采矿英语全册配套完整课件3

采矿英语全册配套完整课件32采矿工程英语期刊摘要部分3APreliminaryViewonGeologicalAnomaly初论地质异常geologicalanomaly;geologicalbackground;geologicalfield;ore-forminggeologicalfield;evaluationandpredictionofgeologicalanomaly地质异常；地质背景；地质场；成矿地质场；地质异常评价和预测；Preliminary初步的；anomaly异常/不规则的4Ageologicalanomalyisageologicalbodyorcomplexofbodieswithobviousdifferentcompositions,structuresorordersofgenesisascomparedwiththesurroundingcircumstances.Inthispaper,thepatternsofgeologicalanomalies,andthetypesofthemdividedaccordingtotheirscalesaremainlyintroduced.Delineationofgeologicalanomaliesfromthegeologicalbackgroundisaquitedifficultproblem,butwecandoitbymeansofmathematicalstatistics,fuzzymathematicsandempiricalmethods

5地质异常是在成分、结构（构造）或成因序次上与周围环境有着明显差异的地质体或地质体组合。本文主要介绍了地质异常的表现形式以及按不同尺度水平划分的类型。目前,虽然从地质背景中圈出地质异常是一件较困难的事情,但我们仍可以应用数理统计、模糊数学和经验方法对其进行圈定和研究。

Delineation

勾画/圈出/描述；empirical完全根据经验的6NewDevelopmnetofGeostatistics地质统计学的新进展Geostatistics;Newdevelopment;Developingtrend;地质统计学；新进展；发展趋势；7Geostatisticswhichdevelopingfastandhavingwidelyuseisanewscienceinmathematicalgeology.Jointedwiththecurrentsituationofgeostatistics,thispaperrevieweditsnewdevelopment.Accordingtothegeostatisticaltheorysystemanditspracticalapplicationandsoftwareexploiting,developingfrontiersofmoderngeostatisticshadbeendiscussed.Review回顾/复习/研究；practicalapplication实际应用；softwareexploiting软件开发；developingfrontiers发展前沿；8地质统计学(空间信息统计学)是数学地质领域中一门发展迅速且有着广泛应用前景的新兴科学。结合地质统计学发展现状,对地质统计学的新进展进行了研究,从地质统计学理论体系、应用及软件开发等方面探讨了地质统计学的发展前缘。9OnTheArtificalGeologicalDisasterAndGeoenvironment

人为地质灾害与地质环境Artificialgeologicaldisaster；人为地质灾害Geoenvironment；地质环境Environmentaldeterioration；环境恶化Deterioration变坏/退化/堕落（下面译文中还是存在问题的）10Theconcept(概念)ofartificialgeologicaldisasterisproposedandtypicalexamplesareenumerated(列举)inthepaper.Theauthorconsiderstheartificialgeologicaldisasterasakindofgeologicaldisastercausedbyhumansengineeringeconomicactivites.Meanwhile,theauthoralsopointsoutthattheartificialgeologicaldisastercandeteriorate(恶化)geologicalenvironmentandthedeterioratedgeoenvironmentcanmakethegeologicaldisasterheavier.11本文论述了人为地质灾害的概念，典型事例以及人为地质灾害与地质环境的相互关系。指出，人为地质灾害是由于人类的工程经济活动而引起的地质灾害。人为地质灾害可导致地质环境恶化，使环境质量下降；而地质环境恶化又可导致地质灾害的加重，使灾害频度增大，强度增高。（红色部分为没有翻译的部分）

12GeologicRadarAndItsApplicationInEnvironmentalGeology

地质雷达及其在环境地质中的应用geologicradar；地质雷达environmentalgeology;环境地质garbagefield;垃圾场soilhumidity;土壤湿度13Combinedwithresearchworkonenvironmentalgeologyperformed(执行)inGermanyinrecentyears,thispaperhasbrieflysummedup(总结)thescopeofapplyinggeologicradarintheenvironmentalengineeringfield(领域)andlimitations(局限性)ofthismethod,anddescribedtheprinciple(原理)ofgeologicradartechniqueandtheproblemsthatexist.本文结合近几年联邦德国在环境地质方面的研究工作对地质雷达在环境工程领域中的应用范围及其局限性作了简要总结，文中并介绍了地质雷达技术的方法原理及存在问题。

