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语法与句法
1.概述
II.本专栏目录
早T内容说明
第一节名词6
第二节冠词6
第三节代词6
第四节数词7
第五节形容词和副词7
第六节介词和介词词组8
第七节动词时态和语态8
第八节虚拟语气9
第九节情态动词9
第十节非谓语动词10
第H^一■节名词从句10
第十二节定语从句11
第十三节状语从句12
第十四节反意疑问句12
第十五节强调句13
第十六节倒装句13
第十七节一致关系14—17
第十八节测试1-18节综合测试
名词
1.名词种类
专有名词:China,Shanghai,MrSmith
(j个体名词astudent,abook
可数名词一
普通名词<集体名词committee,family
、不可数名词(物质名词cotton,tea
1抽冢名词courage,happiness
2.名词的数
(a)绝大多数可数名词加-s,-es变成复数(以辅音字母加y结尾的要先
变-y为-i再力口-es)。如pen-pens,class-classes,country-countries.
此外,常见的变化形式还有:
(b)以f(或fe)结尾的名词在构成复数时,一般是改f为v,再加
-eSo如self-selves,leaf-leaves,life-lives,knife-kniveso也有例外,如
roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,safe-safes,etc.
(c)以o结尾的名词,构成复数时,一般加-eshero-heroes,
potato-potatoes,echo-echoes,少数例夕卜,如:photo-photos,piano-pianos;
radio-radios,zero-zeros,bamboo-bamboos.
(d)某些名词单复数变化没有规则。如:man-men,woman-women,
tooth-teeth,child-children,foot-feet,mouse-mice.
(e)一些单复数同形的名词,如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,sheep,fish,
deer,means,series,species,aircraft,hovercraft.
(f)一些外来词保留原有的不规则变化形式,常用的有
analysis-analysesmedium-media
basis-basesnucleus-nuclei
crisis-crisesphenomenon-phenomena
datum-datadiagnosis-diagnoses
radius-radiiemphasis-emphases
thesis-thesesformu1a-formulae
(g)常用的不可数名词:
advice,air,bread,butter,cheese,clothing,coffee,courage,dust,earth,
elastic,enjoyment,equipment,evidence,equality,food,fruit,fun,
furniture,glass,hair,happiness,homework,honesty,housework,ice,
ignorance,information,intelligence,knowledge,leisure,luck,luggage,
mail,money,machinery,magic,meat,milk,music,news,oil,patience,
peace,postage,poverty,progress,rain,rice,salt,sand,snow,soap,sugar,
tea,traffic,violence,vocabulary,water,wealth,wood,work.
(h)常与不可数名词搭配的单位名词:
apieceofpaper/advice/information
abitofink/music/land
anarticleofclothing/fumiture
abarofchocolate/soap
ablockofice/stone/wood
acakeofsoap
aleafofbread
apackofcigarettes/clothes
abasketoffruit/eggs
akilogramofsugar
adropofwater/rain/blood
acrowdofpeople/books/papers
asetofinstruments
apairofshoes/stockings/scissors/trousers
acoupleofplayers/apples
aflockofbirds/sheep/younggirls
apileofletters/books/wood
agrainofrice/sand
(i)一些只用作复数的名词:
people,police,personnel,cattle,pants,trousers,jeans,shorts,scissors,
glasses,spectacles,shoes等。
①一些形似复数,实际作为单数名词使用的词:
news,means,works,theUnitedStates,TheUnitedNations,physics,
politics,mathematics,economics,electronics等。
3.名词所有格
英语的名词属格一般采取两种形式:-s属格和of-属格。例如
Shakespeare'splays和theplaysofShakespeare,前者为-s属格,后者为
of-属格。-s属格可以表示:
(a)所有关系
MrBrown'ssuitcase(相当于MrBrownhasasuitcase)
(b)主谓关系
DrSmith'sanswer(相当于DrSmithanswered)
thestudent'sapplication(相当于thestudentapplied)
myfather'sdeparture(相当于myfatherdeparted)
(c)动宾关系
