdidn'tapproveofhismajoringinphysicaleducation,

Williamhadreluctantlytakencivilengineeringasthesecondchoice.

Note:有时,对编了号码的东西,要用基数词表示顺序,如数字较长,

更要避免序数词。等通常都用“名词+基数词”的形式。如:

“Whichisthecarhedrives?”"It'scarfifty-four.^^

2.数词和其它词构成复合形容词

这种复合形容词通常用“数词+名词”和“数词+名词+ed”两种形式,一

般中间有连字符号,而且都不用复数。如:

five-room,three-year

one-eyed,four-legged

aten-poundnote一张十磅的钞票

asix-wheelcar一辆六轮汽车

atwentypamphlet一本二十页的小册子

atwo-footruler一把二英尺长的尺

Ihadtowriteatwo-thousand-wordreport.^^

Iboughtthreefive-dollartiesforjusttwelvedollars.

3.数词的语法作用

(a)序数词作表语和定语。

序数词作定语时,后面被修饰的名词往往可以省略。如:

“Haveyouflownverymuch?^^“Asamatteroffact,thistripismyfirst.^^

SaudiArabia'soilreservesaresecondonlytothoseofKuwait.

(b)one与不定冠词a,an的区别。

onebook指一本书,abook指任何一本书。如:

“Howmanychairsarethereintheroom?”“There'sone.”

(c)表示几月儿日,后面的日期要用序数词,而且月份名称要大写。

通常有两种表达形式:

Marchthetwenty-first

Thetwenty-firstofMarch

(d)基数词可用作主语

基数词指代可数名词时,要注意单复数。

SixoftheplayershavebeenchosentoparticipateintheAllStarGame.

Fourareabsent.

当基数词用于数学运算时,常用单数谓语,也可以用复数谓语。

Eightminusfourleaves(remains)four.

Sevenplusthreeequalsten.

形容词和副词讲析

形容词有性质形容词和关系形容词。其中性质形容词有原级、比较级

和最[Wj级的区别。

注意若干常用的形容词和副词的级的不规则变化。

原级比较级最高级

good,wellbetterbest

bad,illworseworst

many,muchmoremost

farfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest

latelater,latterlatest,last

1.原级比较

肯定式原级比较:"as…as…”“nomore/less+比较级+than…”

HeisastallasI(am)

Janeisnolessdiligentthanheroldsister.(Jane不比她姐姐少用功,即

她跟她姐姐一样用功。)

否定式原级比较“notso…as…"或"notas…as…”

Mr.Greenisnotsooldashelooks.

It'snotascoldasitwasyesterday.

2.比较级+than…

Soundtravelslessfastthanlight.

Toomuchhelpissometimesworsethannohelp.太多的帮助有时比

没有帮助更糟。

(a)形容词比较级前有时可加程度或数量词语来强调修饰。如:even,

still,rather,any,much,far,no,alittle,alot,agreatdeal,twoweeks,three

times等。如:

Diamondisstill(or:even)harderthansteel.金刚石比钢更硬。

Thepropertiesofaloysarefarbetterthanthoseofpuremetals.

Lighttravelsmuch(or:agreatdeal)fasterthansound.

(b)the+比较级...,the+比较级要注意本句型中,前面是从句,后

面是主句,前后呼应。前面的从句可用现在时代替将来时。如:

Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.

Themoreamanknows,themorehediscovershisignorance.

3.最高级比较

(a)最高级比较常有一格介词短语如“0h.”。!1...”,、111011夕来指出比

较范围,如:

Ofallelementshydrogenisthelightestone.

Sheisthemostactivegirlintheirclass.

(b)最高级前冠词的用法:

形容词最高级前通常须加the,但当形容词最高级作表语或补足语时,

不加the,如:

Ofallshoestheseareleastexpensive.

Tosolvetheprobleminthiswayisthoughtmostconvenient.

这样解题方法被认为是最简便的。

Note:副词最高级前一般不加the,如:

Lighttravelsfastestofallmatter.

(c)“most+形容词”作定语,有时不作“最”讲,而是“很”、“非常”的意

思,相当于very,这时在“most+形容词+名词”前有不定冠词,如:

Themeetingproceededinamostfriendlyatmosphere.

Thepresentworldsituationismostfavorableforus.

4.一些源于拉丁文的形容词本身含有比较意义,后接t。,不接than

superior(优于)senior(长于)

inferior(差于)junior(幼于)

major(多于)prior(早于)

minor(少于)prefer(更喜欢)

Heissuperiortoanyotherclassmateinmathematics.