14Discussiononfractalgeology分形地质学初探Abstract：Thefollowingpaperexplainsthedefinition(定义)offractal,discussestheapplication(应用)offractaltheoryingeologyfromearthquake,slope,debrisflow(泥石流),joint,crackanddislocation(断层)，andpointsouttheproblemsneededtobesolvedbyfractaltheoryandthetheory’slongtermpotential(潜力/前景)．摘要：解释了分形的基本概念，从地震、边坡、泥石流、节理、断裂及断层等方面探讨了分形理论在地质学的应用，指出了分形理论还需解决的问题及发展前景。

15Keywords：fractaltheory,slope,debrisflow,joint,dislocation关键词：分形理论，边坡，泥石流，节理，断层VirtualRealityTechnologyinEngineeringGeology工程地质学中的虚拟现实技术

Keywords：virtualrealitytechnology；虚拟现实技术computertechnology；计算机技术engineeringgeology；工程地质学16Abstract：Focusontheproblemsofengineeringgeologyteaching，theauthorssummarized(总结)theapplicationofVirtualRealitytechnologyinengineeringgeologylessonsbyyears’teachingpractice.Combine(结合)withsomegood－effectprecedents(案例/引用单元inconstruction，waterconservancy(保护)，disaterandtheconclusion，theVirtualRealitytechnologymusthavecertainpracticalwayforotherengineeringlessonsofcivilengineering(土木专业)．17摘要：针对工程地质学课程教学中存在的问题，笔者通过多年的教学实践，总结出虚拟现实技术在工程地质学课程中的运用，结合施工、水利、灾害等效果较好的案例对工程地质虚拟现实技术进行了总结，对土木专业其他工程类课程具有一定的实用意义18GeologyKnowledgeSysteminGemologySpecialtyEstablishmentandExploration

地质学知识体系在宝石学专业中的设置与探索

Gemology宝石学；Specialty专业Keywords：关键词compoundpersonmasters；复合型人才；gemologyspecialty；宝石专业；

planofinstruction教学计划19Abstract：Thisauthorsmainlyintroducedtheundergraduatecourseofgem(宝石)specialized(专门的)studypropagate’s(繁殖)sourcestructure(生源结构),theknowledgesystemstructure，thecurriculum(课程)，theemploymentcondition(就业状况)，thenanalyzedthegemspecializedcurriculum(宝石专业课程)andresourcesreconnaissancespecializedcurriculum(资源勘查专业课程)similaritiesanddifferences．Inordertotraincompoundpersonmastersofmanyskills,emphasizedthespecializedcurriculumandthesocietyrequesttotie(联系)．20Theauthorswillsuggestrevision(修订/修改)gemspecializedplanofinstruction(教学计划)andtheprogramofinstruction(教学大纲)，carryon(进行)theappropriate(适当的)readjustment(重新调整)tothemainspecializedfoundationcurriculumcontent(内容)，opensup(拓宽)thegemspecializedstudentaspectofknowledge(知识面)，enduresfor(持续)thestudenttotheresourcesreconnaissancespecializeddirectiondivergence(分流)toprovidethecondition．21摘要：本文介绍了本科宝石专业学生生源结构、课程设置、知识体系结构、就业状况，宝石专业与资源勘查专业课程的异同点；强调了为培养一专多能的复合型人才，专业课程设置必须与社会需求相结合；建议修改宝石专业教学计划和教学大纲，对主要专业基础课内容进行适当调整，拓宽宝石专业学生地学知识面，为学生就业向资源勘查专业方向分流提供条件。

22TheConstructionandRealizationoftheGeologicalSpecimenandModelDatabase地质学标本模型库的构建与实现Abstract：Thispaperintroducesthefunction(功能)modules(模块)andthedesignmethodsoftheGeologicalSpecimenandModelDatabase，anddiscussessomedifficulttechnologiessuchashowtoanalyzehtml(网页提取)andhowtoconnect(连接)databaseefficiently．23摘要：本文详细地介绍了地质学标本模型库的功能模块和设计思路，对网页提取、数据库连接等技术难点进行了详尽的阐速。Keywords：thegeologicalspecimenandmodeldatabase；地质学标本模型库theresourcedatabase；资源库theconnectionpoolofthedatabase数据库连接池24StrategyofYoungTalentinGeologicalFundamentalStudiesinChina我国地质学基础研究人才战略DepartmentofEarthScience，NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina，Beijing100085，国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部。Keywords：geology；talent；strategy．关键词：地质学；人才；战略．