theboy'spunishment(相当于punishedtheboy)
Napoleon'sdefeat(相当于defeatedNapoleon)
(d)事物的来源
Pat'sletter(相当于letterfromPat)
Thegirl'sstory(相当于storytoldbythegirl)
(e)事物的类别
gent'sclothes(相当于clothesforthegents)
women'smagazines(相当于magazinesforwomen)
⑴其它意义
awinter'sday(相当于adayinwinter)
threedays'absence(相当于theabsencelastedthreedays)
of-属格的意义和用法于-s属格有许多相似之处。例如of-属格也可表
示
(a)所有关系:
thetrunkofanelephant=anelephant'strunk
theforeignpolicyofChina=China'sforeignpolicy
(b)表示主谓关系:
thearrivaloftheprimeminister(/目当于Theprimeministerarrived)
theclaimofthebuyers(相当于Thebuyersclaimed)
(c)表示动宾关系:
theoccupationoftheIsland(相当于occupiedtheIsland)
ourhatredof(for,against)theenemy(相当于Wehatetheenemy)
(d)表示事物的来源:
thecomediesofMoliere(相当于thecomedieswrittenbyMoliere)
thelawsofNewton(相当于thelawsdiscoveredbyNewton)
但是of-属格在用法上又不能和-s属格完全等同起来。例如当-S属格
用来表示事物类别或属性时,就不可用Of-属格来替代:“儿童画报”
应该是children'spictorial,而不是pictorialofchildren;“博士学位”应
该是adoctor'sdegree而不是thedegreeofadoctoro在某些习语中如
atone'swit'send,atthesword'spoints,ahair'sbreadth,awolfin
sheep'sclothing,inlife'sstruggle,inone'smind'seye,toone'sheart's
content等也只能用-s属格而不用of-属格。但在有些结构中却只能用
of-属格而不用-s属格,例如theopinionofthechairmanappointeda
monthago,thesuggestionofthosepresentatthemeeting,theincomeof
therich,thestruggleoftheexploited等。又of-属格能表示同位关系如
(thecityofNewYork),而-s属格通常不这样用。
冠词讲析
冠词分为定冠词the,不定冠词a(an)和零冠词(即不加冠词)
1.不定冠词a(an)
(a)当不定冠词所修饰的那个名词的第一个音(不是字母)为元音时,
不定冠词要用an,而以辅音开头时用“a”。
E.g.Paulsaidhecouldbehappytoteachthechildrentennis,thoughhe
certainlydidnotregardhimselfasanexpert.
Amathematicaleducationisessentialforasuccessfulcareerinthe
insurancebusiness.
Note:a(an)的用法,还要特别注意缩略词:
E.g.”一位国会议员”为amemberofParliament用a,而改成缩略词时
用anM.P.,因为m读音为<em>,头一个音为元音。
“一个不明飞行物”为anunidentifiedflyingobject,而改成缩略词时用a
UFOo
(b)物质名词和抽象名词前一般不用不定冠词。
E.g.CharlesBrown,usuallyhasexcellentplay,lostseveralgamesduring
thetournament.这里play是抽象名词,指竞赛技能。
Thewinner'sphotographwasofanoldbamwindowcoveredwith
delicatelacyfrost.这里frost为物质名词
(c)可数名词用不定冠词可表示“一”这个数量和一类。某些习惯用语,
也常用不定冠词。
E.g.Theaudience,includingasmanyseniorcitizensasyoungpeople,
wasentertainedbybeautifuldancinggirlsandaboy'ssinginggroup.
Whatdidyoudowhenhemadeanoise?习惯上用Makeanoise,它比
makenoise(s)更通用。
使用不定冠词的常用习语还有:
asamatteroffact(事实上)
asarule(通常、照例)
atatime(个别地,一次)
atadiscount(打折扣)
inapositionto(能够)
inaword(总而言之)
onalargescale(大规模地)
tohaveasayin(对有发言权)
tohaveatry(试一试)
tokeepaneyeon(照看)
totakeaninterestin(对感兴趣)
(d)在akind(sort,specties,type,class,form,variety,...)of等结构中,后
面的名词前一般不用任何冠词
在4tkinds(types,forms,etc.)of,复数形式时也一般不加冠词。
E.g.Afterreviewingthetroops,thevisitinggeneralcommentedthathe
hadfinallyseenthekindofsoldierthatthenationneeds.
Herdresswasspotlesslycleanandwellmade,butitwasthekindofdress
whichthedaughterofapoormanmighthaveworn.
