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3September2024|12:02PMEDT
OilAnalyst
PotentiallyNegativeEffectsofAIonOilProductionCostsandOilPrices
n
n
n
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_
n
EnergyfirmsnowmentionAImorefrequentlyonearningscallsanduseAImorethanthemedianfirmintheeconomy.ThedebateontheimpactofAIonenergyandmetalshasmostlyfocusedonthedemandsidegiventheexpectedboosttopowerdemand.However,wehighlightthatAImayeventuallyweighonoilpricesoverthenextdecadebyboostingoilsupplythroughtwomainchannels.
First,AIcouldpotentiallyreducecostsviaimprovedlogisticsandresource
allocation.Weestimatethatc.30%ofthecostsofanewshalewellcould
potentiallybereducedbyAI,resultinginac.$5/bblfallinthemarginalincentiveprice,assuminga25%productivitygainobservedforearlyAIadopters.
Second,AIcouldpotentiallyincreasetheultimatelyrecoverableresourcebase.AhypotheticalAI-catalyzed10-20%jumpintheverylowrecoveryfactorsofUS
shalecouldincreaseoilreservesby8-20%(10-30bnbarrels).
Incontrast,weestimatearelativelymodestpotentialAIboosttooildemandis
viahigherincomesof+0.7mb/doverthenext10years,whichcouldraise
long-datedoilpricesby$2/bbl.ThisAIimpactonoildemandismodestcomparedtotheAIdemandimpacttopowerandnaturalgas,andpalesincomparisonto
thenegativeestimatedeffectsonoildemandfromEVs(c.-8mb/d)andlowernaturalgasprices(-2mb/d)overthenext10years.
Takentogether,webelievethatAIwouldlikelybeamodestnetnegativetooilpricesinthemedium-to-longtermasthenegativeimpactfromthecostcurve(c.-$5/bbl)-oil’slong-termanchor-wouldlikelyoutweighthedemandboost
(c.+$2/bbl).Thisfindingreinforcesthenegativelong-runoilpriceimplicationsfromourworkon:(1)2024TopProjects,(2)China’s3S’s,and(3)theLNGbearcycle.
CallumBruce,CFA
+1(212)902-3053|callum.bruce@GoldmanSachs&Co.LLC
DaanStruyven
+1(212)357-4172|
daan.struyven@
GoldmanSachs&Co.LLC
YuliaZhestkovaGrigsby
+1(646)446-3905|yulia.grigsby@GoldmanSachs&Co.LLC
Investorsshouldconsiderthisreportasonlyasinglefactorinmakingtheirinvestmentdecision.ForRegAC
certificationandotherimportantdisclosures,seetheDisclosureAppendix,orgoto/research/hedge.html.
GoldmanSachsOilAnalyst
Afterinitiallylagging,USenergyfirmsareincreasinglymentioningAIintheirearningscalls
ProportionofS&P500firmsmentioningAIduringquarterlyearningscalls
Lowerlong-runoilproductioncostslikelyoutweighthe
income-relatedAIboosttooildemandoverthenextdecade
BrentcrudeoilpriceimpactsofdifferentAIchannels(USD/bbl)
ProportionofS&P500firmsmentioning"AI"duringquarterlyearningscalls70%
60%
50%Energy
40%
S&P500
30%20%10%
0%
2015201620172018201920202021202220232024
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
20292034
AIincomeboostLowercost-curve
Brentcrudeoilpriceimpact
Source:Companyreports,GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
WethinkthelowercostcurveeffectsofAIarelikelytobemorefrontloadedthanthedemand-sideeffects
Source:GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
PotentiallyNegativeEffectsofAIonOilProductionCostsandOilPrices
TheenergysectorhadinitiallylaggedinearningscalltranscriptmentionsofAIaswellasinbusinesssurveydataonthecurrentandexpectedoperationaluseofAIover2023.
Theearningscallgapdisappearedin2024astheimplicationsofartificialintelligence(AI)forpowerdemandandelectrificationcameintofocusforcommoditymarkets.Thiswastrueforbothenergy(powerandnaturalgas)andmetals(copper,aluminium,andthe
batterymetals).