Foundation基金/基金会/基础25Abstract：TomeettherequirementsofEarthSystemScience(ESS)developmentinchina,astate-of-the-art(艺术级的)studyhasbeencarriedout．Theaverageage(平均年龄)，academicdegree(学位)anddiscipline(学科)distributionofgeologists,andissues(问题)relatedtogeoscience(地球科学)educationhavebeenstatisticallystudied，26basedonreclaimed(回收的)questionnaires(调查表/问卷)fromover40universities.8researchinstitutes(研究会/研究所)ofChineseAcademyofSciences(中国科学院)，147personswhohavebeenfunded(资助)bytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(NSFC)asoutstanding(杰出的)youngscientists，and407projectprincipals(负责人)ofNSFCyouthfund(基金)projects．27InChina,4418peoplearenowengagedinthebasicresearchofgeosciences(地球科学)，withpeakages(峰值年龄)between41and45years．Thenumbersharplydecreasesforgeologistsyoungerthan40years．TheratioofthenumberofPhDgraduatesingeologyoverthetotalnumberofPhDgraduatesinChinadecreasedfrom8.76in1993to4.7in2003．28Ifthedecline(下降)inthenumberofyounggeologistsremainsunchanged，thehumanresource(人才)infundamentalgeologicalresearchwouldbenotenoughtomeettheneedsofthedevelopmentofESSandtheprogressofeconomyandsociety．29Inordertoachieve(完成/达到)thestrategicgoalforChinatodevelopfasteringeosciencestudies，strategicmeasuresareproposed(提出)onhowtoimprovefunding(基金资助)，thetrainingandevaluationsystemandthesocial--academicenvironment(人文环境)foryounggeologists．30基于地球系统科学对地质学基础研究人才的需求，对我国40余所高校,8个中国科学院研究所的地质学人才存量、结构、培养状况和147名国家杰出青年科学基金获得者、407名青年基金项目负责人进行了问卷调查．调查发现全国现有4418人从事地质学基础研究工作,年龄峰值为41~45岁,人数随年龄降低而大幅度减少;地质类博士毕业生占全国当年博士毕业总人数的比例从1993年的8.76下降到2003年的4.7。31研究结果表明,我国现有青年地质学人才数量呈急剧下降趋势,未来5～10年地质学基础研究人才远不能适应地球系统科学发展、国民经济建设和人类社会进步的需要。为了加强地质学基础研究人才队伍建设和规划,实现从地学大国走向地学强国的战略目标,提出了设立“国家自然科学育才基金”、创新地质学青年拔尖人才培育模式和改善人文环境等措施.32SummaryofEngineeringHighSidesofHongjiaduHydropowerStation洪家渡水电站工程高边坡综述

Keywords：engineeringgeology；工程地质学basicgeologicalcondition；基本地质条件engineeringhighside；工程高边坡summary；综述HongjiaduHydropowerStation洪家渡水电站

33Abstract：ThegeologicalconditionsofHongjiaduHydropowerStationontheWujiangRiverarethatthedepthofvalleyisuptomorethan300m,hardrockstrataalternatewithsoftones,slopsofbankarehighandprecipitous(陡峭的),softstratahavedeveloped,geologicalactivities(地质作用)areverystrong(强烈)suchasstress-releasing(卸载)，collapsing(崩塌)andetc..乌江洪家渡水电站坝址河谷深切300余m，硬质岩与软质岩相间分布，岸坡地形陡峻，软弱夹层发育，应力释放、崩塌等物理地质作用强烈。

34Therefore,thereexistedsomeengineeringproblemsforexampleaseriesofthestabilityofhighsidesinexcavations(挖掘)ofsomehydraulicstructures.Howtokeepthestabilityofhighsidewasakeyprobleminthisproject．Thisarticlemadeasummaryaboutsuccessfulexperienceoftreatinghighsidesintheproject．因此，工程高边坡稳定问题是本工程的主要工程问题之一，但通过参建各方共同努力，本工程高边坡处理都取得了圆满成功。