2.定冠词
定冠词通常用于特指的单数可数名词和复数名词前.。物质名词和抽象
名词前通常不用冠词。
(a)特指的单数可数名词前要用冠词。
E.g.EminentphysicistsfromallovertheworldcametotheUnitedStates
tocelebratethecentennialofEinstein'sbirth,"thecentennial”特指爱因
斯坦百年纪念。(centennial既可作形容词,又可作名词,这里用作名
词。)
Thoughthedustlayheavyuponthefloor,itwasevidentthattheold
house,itswindowscarelesslyboardedup,mustoncehavebeena
magnificentmansion.虽然地板上盖着厚厚的灰尘,窗户用木板胡乱
地钉上,显然这栋老房子是非常富丽堂皇的公馆。
Note:same不管作形容词、代词或副词,前面一般都用the。
E.g.Thespeedofradiowaveisthesameasthatoflight.
Whatevertheoldmandid,themonkeydidthesame.
Richorpoor,thatwasallthesametohim.
(b)物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词前通常不加冠词。
Eg.”Youhavebeenverybusylately.“"SobusyIhaven'thadtimeto
cleanmyhouse.Thereisdustwhereveryoulook.^^
Itisnecessarythatapersondrinkseveralglassesofwaterdailyifhe
wishestoremainhealthy.
Note:但有时物质名词前也可加定冠词表示特指。但若不是特指,则
一般不应加定冠词。如:
Gatheringsofmorethanthreepersonswereprohibited,supposedlyinthe
nameoflawandorder.
(这里law和order都是抽象名词,不用冠词。)
EventhosewelltrainedinEnglishareoftenpuzzledbytheidiomatic
structureofthelanguage.
(English在这里是专有名词,前面不应加冠词。)
(c)most作代词时表示“大多数,',常用mostof结构,前面不加任何冠
词。most作形容词时一,前面也不加冠词。只有作副词的most(表示
very时一)前面才可加不定冠词。在most与最高级的形容词与副词连
用时一,才可加定冠词。
E.g.Duringtheseventeenthcenturymostcolonistswereprimarily
concernedwitheconomicsanddefense
Mostofthetheoriesaboutitsoriginassumethattheearthbeganina
gaseousstate,movedthroughaliquidstate,andfinallybecamepartly
solid.
("mostof+the+复数可数名词”为特指,而“most+复数可数名词”
为泛指。)
Note:mostof后面的复数可数名词,通常要加the,若后面的名词前
已有专有名词修饰,则不应加the。如:
MostofWilliamFaulkner'snovelsdealwiththeuniversalproblemsof
evilasrepresentedbyfamilydisintegrationanddegeneration.
同样,some是形容词性时,前面也不用冠词,而“someof+the+复数
可数名词''也为特指,“some+复数可数名词”也为泛指。如:
Whilesomeofthelawyerswouldendorsetheoppositeview,mostwould
probablyagreethatfreedomofthepressisnotabsolute.
(d)习惯上用冠词的常用习语:
alltheyearround(一年至!J头)
bytheway(在途中)
forthetimebeing(暂时)
inthedistance(在远处)
onthepartof(在方面)
onthetrack(未离题)
theotherday(前几天)
underthecircumstances(在这种情况下)
tofollowtheplough(种田,务农)
togobytheboard(落空,失败)
totellthetruth(讲实话)
(e)习惯上不用冠词的常用习语:
attable(在进餐)
atrest(安宁的,解决了的)
atstake(在危险中,处于成败关头)
beyondhope(力量不及)
dayandnight(夜以继日地)
indistress(穷困,不幸)
inhonorof(向...表示敬意,为纪念)
instock(现有的,存货)
onboard(在船上,上船)
outofjob(失业)
withinreachof(在附近,容易达到)
withoutresult(无效地,徒劳地)
withoutquestion(doubt)(毫无疑问,的确)
tosetsail(出航)
totakecareof(照顾,照料)
totakecommandof(指挥)
代词讲析
1.人称代词
(a)人称代词作主语时用主格;作宾语时用宾格。作表语时,特别在
口语中用宾格居多。如:
Whobrokethevase?It'sme.
Who'sthere?Me,mother.
IfIwereher,Ishoulddoitfirst.
(b)人称代词的次序
单数复数
you,heandIweandyou/they
youandheyouandthey
you/heandIwe,youandthey
如:JaneandIhavealreadyeaten.