Myknowledgeisinferiortohis.我的知识不及他。

5.形容词修饰后置规则

(a)修饰any,some,no,和every构成的合成代词时需后置,如:

Shesaidnothinginteresting.

Ihavenothingtoboastof.我没什么事值得自傲的。

(b)当形容词后跟有介词短语或不定式短语时后置:

Allthesearemethodsworthyofnote.所有这些方法都值得注意。

Inthisclassroomthereare50seatsenoughtoholdalargeclass.

*一些常用来作表语的形容词用来作定语时常后置:

Allthepeoplepresentatthemeetingaremathematicsteachers.

Chinesecommoditiesavailableforexportcomefromalltheprovincesof

ourcountry.

*表示度量的短语后置:

Childrenunderten一■群十岁以下的儿童

Sometimebetweensevenandeightintheevening晚间7-8点钟的某——

个时间。

6.在“限定词+形容词+名词”结构中多个形容词的排列顺序

(a)名词限定词(如a,the,my等);

(b)所有格名词(如man's,John's等);

(c)序数词(也包括next,last等)

(d)基数词(也包括few,several等);

(e)描述性质、状态等形容词;

(f)大小尺寸长短等形容词;

(g)颜色词;

(h)类属形容词(有关国籍、历史时期和政治派别归属);

(i)名词作为修饰语;

①被修饰的名词。

如:

Maryhasjustboughtherselfanexpensivebluecottondress/

Alltheoldredbrickhousewillberebuilt.

Sheissuchakindoldlady.

7.某些副词的用法

(a)副词作状语常置于句子之后,但频度副词(按频度大小排列),如

always,almostalways,nearlyalways,generally,normally,regularly,

usually,frequently,oftensometimes,occasionally,almostnever,hardly

ever,rarely,scarcelyever,seldom,not...ever,never等可置于谓语动词

之前。如:

IhardlyeverseeBrianthesedays.这儿天难得看到Brian0

HealwayscomeshomeonSaturday.

(b)若谓语动词由两部分组成,则频度副词常置于助动词,情态动词

之后,实意动词之前,夹在中间。(故频度副词也可称中位副词)如:

Youcanalwayscontactmeon6345760.

Youcanhardlyblamehimfordoingthat.

(c)当句中只有一个动词be时,频度副词位于be之后。如:

Iwasneververygoodatmoths.

(d)另夕卜,还有一些副词如:already,(not)yet,once,just,still,suddenly,

certainly,nearly,almost,soon等可置于频度副词的位置,有时也可后

置。如:

Hehasjustlefthere.

Shewillsoonbeback.

Itisnottimetodoityet.

(e)当一个句子中有儿个副词并用时,它们的使用顺序通常是:程

度方式地点时间。如有两个以上表示时间、地点的副词时•,按

先小后大顺序排列。如:

ThefamilycametotheUnitedStatesbyboatin1975.

Isawhimatthelibrarylastnight.

Theyoftengotothemoviestogetherduringthesummervacation.

8.有些词可作形容词,也可作副词

如:early,past,half,long,straight,fast,slow,deep,pretty,awful,wrong,

right,late,hourly,weekly,yearly.

9.有些形容词在词尾加-ly,但词义不同

bad(坏)badly(非常)

bare(光秃的)barely(仅仅)

easy(安逸的)easily(容易地)

high(高的)highly(非常)

hard(辛苦的)hardly(几乎不)

late(迟的)lately(最近)

near(靠近的)nearly(几乎)

10.少数以-ly结尾的不是副词,是形容词

costly(贵的)lonely(孤独的)

lovely(可爱的)deadly(致命的)

ugly(丑陋的)friendly(友好的)

lively(活泼的)

介词和介词词组讲析

介词是一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分。必须有名词或代词作它的宾

语构成介词词组或短语。英语中的介词大致可以分为:

简单介词,如:at,after,by,in,of,till,to,with

合成介词,如:into,outside,upon,without等

成语介词,如:accordingto,asto,becauseof等

1.介词的位置

(a)介词一般放在名词或代词前。

Thearrivalofthedelegationwaswarmlywelcomed.

Aftermidnight,therainbegantofall.

(b)介词可放在疑问句或定语从句末。

Who(m)wereyoutalkingtojustnowonthephone?

Doyourememberthenameofthebookwhichtheteacherreferredusto?