35AReviewofUrbanGeology城市地质学综述Keywords：urbangeology；城市地质学3Dgeologicalconditions；3维地质条件Geo－hazards；地质灾害environmentalpollution环境污染36Abstract：Urbangeologymainlydealswithissuesof3Dgeologicalconditions，geo-hazardsandenvironmentalpollutionincities．(1)Drillingandgeophysicaltechniquesareusedtoobtaindetailed3Dgeologicaldata,buildfullurbandatabasesandfurthersetup3Dmodels．城市三维地质条件的调查主要采用机械钻探与地球物理勘探相结合的方法，通过收集大量资料，建立比较完整的数据库，并借助于地理信息系统，建立三维地质模型；37(2)Remotesensing，geologicalandgeophysicaltechniquesareutilizedtodrawmapsofdistributionofurbangeo-hazards，andriskevaluationmethodsareintroducedtopredictfuturegeo-hazards．城市地质灾害调查需综合运用遥感、地质和地球物理勘探方法,以编制城市灾害分布及预测图,并进行风险评估；38(3)Basedongeochemicalsurveyandconditionalmonitoring(监测)formanykindsofgeologicalmarks(指标)，riskevaluationcanbeusedtopredictfuturetrendofurbanenvironmentalpollution．Allresultsofurbangeologicalsurveyshouldbedigitalizedandvisualizedtobeavailableformorepotentialclients(客户)，andmakeabetterserviceforurbanplanning,landuseanddevelopment．39城市环境污染调查则主要运用勘探地球化学技术,在区域地球化学填图的基础上,结合各项地质环境指标监测,采用风险评估方法,以评价和预测环境污染状况及其未来趋势。城市地质各项成果向数字化、可视化的信息产品转化,为更多用户提供信息服务,促进城市规划、土地利用与开发,是现代城市地质学发展的必由之路。40OutlineofDigitalMineralDeposit数字矿床概述Keywords:Digitalmineraldeposit;数字矿床

Digitalization;数字化

Visualization;可视化

Virtualreality;虚拟现实Knowledgemanagement知识管理

41Abstract:Digitalmineraldeposit(DMD)istosolveinanintegralwaytherapid,all-sidedandprecisecollection,access,process,analysisandexpressionoftheinformationofmineraldepositandrelatedsourcessoastomaximisetheutilizationofknowledgeresource.DMDintegrates(整合)alargeamountofdisordered(无序的)anddiscrete(离散的)informationofmineraldepositintonewknowledgebyinnovation(创新)fortheusersofcomputernetwork．42摘要:数字矿床的提出是为了整体解决矿床及其相关资源信息的快速、全面、精确的采集、存取、处理、分析和表达等问题，最大限度地利用知识资源，将大量无序、分散的矿床信息加以有序集成整合，形成经创新的新知识，通过计算机网络有针对性地提供给使用者。43Geoscienceisitstheoreticalbasiswhilecomputerscienceisthemaintechnologyforitsrealization，withcognizance(认知)scienceasthelinkagebetweenthem.TheresearchofDMDincludesmineraldepositdigitalization,mineraldepositvisualization,virtualdepositanddepositknowledgemanagement．数字矿床的理论基础是地质学，实现数字矿床的技术主要是计算机技术，认知科学是将理论与实践联系起来的纽带。数字矿床研究的内容包括矿床数字化、矿床可视化、虚拟矿床和矿床知识管理。44BuildingofThree-DimensionalModelsofDepositBasedonSurpac基于Surpac的矿床三维模型构建

Keywords:Geologicaldatabase，地质数据库Depositmodel，矿床模型Geologicalstatistics，地质统计学Grademodel，品位模型Surpac45Abstract:Three-dimensionmodelsofdepositarethefoundationof“digitalmine”andthedigitalcharacterizationofdeposit．Theauthorsestablishedthegeologicaldatabaseforamine,basedonwhichthreedimensionalmodelsforthesurface,fault,orebody,cavityandroadwayandthegradeblockmodelwereconstructed．摘要:矿床三维模型是“数字矿山”的基础，是矿床的数字表征。借助国际矿业软件Surpae建立了某矿山地质数据库，在此基础上构建了矿区地表、断层、矿体、空区和巷道的三维模型以及品位块体模型。46EstimationwasmadebasedonthegradeblockmodelofthegradeofmetalelementsintheorebodybyKrigingmethod．Theestimationresultswereusedtocalculatethereservesforeachmetalelementandeachsublevel.whichwerethencomparedwiththereservesobtainedintherealexplorationofthemine．ItisshownthatthemodelsestablishedusingSurpacsoftwarearereliableandthecalculationresultsaccurate,andcanbeusedtoassistinmineresourceassessment,miningdesignandscheduling．47针对品位块体模型采用普通克立格法对矿体金属元素品位进行估值，运用估值结果分别按各金属元素和中段进行了储量计算，并与矿山实际勘探获得的储量进行了对比。结果表明，采用Surpac软件所建模型可靠，计算结果准确，可用于辅助矿山进行资源评估、采矿设计以及计划编制等工作。48DevelopmentOrientationofChina~GoldEnterprisesin21stCentury