WeexpecttheriseofAItoreinforcetheelectrification-driveninflectioninglobalpowerdemandbeyondthatseeninhistoricalGDP-consumptionpatterns(Exhibit1),
_
fundamentallydivergingfromdecadesofstagnation.Assuch,theenergysectorisnowoneofthemostintensesectorsoftheAIdebate(Exhibit2).
Whiletheimpactsareclearlybullishforpowerdemandandprices,webelievetheboosttonaturalgasdemandismodestinthecontextofthecomingbearishLNGsupplywave.However,whataretheimplicationsofAIforcrudeoilprices?
InthisOilAnalystweanswerthesequestionsbyseparatingtheimpactsonoilintoitsconflictingimpactsonthedemandside(positivefordemandandprices)andsupplyside(positiveforsupply,demandforprices).
3September20242
GoldmanSachsOilAnalyst
Exhibit1:OurEquityAnalystsForecastThatUSPowerConsumptionGrowthWillOutpaceGDPGrowthThrough2030fortheFirstTimeinThreeDecades
AveragegrowthratesofUSpowerconsumptionandrealGDP,bybusinesscycle,%
Exhibit2:Afterinitiallylagging,USenergyfirmsareincreasingmentioningAIintheirearningscalls
ProportionofS&P500firmsmentioningAIduringquarterlyearningscalls
4.0%
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
PowerConsumptionGDP
1983-19911992-20012002-20092010-20202021-20232022-2030
ProportionofS&P500firmsmentioning"AI"duringquarterlyearningscalls70%
60%
50%Energy
40%
S&P500
30%20%10%
0%
2015201620172018201920202021202220232024
EachUSbusinesscyclestartswiththeexpansionandendswiththerecession,exceptforthecurrentcycle,whichusesrealizeddatafrom2021to2023andGSforecastsafterwards(2030istheendofthepowerconsumptiongrowthforecasts).
Source:EIA,HaverAnalytics,GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
Source:Companyreports,GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
WehighlightthatAIcouldpotentiallyhavesomewhatnegativeimpactsonoilpricesviathesupply-sidethroughtwomainchannels.
LowerLong-RunCosts
First,AIcouldlowertheindustrycostcurve-itslong-runanchor-viareducedcostsfromfurtherimprovinglogisticsandresourceallocation.
Afterinitiallylaggingthemediansector,energyfirmsareincreasinglyexpectingtoleverageAIintheirfutureoperations1,bringingintofocusthesupply-sideofthe
equation.
Forexample,NaborsIndustrieswasabletoreducedrillingtimesofsomeNorthDakota(Bakken)rigsby30%withitspartnershipwithCorvaLLCfocusedonpredictiveand
_
automateddrilling.Elsewhere,BPwasabletosignificantlycutoverheadsforsoftwaredevelopersduetoAI-enhanceddeveloperproductivitytools.
Consistentwiththis,newsurveydatafromtheDallasFedEnergySurveysuggestc.20-40%ofUSoilandgasfirmsarecurrentlyplanningtoleverageAItooptimisesupplychainsandautomateprocessesaswellasimprovedrillingandcompletionactivities(Exhibit3).
Drillingandcompletiontimeshavealreadyfallenc.20%and40%respectivelysince2019,withroomtofallfurther,especiallyforcompletiontimes(Exhibit4).This
mechanicallymeanslessdayratesspentonexpensiverigs.Optimisationofotherprocessescouldsimilarlyreduceothercostoverheads.
1ThiscanbeseeninUSCensusWeeklyBusinessSurveyDatawithinitsSupplementalAIsurvey.
Specificallythequestion,“DoyouthinkthisbusinesswillbeusingAIinproducinggoodsorservicesinthenext6weeks”fortheMining/Oil&Gasextractionsectorversusthenationalaverage.
3September20243
GoldmanSachsOilAnalyst
Exhibit3:AIisexpectedtobefocusedonreducingcosts,optimisingsupplychains,andavoidingdowntime
DallasFedAIsurveyresponsesto:HowisyourfirmusingorplanningtouseAI?(Oilandgasfirmrespondents)
Exhibit4:Fullcyclewelltimesstillhaveroomtofall,althoughwillfacephysicallimits
AveragecycletimefromspudtoproductionforUSPermianShalewell
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
HowisyourfirmusingorplanningtouseAI?