(c)当代词与名词为同位语时一,两者单复数形式应该保持一致。如:
WestudentsshouldstudyEnglishwell.
Thepartywaspreparedbythemgirl-students.
She可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。如:
Note:注意it的正确用法:
*it用来表示天气、时间、距离等。
It'sJune25th.
It's50milesfromShanghai.
It'snottoday.
*用作形式主语或形式宾语,其真正的主语或宾语可能是不定式短
语、动名词短语或that从句。如:
It'spleasanttolieinthesun.
It'sapitythatyoucannotcome.
it无具体意义,用在类似以下若干句型中。如:
Itseemsthatnoonehasnayobjectiontotheidea.
ItappearsthatIamwrong.
Itissaidthattherehasbeenaseriousearthquakethere.
用于“Itis(was)”..that(who)..强调句型。如:
ItwasFredawhophonedJacklastnight.
ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIwastoldthenews.
2.物主代词
要注意名词性物主代词mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours和theirs的用法;
它们在句中可作主语、宾语和表语如:
Hisisalightandspaciousroom.
Ourclassroomisonthefirstfloorandtheirsonthesecond.(以上作主
语)
Doyoupreferhisormine?Let'scleantheirroomfirstandourslater.(作
宾语)
That'soursnottheirs.(作表语)
3.不定代词
英语中有下列不定代词:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,
little,few,many.much,other,another,some,any,no还有由
some,any,no和every构成的合成代词。这些不定代词中,多数都能
作主语、宾语、表语或定语。但none和含有some,any,no,every的合
成代词只能作主语、宾语、表语,而every和no只能作定语。
(a)both和all
both是在谈到两个人或东西时用的,all是在谈到两个以上的人或东
西时使用。如:
Ihavetwosisters;bothareteachers.
Ihavethreebrothers;allareengineers.
Ilikeallthesebooks.
Bothroadsleadtotheshoppingcenter.
在谈到不可数东西时,也可以用all,连用的动词要用单数第三人称。
Allisgoingwell.
Isthatallyouwanttoknow?
Thatisall.
(b)each和every
*each是“每一个,,的意思,但又不同于every,在把一些人或东西一
个个加以考?时,多用each。如:
Eachoneofushashisduty.我们每个人都有各自的职责。
Theywenteachtotheroomassigned.他们各自回到指定的房间去。
Hetellseachofusonlywhatwehavetoknow.
*every也是“每一个”的意思,只能作定语。比起each来,every更
强调“每一…都...”,“全体”,“所有”。
Everystudentistogivehishomeworktotheteachertomorrow.所有学
生明天都得把家庭作业交给老师。
Shemadeeveryattempttogo.她想尽办法去。
Note:every和body,one,thing构成合成代词,主要用作主语,宾语或
表语。如:
Everythinggoeswellwithus.(主语)
Toknoweverythingistoknownothing.(宾语)样样想懂,样样不通。
Herdaughteriseverythingtoher.(表语)
(c)either和neither
*either是指“两个中的任何一个”,动词用单数。
Eitherofthetwobookswilldo.(两本书)哪一本都可以。
Ifeitherofyoucarestocall,Ishallbeinthisevening.不论你俩谁想找
我,我今晚都在家。
*neither表示两者之中的任何一个都不……意思既非这个,也非那
个。其动词通常用单数形式。如:
DidyouseeLeeandSmith?No,Isawneitherofthem.
BothJoeandDavidarethere,butneitherhassaidanything.
Neitheransweriscorrect.
Note:neither也可用作副词,用于强调语气的句子时,应与表示肯定
意义的动词连用。如:
Youdon'tbelievethis?NeitherdoI.此句也可说成:
Youdon'tbelievethis?Idon'teither.
(d)other和another
other和another具有名词和形容词性质。other用作名词时,有数和格
的变化,可与定冠词连用,用作形容词时一,后接复数名词,而another
只能代替或修饰单数的可数名词,前面不可用冠词。如:
Heboughttwocopiesof“ChinaDaily”.Hekeptoneforhimselfandsent
theothertohisfriend.
Theyliveontheothersideofthestreet.
Someoftheenemieswerekilled,otherswounded.
Weshouldconsiderothers'opinions.
Youcangohome,buttheothersmuststayhere.