21世纪中国黄金企业发展方向

Keywords:Goldindustry,黄金工业Mineralprecessingandmetallurgicaltechnologies,选冶技术Developmentorientation发展方向49Abstract：ThemainfeaturesofChinagoldindustryincludemanytypesofdepositandfewdepositsthathavereservesofaboveonehundredtmetal,resultinginsmallandscatteredminingenterprises．Attheendof2000，thereweremorethan1200goldenterprisesinChina,withover85％ofthembeingsmallandmedium-sizedonesthathavedailycapacityof200torbelow.50摘要:我国黄金工业的主要特点是矿床类型多，超百吨金属矿床储量少，矿山企业小而分散。2002年末有1200多座黄金企业，其中85％以上是中小型，即其日处理量在200t或以下。51Afterentering21stcentury,thegoldindustrybegantoorganizegroupsinsmallscale,withnoneofthemabletobecomeoneoftheworldtenbiggestcompaniesineitherproduction,fundortechnology.Thisisincompatiable(不相称的)withthefactthatChinahasbeentheworldfourthbiggestgoldproducingcountrysince2002.ThepaperdescribesthepresentconditionsofChina’sgoldindustryandgivestheopinionsonitsfuturedevelopment．52进入21世纪黄金企业开始组建集团，但规模小,产量、资金与技术没有一个公司可进人世界10大公司之一,这与我国自2002年成为世界第4产金大国很不相称。就中国黄金企业今后如何发展提出了几点看法。53AStandardizedApproachtoTrenchSamplingandDataProcessinginVisualizationSimulationSystem

矿床可视化仿真系统中刻槽数据的规范处理Keywords：Mineraldepositsimulation,矿床仿真Trenchsamplingdata,刻槽数据Standardizedprocessing规范处理54Abstract:Amineraldepositsimulationsystemthatusessimplythedrillingdataobtainedingeologicalexplorationandproductionexplorationwillresultinasimulationeffectthatisdifficulttomeettheproductionneed.Tosolvethisproblem,itisnecessarytointroducethetrenchsamplingdatawithhighspacesamplingdensityintothesystem．摘要:在矿床仿真系统中，单纯采用地质勘探和生产勘探中的钻探数据将导致仿真效果难以满足生产需要。为解决这一问题，需要在仿真系统中引入空间采样密度高的刻槽数据。

55Theeffectofthecharacteristicsoftrenchsamplingdataonthemineraldepositsimulationsystemandthedataprocessingareanalysed.分析了刻槽数据的这些特征对矿床仿真系统及数据处理的影响，Incombinationwiththetypicaltrenchsamplingmodeanddistributionofminingengineering,astandardizedprocessingapproachfortrenchsamplingdataisproposed,layingafoundationforimprovingtheeffectofvisualizationsimulationandthepracticalityandgeneralityofthemineraldepositvisualizationsimulationsystem．

56结合采矿工程典型的刻槽方式和刻槽分布，提出了刻槽数据的规范处理方法，为改善矿床可视化仿真效果、提高可视化仿真系统的实用性和通用性奠定了基础。DevelopmentandProspectofMiningSystemsEngineering矿业系统工程的发展与展望

Keywords:Miningsystemsengineering,矿业系统工程Historicaldevelopment，历史发展Prospectforcast前景展望57Abstract：

Miningsystemsengineeringisanewbranchofdisciplineformedinrecentfortyyearsthroughthecombinationofminingengineeringandsystemsengineering．ThehistoricaldevelopmentofminingsystemsengineeringbothathomeandabroadandthecurrentstatusofitsresearcharediscussedandthetheoreticalbasisofitsresearchandthemethodsadoptedbothinandoutsideChinaaresummarizedandanalysed.Thenewdevelopmentsinsomemajordomainsarepresentedandfinally,itsfuturedevelopmentprospectisforcasted．

58摘要:矿业系统工程是近40年来矿业工程学科与系统工程学科相结合而形成的一个新的学科分支。讨论了矿业系统工程在国内外的历史发展，以及近年研究领域的拓展现状。对国内外矿业系统工程研究的理论基础及采用的方法做了归纳分析。介绍了若干重要领域的新发展。最后对矿业系统工程的发展前景做一展望。

59ReclamationofMinedAreainDepositionTypeBauxiteDepositandEcologicalReconstructionofMineDistrict