Supply-chainoptimization
Drillingandcompletion
Accounting
Process
automation
Predictivemaintenance
Geologyor
reservoir
engineering
Businessanalysisorpredictiveanalytics
Increasedproductivity/reducedcostsIncreasedrevenueOther
Days
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
AverageBuildingTimeforaPermianWell
ProductionLaunchCompletion
AwaitingCompletionDrilling
20192024
Days
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PredictivemaintenancecanalsoincreaseproductivityandreducecostsSource:DallasFed,GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
Source:EIA,Enverus,Platts,GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
Weestimatethatc.30%ofthecostsassociatedwithanewshalewellcouldpotentially
bereducedbyAI(Exhibit5),withtheothercostslargelydeterminedbyphysicalcommodityrequirements(cement,sand,fluids,etc)whichcannotbesignificantlystreamlined.
Assuminga25%productivitygain,asestimatedforearlyadoptersbyourGlobal
Economicscolleaguesusingacademicliteratureandcorporateanecdotes(Exhibit6),
thiswouldresultinapotential-7%fallintotalwellcosts.2Applyingthisinturntoour
c.$70/bblestimate(onaBrentcrudeoilbasis)ofUSshalemarginalcostsamountstoa$5/bblfallinthecostofoil’smarginalsupplier,andinthelong-runanchorofoilprices.3
Thisoptimisationprocesswilleventuallyreachitsphysicalconstraintsasdrillingspeedsreachtheirnaturallimit.Theremayalsobesomeoffsettingimpactsfrompotential
tightnessinUSpowermarkets.
_
2Oureconomists’conservativelyassumea15%cumulativeproductivityuplift(ratherthan25%)intheirbaselineestimates.The25%utilisedherebetteralignswithcorporateanecdotesintheenergyspace.
3Admittedly,fromourdiscussions,smallerfirmswhichmaybetterdefinethemarginalcostmaybelesslikelytoexploitAI.But,equally,theymayhaveevenmoretogainfromdoingso.
3September20244
GoldmanSachsOilAnalyst
Exhibit5:Weestimatec.30%ofUSshalecostscouldbereducedbyimplementingAI
USPermianshalewellcostbreakdownbypotentialAIimpact($m)
Exhibit6:AIhasgeneratedac.25%improvementinlabourproductivityonaverage
EstimatedeffectofgenerativeAIadoptiononlabourproductivity
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
AIunaffectedAIaffected
25%efficiencygaininAIaffectedcategories
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
MedianAverageMedianAverage
AcademicStudiesCompanyAnecdotes
EffectofGenerativeAIAdoptiononLabourProductivity:Estimates
Source:Woodmac,GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearchSource:GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
APotentialBoosttoRecoverableResources
Second,byacceleratingthelearning-by-doingprocess,AIcouldincreasetheamountofprofitablyrecoverableresources,ashifttotherightoftheindustrycost-curve.
TheDallasFedsurveyandcorporateanecdotessuggestthatwhiletheprimary
expectedbenefitsarefocusedonreducingcosts,therearealsosomeproductionand
revenueenhancingbenefitsofAI(Exhibit3).Predictivemaintenancehasthepotentialtoreduceproductiondowntime.Meanwhile,improvedgeological/reservoirengineering
hasthepotentialtoboostproductionandreserves.
Forexample,VitalEnergyincreasedcompany-levelproductionby2-3%usingautomated
processesforsubmersiblepumpsleveragingAI.ContangoResourcesincreased
operationalperformancebyautonomouslyoptimisingartificial(naturalgas)lift.Baker
HugheshaspartneredwithC3.aitouseAI-poweredtoolstooptimiseproduction,whileSchlumbergeraimstohave15%ofalloilwellsautonomouslycontrolledbyAIinthe
_
next3-5years.Elsewhere,ShearFracaimstouseAItofrackwellsmoreefficiently,
enhancingrecoveredmolecules.Lastly,ADNOCrecentlyannouncedthatithadraised
outputatitsoffshoreSARBfieldby25%(c.30kb/d)usingAI-basedtechnology.
WeinvestigateahypotheticalimprovementintheverylowrecoveryfactorsofUSshale,whicharecurrentlyjustafractionofthatobservedinconventionalresources(Exhibit7).AhypotheticalAI-catalyzed10-20%jumpinwellproductivityandhigherrecoveryratescouldincreaseremainingresourcesby8-20%(10-30bnbarrels),basedonthecurrent
industrycostcurveandourlong-termBrentcrudeoilpriceassumption(Exhibit8).