Ifyoufinishthebook,Icangiveyouanother.
Ofcourse,that5sanothermatter.
(e)Some和any
*some和any是表示不定数量的代词,相当于“一些”,但意思不强,
翻译时不一定这样译出,在句中多用作定语,可形容可数名词复数以
及不可数名词。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句、否定句或条
件句。如:
Haveyouanyquestionstoask?-Yes,Ihavesome,(or:No,Idon't
haveanyquestionstoask.)
Ifthereisanytrouble,letmeknow.
Note:有些疑问句表示请求、建议、反问时,这时多用some而不用
any。如:
Willyouhavesomecoffee?
Haveyouborrowedsomebooks?
*Some和any还可修饰可数名词单数,这时some表示“某一个”,any
表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个如:
Irememberhavingreadaboutitinsomemagazine.
HewenttosomeplaceinFrance.
Youmaytakeanybookyoulike.
*some和连词连用,表示“大约”,“大概”。
Somefiftypeoplewerekilledinthetrafficaccident.
Ourbridgeclubhassomefortymembers.
*some还可和one,body,thing构成合词someone,somebody,
something.如:
Somebodycametoseeyouyesterday.
Someonewantstoseeyou.(someone比起somebody来,显得更文言一
j二th。)\
Somethingorotherpreventedhimfromcoming.
*与something有关常用词组有:orsomething(…或什么的,
somethinglike(有点像,大约)somethingofa(有一点)
Sheisastewardessorsomething.她是位空中小姐或什么的。
Thebuildinglookedsomethinglikeachurch.
Heissomethingofacarpenter.他有一点木工常识。
(f)One
*one有时可作代词,代替上文中提到过的人或事物,以避免重复。
如:
Haveyouanybooksoncomputer?Iwanttoborrowagoodone.
*有时它还可以有自己的定语或冠词,甚至可以有复数形式。如:
Arethoseyourbooks?Iwanttoborrowagoodoneoncomputer.
Idon'tlikethishat.Showmeabiggerone.
Whichoneisyours,thisone,thatoneortheoneonthetable?
Givemeapples.Iwantbigones.
*one可以用来泛指一个人,任何人。如:
Onecannotsucceedatthisunlessonetrieshard.
Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.
(g)all,bothandevery在否定句式中
all,both,every等与谓语动词和否定式连用时一,表示部分否定。如:
Alltheanswersarenotright.
Idon'tlikebothofthenovelsyougavemeyesterday.
Everyonecannotunderstandballet.
4.指示代词
(a)This,these和that,those的基本用法:
指比较近的事物,单数用this,复数用these:指比较远的事物,单数
用that,复数用those。如果指时间、程度,只能用单数this或that。
如:
Morehasbeenlearnedsince1945aboutchemicalchangesinthebody
thaninallhumanhistorybeforethattime.
Thattimehelivedinaigloointhewintermonths.
(b)用于避免重复的指示代词that和those
为了避免重复,用that代替前面提到过的单数名词,用those代替复
数名词。如果是单数可数名词,多用the加不定代词来表示。如:
Aninternationallyfamousballerina,MariaTallchiefdemonstratedthat
thequalityofballetintheUnitedStatescouldequalthatoftheballetin
Europe.
Forestanimalsutilizethesenseofsmelllessthanthoseinthe
countryside.
Today'slibrariesdiffergreatlyfromthoseofthepast.
riltaketheseatnexttotheonebythewindow.
数词讲析
数词分为基数词(one,two,three,)和序数词(first,second,
third,)
1.数词与名词的连用
数词与名词连用时,它们的次序为“名词+基数词”,或者“the+序数词
+名词如:
“HowmanypresidentsaretherebeforeAbrahamLincoln?
"Fifteen,soheisthesixteenthpresident.^^
GertrudefinallygottothetheaterjustbeforetheendofActTwo.
Becausehisparentsdidn'tapproveofhismajoringinphysicaleducation,
Williamhadreluctantlytakencivilengineeringasthesecondchoice.