堆积型铝土矿床采空区复垦及矿区生态重建Keywords：Minedarea;采空区Reclamation;复垦Soil;土壤Plantation;植被Ecologicalreconstruction生态重建60Abstract:Inviewofthecharacteristicsofsuchasdepositiontypebauxitedeposits,rapidlandoccupationintheirminingandlackofthesoilsourceforreclamation.andinaccordancewiththeprincipleofsystematicengineering,anadvancedcombinationofmultipledisciplinesisusedinthereclamationofminedarea.摘要:

针对堆积型铝土矿床矿区范围大,开采该类矿床占地速度快,复垦土源缺少等特点,按照系统工程学的原理,以多学科先进的组合应用于矿山采空区复垦工程。61Stripping—mining—reclamationcombinedtechnologicalsystemisestablishedtospeedupthesoilageing，shortentheageingcycleandintegratethemining,biologicaIandecologicaltechnologiesintoone，makingitpossibleforminestoreconstructinashortperiodanartificialecologicalsystemwiththearable(可耕种的)landasthemainandwithoptimizedforest,bushandforage(草料)grass．建立剥离、采矿、复垦联合工艺系统,加速土壤熟化,缩短熟化周期,将采矿技术、生物技术、生态技术融为一体,使矿山在短时期内重新建立以农业耕地为主,林灌牧草优化的人工生态系统。62TheComprehensiveEvaluationTechniqueofMillingGradeandIts’Application

合理入选品位综和评价技术及其应用Keywords:Industrialindexesoforedeposit,矿床工业指标Lossrate,损失率Dilutionrate,贫化率Millinggrade,入选品位Optimization,优化63Abstract：Thefundamentalsandthemainmethodofthecomprehensiveevaluationtechniqueofmillinggradeandsoftwaredesignforimplementing(实行)thistechniqueandthesoftwarerealizationmethodarepresented.Demonstration(示范)analysisismadeonthebasicprocedureofdeterminingtherationalmillinggradebythissoftware.摘要：介绍了合理入选品位综和评价技术的基本原理、主要方法，以及实现该项技术的软件设计和软件实现方法，并对应用该软件确定合理入选品位的基本过程进行了示例化分析64采矿工程英语

EnglishforMiningEngineering李明2008/8/765Lesson1BlastinginDevelopmentWorkings开拓巷道爆破Manypatternsofholeroundsforblastingareroundinpractice.Thenatureofthegroundtobeblasted,thefunctionofeachhole,thekindofexplosivesused,thewayinwhichtheholesareloadedandfired,theirnumber,diameter,depth,andspacingaretobeconsideredforanyparticularround.Round炮眼组/循环/扩槽；spacing间距/间隔；burden抵抗线；explosive炸药；beproportionalto与…….成比例。在实践中，炮眼组爆破的许多形式是环形的用于扩槽。每一个炮眼组要爆破岩层的性质,每个炮孔的作用,应用的炸药种类,炮孔装药及点火方式,炮眼数量,直径,深度,间距都要被考虑到。66However,thefollowingprinciplesareofgeneralapplication:theStrengthoftheexplosiveshouldbeproportionaltothestrengthoftherock;theburdenshouldbeproportionaltothestrengthoftheexplosive.然而，以下规则普遍应用：炸药的强度应与岩石的硬度成比例(相称),抵抗线应该与炸药的强度成比例(相称)。67Drift,crosscut,adit,shaftorraisepresentasimilarprobleminbreakingthatonlyonefreefaceisattached.Tohavemorethanonefreeface,mostroundsinitiatethebreakbyapyramidordiamondcut,V-cutandburncut,thenotherholesarefiredinsuccession.平巷、石门、平硐、井筒或天井在爆破过程中都存在一个相同问题，即只有一个自由面。为了形成多个自由面，许多炮眼组开始利用锥形或菱形掏槽，V形掏槽及一字形(直线)掏槽爆破，然后依次起爆周围(其它)炮孔。68TheV-cutisgenerallylocatedatthecenteroftheface.Oneofexplosivesmostwidelyusedforblastinginundergroundworkisammon-dynamite.Locate位于；ammon-dynamite硝铵炸药；emulsionexplosive乳化炸药;

V形掏槽一般位于工作面中心。地下矿山爆破工作中应用最广泛的炸药之一是硝铵炸药。Modernminingpracticeindicates

theshortdelayblastingismoreandmorewidelyusedforbreakingrocks.Indicate指出/预示/暗示/象征；theshortdelayblasting毫秒延期爆破；现代采矿实践中毫秒延期(微差)爆破越来越广泛地应用于爆破岩石。69Apartfromtheinitialfracturingoftherockbytheexplosive,thefragmentationindelayblastingisfurtherinfluencedbythetimeintervalbetweentheshots.Aninstantaneousblastcausedallrocktomovetogether.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwotypesofblastsisadelayperiodwhichresultsinabetterfragmentation.