(c)介词可以放在连接代词和之前,甚至放在句首。如:

Withwhomdidyougoshoppingyesterday?

Atwhattimedoyouhavesuppereveryday?

2.介词的用法

介词的用法非常复杂,要掌握它就要下工夫,首先要了解一些主要介

词的基本意思,同时要注意和其它词的搭配,特别是动词、形容词和

名词与介词的搭配,在学习时一,一定要熟记一批这样的固定搭配关系。

如:

(a)和动词的固定搭配

adviseagainstdoingsthlaughat/aboutsb./sth.

agreeaboutsth.listentosb./sth.

agreetoaproposallookaftersb./sth.

agreewithsb.lookatsb./sth.

aimat/foratargetlookforsb./sth.

apologizetosb.forsth.meetwithsb.

applytosb.forsth.objecttosb./sth.

approveofsb./sth.payforsb./sth.

arriveat/inquarrelwithsb.aboutsth.

askforsb./sth.readaboutsth.

beginwithsth.reasonwithsb.

believeinsb./sth.refertosb./sth.

belongtosb/sth.relyonsb./sth

borrowfromsb.replytosb.

choosebetweenreportonsb/sthtosb.

confesstosb./tosthresignfromajob

dealwithsb./aproblemretirefromone'sjob

dependonsb./sth.searchforsb./sth.

differfromsb./sth.(it)smellofsth.

dreamabout/ofdoingsucceedindoingsth.

emergefromaplacesufferfromsth.

failintalktosb.aboutsth.

guessatthetruth(it)tasteofsth.

identifywithsb.tradewithsb./insth.

insistondoingtrustinsb./sth.

knockatvotefor/againstsb./sth.

knowof/aboutwaitforsb./sth.

wishforwritetosb.aboutsth

(b)在“动词+宾语+介词”的结构中

absentoneselffromworkexplainsth.tosb.

accusesb.ofsth.forgivesb.forsth.

adaptsth.tosty.hidesth.fromsb.

addsth.toidentifysth.with/assth.

admiresb.forsth.includesth.insth.else

advisesb.aboutsth.informsb.of/aboutsth.

appointsb.as/toapostinsuresb.againststh.

arrangesth.forsb.interestsb.insth.

assesssthatapriceinvestmoneyinsth.

associatesb./sth.withlendsth.tosb.

attachsth.tosth.neglectsb./sth.forsb./sth.

blamesb.forsth.refersb.sth.tosb.

chargesth.tomyaccountremindsb.ofsb./sth.

chargesb.withacrimerepeatsth.tosb.

combinesth.withsth.reservesth.forsb.

comparesb./sth.withrobsb.ofsth.

congratulatesb.onsth.sharesth.withsb.

convertsb.tosth.stealsth.fromsb.

defendsb.fromsth.stopsb.fromdoingsth.

tellsb.aboutsth.discusssth.withsb.

translatesth.from/intoexcusesb.forsth.

(c)在与形容词连用的结构中

absentfromaplacefreefrom

afraidofsb./sth.fullofsth.

angryat/aboutsth.goodat(doing)sth.

angrywithgratefultosb.forsth.

annoyedat/abouthappyabout/at/over/with

annoyedwithsb.interestedin/bysb./sth.

anxiousabout/oversb./sth.keenon(doing)sth.

awareofsb./sth.kindtosb.

awfulat(doing)sth.lateforwork

boredby/withsb./sth.obligedtosb./sth.

capableof(doing)sth.pleasedabout/withsb./sth.

carelessofdangersadaboutsb./sth.

connectwithsth.satisfiedwithsb./sth.

contrarytosth.seperatedfromsth.

differentfrom/tosb./sth.sorryabout/for(doing)sth.

eagerforsth.sorryforsb.

excitedabour/atby/oversurprisedabout/at/by

faithfultosb./sth.thankfultosb.forsth.

famousfor(doing)sth.worriedaboutsb.sth.

fondofsb./sth.wrongaboutsb./sth.

(d)在与名词连用的结构中

absencefromconversionto

adviceagainst,to/aboutcuriosityabout

adaptationtodependenceon

additiontodifferencefrom/to

admirationfordreamof

agreementto,withdescriptionof

aimatdiscussionwith

angerat/aboutsth.divisionby

annoyanceat,withexcitementabout/at

apologytosb.excuseforsth.

applicationtoexplanationof

approvaloffailurein

arrivalat/inguessat

awarenessof

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