Note:有时,对编了号码的东西,要用基数词表示顺序,如数字较长,
更要避免序数词。等通常都用“名词+基数词”的形式。如:
“Whichisthecarhedrives?”"It'scarfifty-four.^^
2.数词和其它词构成复合形容词
这种复合形容词通常用“数词+名词”和“数词+名词+ed”两种形式,一
般中间有连字符号,而且都不用复数。如:
five-room,three-year
one-eyed,four-legged
aten-poundnote一张十磅的钞票
asix-wheelcar一辆六轮汽车
atwentypamphlet一本二十页的小册子
atwo-footruler一把二英尺长的尺
Ihadtowriteatwo-thousand-wordreport.^^
Iboughtthreefive-dollartiesforjusttwelvedollars.
3.数词的语法作用
(a)序数词作表语和定语。
序数词作定语时,后面被修饰的名词往往可以省略。如:
“Haveyouflownverymuch?^^“Asamatteroffact,thistripismyfirst.^^
SaudiArabia'soilreservesaresecondonlytothoseofKuwait.
(b)one与不定冠词a,an的区别。
onebook指一本书,abook指任何一本书。如:
“Howmanychairsarethereintheroom?”“There'sone.”
(c)表示几月儿日,后面的日期要用序数词,而且月份名称要大写。
通常有两种表达形式:
Marchthetwenty-first
Thetwenty-firstofMarch
(d)基数词可用作主语
基数词指代可数名词时,要注意单复数。
SixoftheplayershavebeenchosentoparticipateintheAllStarGame.
Fourareabsent.
当基数词用于数学运算时,常用单数谓语,也可以用复数谓语。
Eightminusfourleaves(remains)four.
Sevenplusthreeequalsten.
形容词和副词讲析
形容词有性质形容词和关系形容词。其中性质形容词有原级、比较级
和最[Wj级的区别。
注意若干常用的形容词和副词的级的不规则变化。
原级比较级最高级
good,wellbetterbest
bad,illworseworst
many,muchmoremost
farfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest
latelater,latterlatest,last
1.原级比较
肯定式原级比较:"as…as…”“nomore/less+比较级+than…”
HeisastallasI(am)
Janeisnolessdiligentthanheroldsister.(Jane不比她姐姐少用功,即
她跟她姐姐一样用功。)
否定式原级比较“notso…as…"或"notas…as…”
Mr.Greenisnotsooldashelooks.
It'snotascoldasitwasyesterday.
2.比较级+than…
Soundtravelslessfastthanlight.
Toomuchhelpissometimesworsethannohelp.太多的帮助有时比
没有帮助更糟。
(a)形容词比较级前有时可加程度或数量词语来强调修饰。如:even,
still,rather,any,much,far,no,alittle,alot,agreatdeal,twoweeks,three
times等。如:
Diamondisstill(or:even)harderthansteel.金刚石比钢更硬。
Thepropertiesofaloysarefarbetterthanthoseofpuremetals.
Lighttravelsmuch(or:agreatdeal)fasterthansound.
(b)the+比较级...,the+比较级要注意本句型中,前面是从句,后
面是主句,前后呼应。前面的从句可用现在时代替将来时。如:
Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.
Themoreamanknows,themorehediscovershisignorance.
3.最高级比较
(a)最高级比较常有一格介词短语如“0h.”。!1...”,、111011夕来指出比
较范围,如:
Ofallelementshydrogenisthelightestone.
Sheisthemostactivegirlintheirclass.
(b)最高级前冠词的用法:
形容词最高级前通常须加the,但当形容词最高级作表语或补足语时,
不加the,如:
Ofallshoestheseareleastexpensive.
Tosolvetheprobleminthiswayisthoughtmostconvenient.
这样解题方法被认为是最简便的。
Note:副词最高级前一般不加the,如:
Lighttravelsfastestofallmatter.
(c)“most+形容词”作定语,有时不作“最”讲,而是“很”、“非常”的意
思,相当于very,这时在“most+形容词+名词”前有不定冠词,如:
Themeetingproceededinamostfriendlyatmosphere.
Thepresentworldsituationismostfavorableforus.
4.一些源于拉丁文的形容词本身含有比较意义,后接t。,不接than
superior(优于)senior(长于)
inferior(差于)junior(幼于)
major(多于)prior(早于)
minor(少于)prefer(更喜欢)
Heissuperiortoanyotherclassmateinmathematics.
Myknowledgeisinferiortohis.我的知识不及他。
5.形容词修饰后置规则
(a)修饰any,some,no,和every构成的合成代词时需后置,如:
Shesaidnothinginteresting.