Apartfrom除….以外；

initial最初的；fragmentation爆炸/碎裂；fracture破裂/断面；instantaneous瞬时的/立即的；apparently显然/俨然；除了炸药爆炸所造成的最初的破裂外，借助于炮眼间时间间隔形成的延期爆炸所引起地破碎进一步加强了，瞬时爆破导致所有的岩石一起抛掷，这两种爆破的区别是延迟时间，其能导致较好的破碎。70Thisdelayperiodwillapparentlydependonthreefactors:thetypeofrock,theburdenoftheshothole,theshotholespacing.Theoptimumdelayperiodismainlyinfluencedbythetypeofrock。Optimum最佳条件/最适度；shot爆破/炮眼；shothole炮眼；显然，延期时间取决于三个因素：岩石类型，炮眼的最小抵抗线，炮眼间距，最佳延期时间主要受岩石类型影响。71Itisacommonimpressionthatthe15-to-25milliseconddelayatpresentavailablewithshortdelaydetonation

isasuitabledelayinterval.Millisecond毫秒；available可用的/合用的/通用的；impression印象/认为；detonation雷管；通常认为目前，15－25毫秒的延期时间是合适的间隔时间，其与微差电雷管通用。72Readingmaterial:

DrillingandBlasting钻眼爆破Therearetwo-approachestothisphaseofshaftsinking.Oneconsistsofdrillingandblastingthecompleteshaftbottominoneoperationandistermedfull-bottom.Thesecondknownasthebenchingmethodinvolvesdrillingandblastingone-halftheshaftatatime.Approach途径/方法/接近；phase阶段/局面/状态；bench把…分成台阶形；shaftsinking井筒掘进；shaftbottom井底。井筒掘进有两种方法，一种方法是由一次钻眼爆破整个井底叫做全井底方法(可译为：一种方法是井筒全断面一次爆破)，第二种方法被称作台阶法，一次钻眼爆破井筒断面的一半。73Theadvantagesofthebenchingmethodare:台阶法的优点：1、Aconstantlargecapacitysumpisprovidedwhichisofconsiderablebenefitwhensinkingawetshaft.Sump水仓/水窝；constant经常的/不断的/经久的；benefit利益/好处；wet湿的；当掘进有涌水的井筒时，提供一个大容量的永久水仓是有利的。742、Thetimerequiredtocleanbottomaftermuckingisminimized;theremainingrockbeingblownintothesump.Mucking装岩/抓岩;minimize减少到最低限度；blow放炮/爆破/(风)吹/喷水/喷气；；装岩后需要清理井底的时间减少到最低值，剩余的岩石可被清理(吹)到水窝里去。3、Flyrockuptheshaftisminimized,Astheshotrockisthrownagainsttheoppositesideoftheshaft,Therefore,itisnotnormallynecessarytomovethestagebeforeblasting.stage阶段/吊盘；shotrock爆落岩石；向上的飞石减到了最少，因为爆落的岩石被抛向井筒对面，因此爆破前通常不必移动吊盘。75Whenusingafull-bottomround,extremecaremustbetakentominimizetheamountofpowderperdelayinthecut,Thisisdonetoavoiddamagetothestage.Thestageisusuallywithdrawnaminimumof150feetfromthebottomforblasting.Thiscaninvolveadelayof30minutesormorebecause,asasafetyprecaution,thestageisnotmovedwithmenonthebottom.76Extreme极度的/极端的/非常的；withdraw撤离/缩回；precaution警惕/预防措施；当采用全断面爆破时，必须非常小心地把掏槽眼的每段装药量减到最低。这样做为了避免破坏吊盘，吊盘通常撤离到距井底最少150英尺以躲避爆破，这可以包括在30分钟甚至更多的延期里，因为作为一项安全预防措施，人员在井底时，吊盘不能移动。77Lesson2SupportofMineWorkings矿山巷道的支护Priortominingoperations,Strataaresubjecttoaverticalcompressiveforceduetotheweightoftheoverlyingbeds.Inaddition,therocksaresubjecttoalateralorsidewaysforce,duetothefactthattheyareexternally

constrainedandarethusunabletoexpandsideways,Theseverticalandlateralforcesareinequilibriumorinotherwordstheybalanceeachotherandthestrataremainatrestintheirnaturalposition.78采矿作业之前，由于上覆岩层的重力作用，地层受到垂直压力。另外，岩层还受到水平(横向)的或侧向力。由于这个缘故，岩层表面上被抑制，不能侧向扩张(膨胀)，这些垂直的和横向的压力保持平衡，换句话说，它们相互平衡，地层在原位置静止不动。priorto在….之前；sideways横的(地)/斜的;excavation挖掘/采掘/巷道;Full-face～全断面掘进；shaftanddrift～井巷掘进；winning~采掘空间/工作；79excavator挖掘机/电铲；single-bucket~单斗挖掘机；walking~迈步式挖掘机；dragline~索斗挖掘机；bucket－wheel~轮斗挖掘机；clamp~抓斗挖掘机；externally外面/表面上；compressive有压力的/压缩的；lateral侧面的/旁边的/横向的；constrain强迫/抑制/阻止；sink挖掘/沉降；roadway巷道/路；subjectto遭受/受到/根据；overlyingbeds上覆岩层；inaddition另外/还有；equilibrium平衡；beinequilibrium保持平衡；80atrest静止/安静；avolcanoatrest静止的火山；setaquestionatrest把问题解决；operation操作/工作运转；expand使膨胀/使扩张；81Oncewemakeanexcavation,however,asinsinkingashaftordrivingaroadway,Wedisturbthisstateofequilibriumorbalanceandtheverticalandlateralforceareredistributed,sothatnewforcesareinducedwhichoperateinamannertorestoreequilibrium.我们掘进一条巷道，如掘进一条井筒或开掘一条平巷，我们打破(破坏)了这种平衡状态，，垂直的和横向的压力重新分布，以致诱发了新的压力，其以某种方式起作用，促使恢复新的平衡。82Thisredistributionoftheforcestendstocausethestratatomoveintotheexcavation.Thegreaterthedepthoftheexcavationthegreateristhepressureuponthesurroundingstrata,Iftherockarestrong,andtheexcavationnarrow,themovementwillbeslightandtheexcavationmayremainopen.压力的重新分布往往导致地层向巷道内移动，巷道所处深度越大，围岩的压力就越大，如果围岩稳固且巷道断面跨度小，围岩的移动是轻微的，巷道可不用支护(保持敞空)。83Inmostcases,however,especiallyinwideexcavations,thestratabreakandsupportshavetobeused,Insuchcases,Ifthesupportsaresetearlyenoughandarestrongenough,theymaypreventthestratafrombreaking,orIffracturehasoccurred,theywillpreventthebrokenrocksfromfallingwherethestratabreak。然而，在多数情况下，尤其是巷道断面跨度大，地层破碎必须应用支护，在这种情况下，如果支护安装的及时且强度足够大，支护可以防止岩层破碎或者出现破裂(断面)。或在地层断裂处，可防止破碎岩石冒落。84itisimpossibletopreventthemfromsubsidingsothattherealproblemofsupportisoneofroofcontrol.Thetermroofcontrolnotonly

coverstheactualsettingofsupports,butincludesastudyoftheforcesactinginthestrata.阻止岩层下沉是不可能的，如此支护的真正问题是顶板管理之一，顶板管理这个术语不但包括了实际的安装支护，而且包括了作用在地层中压力的研究。85andtheapplicationofsupportssuitablefortheparticularconditionsexistinginthemine,Theseconditionsvarywidelywiththenatureoftherocksandthesystemofworkingemployed.以及矿山中适合于特殊条件的支护的应用，这些情况(条件)随着岩石性质及使用的工作系统的变动很大。86Thebedformingtheroofofanynarrowexcavationmayberegardedasaverylargeslabofstonerestingupontheroadsidepillarsandcarryingtheweightoftheoverlyingrocks.Theforcesactingonandinthisslabwillbemostlycompressivedownwardforcesbutothertypesofforcealsoariseintherocksaroundtheroadway.形成任何小断面巷道顶板的地层，可看作是一块很大的石板被支撑在路旁矿柱上，承载/托着上覆岩层的重量.作用在平板上面的和内部的压力，多数是向下的压力，但是巷道围岩中也产生了其它类型的压力。87Thesectionoftheroofbedimmediatelyabovetheseammayberegardedasabeamfixedatbothendshavingaspanequaltothewidthoftheroadway