Ihavenothingtoboastof.我没什么事值得自傲的。
(b)当形容词后跟有介词短语或不定式短语时后置:
Allthesearemethodsworthyofnote.所有这些方法都值得注意。
Inthisclassroomthereare50seatsenoughtoholdalargeclass.
*一些常用来作表语的形容词用来作定语时常后置:
Allthepeoplepresentatthemeetingaremathematicsteachers.
Chinesecommoditiesavailableforexportcomefromalltheprovincesof
ourcountry.
*表示度量的短语后置:
Childrenunderten一■群十岁以下的儿童
Sometimebetweensevenandeightintheevening晚间7-8点钟的某——
个时间。
6.在“限定词+形容词+名词”结构中多个形容词的排列顺序
(a)名词限定词(如a,the,my等);
(b)所有格名词(如man's,John's等);
(c)序数词(也包括next,last等)
(d)基数词(也包括few,several等);
(e)描述性质、状态等形容词;
(f)大小尺寸长短等形容词;
(g)颜色词;
(h)类属形容词(有关国籍、历史时期和政治派别归属);
(i)名词作为修饰语;
①被修饰的名词。
如:
Maryhasjustboughtherselfanexpensivebluecottondress/
Alltheoldredbrickhousewillberebuilt.
Sheissuchakindoldlady.
7.某些副词的用法
(a)副词作状语常置于句子之后,但频度副词(按频度大小排列),如
always,almostalways,nearlyalways,generally,normally,regularly,
usually,frequently,oftensometimes,occasionally,almostnever,hardly
ever,rarely,scarcelyever,seldom,not...ever,never等可置于谓语动词
之前。如:
IhardlyeverseeBrianthesedays.这儿天难得看到Brian0
HealwayscomeshomeonSaturday.
(b)若谓语动词由两部分组成,则频度副词常置于助动词,情态动词
之后,实意动词之前,夹在中间。(故频度副词也可称中位副词)如:
Youcanalwayscontactmeon6345760.
Youcanhardlyblamehimfordoingthat.
(c)当句中只有一个动词be时,频度副词位于be之后。如:
Iwasneververygoodatmoths.
(d)另夕卜,还有一些副词如:already,(not)yet,once,just,still,suddenly,
certainly,nearly,almost,soon等可置于频度副词的位置,有时也可后
置。如:
Hehasjustlefthere.
Shewillsoonbeback.
Itisnottimetodoityet.
(e)当一个句子中有儿个副词并用时,它们的使用顺序通常是:程
度方式地点时间。如有两个以上表示时间、地点的副词时•,按
先小后大顺序排列。如:
ThefamilycametotheUnitedStatesbyboatin1975.
Isawhimatthelibrarylastnight.
Theyoftengotothemoviestogetherduringthesummervacation.
8.有些词可作形容词,也可作副词
如:early,past,half,long,straight,fast,slow,deep,pretty,awful,wrong,
right,late,hourly,weekly,yearly.
9.有些形容词在词尾加-ly,但词义不同
bad(坏)badly(非常)
bare(光秃的)barely(仅仅)
easy(安逸的)easily(容易地)
high(高的)highly(非常)
hard(辛苦的)hardly(几乎不)
late(迟的)lately(最近)
near(靠近的)nearly(几乎)
10.少数以-ly结尾的不是副词,是形容词
costly(贵的)lonely(孤独的)
lovely(可爱的)deadly(致命的)
ugly(丑陋的)friendly(友好的)
lively(活泼的)
介词和介词词组讲析
介词是一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分。必须有名词或代词作它的宾
语构成介词词组或短语。英语中的介词大致可以分为:
简单介词,如:at,after,by,in,of,till,to,with
合成介词,如:into,outside,upon,without等
成语介词,如:accordingto,asto,becauseof等
1.介词的位置
(a)介词一般放在名词或代词前。
Thearrivalofthedelegationwaswarmlywelcomed.
Aftermidnight,therainbegantofall.
(b)介词可放在疑问句或定语从句末。
Who(m)wereyoutalkingtojustnowonthephone?
Doyourememberthenameofthebookwhichtheteacherreferredusto?
(c)介词可以放在连接代词和之前,甚至放在句首。如:
Withwhomdidyougoshoppingyesterday?
Atwhattimedoyouhavesuppereveryday?
2.介词的用法
介词的用法非常复杂,要掌握它就要下工夫,首先要了解一些主要介
词的基本意思,同时要注意和其它词的搭配,特别是动词、形容词和
名词与介词的搭配,在学习时一,一定要熟记一批这样的固定搭配关系。
如:
(a)和动词的固定搭配
adviseagainstdoingsthlaughat/aboutsb./sth.
agreeaboutsth.listentosb./sth.
agreetoaproposallookaftersb./sth.
agreewithsb.lookatsb./sth.
aimat/foratargetlookforsb./sth.
apologizetosb.forsth.meetwithsb.
applytosb.forsth.objecttosb./sth.
approveofsb./sth.payforsb./sth.
arriveat/inquarrelwithsb.aboutsth.
askforsb./sth.readaboutsth.
beginwithsth.reasonwithsb.
believeinsb./sth.refertosb./sth.
belongtosb/sth.relyonsb./sth
borrowfromsb.replytosb.
choosebetweenreportonsb/sthtosb.
confesstosb./tosthresignfromajob
dealwithsb./aproblemretirefromone'sjob
dependonsb./sth.searchforsb./sth.
differfromsb./sth.(it)smellofsth.
dreamabout/ofdoingsucceedindoingsth.
emergefromaplacesufferfromsth.
failintalktosb.aboutsth.
guessatthetruth(it)tasteofsth.
identifywithsb.tradewithsb./insth.
insistondoingtrustinsb./sth.
knockatvotefor/againstsb./sth.
knowof/aboutwaitforsb./sth.
wishforwritetosb.aboutsth
(b)在“动词+宾语+介词”的结构中
absentoneselffromworkexplainsth.tosb.
accusesb.ofsth.forgivesb.forsth.
adaptsth.tosty.hidesth.fromsb.
addsth.toidentifysth.with/assth.
admiresb.forsth.includesth.insth.else
advisesb.aboutsth.informsb.of/aboutsth.
appointsb.as/toapostinsuresb.againststh.
arrangesth.forsb.interestsb.insth.
assesssthatapriceinvestmoneyinsth.
associatesb./sth.withlendsth.tosb.
attachsth.tosth.neglectsb./sth.forsb./sth.
blamesb.forsth.refersb.sth.tosb.
chargesth.tomyaccountremindsb.ofsb./sth.
chargesb.withacrimerepeatsth.tosb.
combinesth.withsth.reservesth.forsb.
comparesb./sth.withrobsb.ofsth.
congratulatesb.onsth.sharesth.withsb.
convertsb.tosth.stealsth.fromsb.
defendsb.fromsth.stopsb.fromdoingsth.
tellsb.aboutsth.discusssth.withsb.
translatesth.from/intoexcusesb.forsth.
(c)在与形容词连用的结构中
absentfromaplacefreefrom
afraidofsb./sth.fullofsth.
angryat/aboutsth.goodat(doing)sth.
angrywithgratefultosb.forsth.
annoyedat/abouthappyabout/at/over/with
annoyedwithsb.interestedin/bysb./sth.
anxiousabout/oversb./sth.keenon(doing)sth.
awareofsb./sth.kindtosb.
awfulat(doing)sth.lateforwork
boredby/withsb./sth.obligedtosb./sth.
capableof(doing)sth.pleasedabout/withsb./sth.
carelessofdangersadaboutsb./sth.
connectwithsth.satisfiedwithsb./sth.
contrarytosth.seperatedfromsth.
differentfrom/tosb./sth.sorryabout/for(doing)sth.
eagerforsth.sorryforsb.
excitedabour/atby/oversurprisedabout/at/by
faithfultosb./sth.thankfultosb.forsth.
famousfor(doing)sth.worriedaboutsb.sth.
fondofsb./sth.wrongaboutsb./sth.
(d)在与名词连用的结构中
absencefromconversionto
adviceagainst,to/aboutcuriosityabout
adaptationtodependenceon
additiontodifferencefrom/to
admirationfordreamof
agreementto,withdescriptionof
aimatdiscussionwith
angerat/aboutsth.divisionby
annoyanceat,withexcitementabout/at
apologytosb.excuseforsth.
applicationtoexplanationof
approvaloffailurein
arrivalat/inguessat
awarenessof
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