Althoughthisisdifficulttoquantifyatthegloballevel,thisimpactchannelofAIwould
increasetheultimatelyrecoverableresourcebase,delayingfurtherthepeakofUSshalesupply,andfurtherslowingapotentialdrawdownofelevatedOPEC+sparecapacity.
3September20245
GoldmanSachsOilAnalyst
Exhibit7:USShalehasmuchlowerresourcerecoveryfactorsthanconventionaloilwells,leavingroomforsignificantimprovement
Cumulativedensityfunctionofglobaloilwellsbyresourcerecoveryfactor
Exhibit8:Improvedrecoverycouldunlock10-30bnbarrelsofoilresourcesatour$70-80/bblLTBrentpriceassumption
USL48oilresourcesbyBrentandrecoveryfactorimprovementassumption
100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%
0%
03691215182124273033363942454851545760636669Recoveryfactor
ShaleCountResourceweightedMedian
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
60708090
USCostCurve(Brentbasis)10%improvementinrecovery20%improvementinrecovery
Coversc.1400fielsrepresenting1.2trnbarrelsofrecoveredreservesSource:Woodmac,GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
Source:Woodmac,GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
AModestBoosttoLong-RunOilDemand
Wefindthatthedemand-sideimpactsarerelativelymodestforoil,incontrasttopowerandnaturalgasmarkets.
Asoilisscarcelyusedasasourceofenergyforpowergenerationtoday,theprimarychannelthatAIwillboostoildemandisviahigherincomes.
OurGlobalEconomicscolleaguesestimatethatAIwillliftglobalGDPgrowthbyan
annualised0.2ppbytheearly2030sonanoildemand-weightedbasis,amountingtoacumulative1%boosttothelevelofglobalGDPoverthenextdecade.4UsingaslightlydecliningGDP/incomeelasticityovertime,weestimatethiswouldboostoildemandby+0.2/+0.7mb/doverthenext5/10yearsrespectively(Exhibit9).
Ratherthanassumethisimpactleadstoanever-wideningdeficitandanaccelerating
_
inventorydepletion,weinsteadassumethatsuchanimpactwouldbesteadilyoffsetbyhigherOPEC+productionandlowersparecapacity.Leveragingourpriorestimates,thisdecreasedsparecapacitywouldboostlong-datedoilpricesby$1-2/bblrespectivelyover5-10years.
Weacknowledgethatthispositivedemandimpulsewillcontinuetodeepenovertime,asAIpermeatesglobally.5Nevertheless,theimpactstillpalesincomparisontothe
estimatednegativeimpactsfromEVs(c.-8mb/d)andlowernaturalgasprices(-1.5to-2mb/d)overthenextdecade(Exhibit10).
4TheOECDboostisclosertoacumulative2%overthenextdecade.
5MuchoftheexpectedGDPandoildemandupliftfallsbeyondourforecasthorizon,althoughouradoptiontimelineisonthemoreconservativeside,withmostmarketparticipantsexpectingamorefrontloaded
adoptioncurve.Nevertheless,we’dexpectthebroaderbullishmacrodemandbenefitstolagthebearishsupply-sidebenefits.
3September20246
GoldmanSachsOilAnalyst
Exhibit9:TheGDPgrowthboostduetoAIwillboostoildemandby
0.2mb/dinfiveyears,0.7mb/dintenyears
AIupgradestoOil-weightedGDP(cumulative,%,lhs)andglobaloildemand(cumulative,mb/d,rhs)
Exhibit10:TheAIincomeboosttooildemandismodestcomparedtothedragsfromEVsandtheLNGbearcycle
Cumulativeoildemandimpact(2034versus2024,mb/d)
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
20242025202620272028CumulativeWorldGDPImpact
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
202920302031203220332034
CumulativeWorldOilDemandImpact(mb/d)
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
AIincomeboostOiltonaturalgasswitchingEVs
Cumulativedemandimpactby2034
Source:GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearchSource:GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
TheMoreThingsChange,TheMoreTheyStayTheSame
Takentogether,webelievethatAIwouldbeamodestnetnegativetooilpricesinthemedium-to-longtermasthenegativeimpactfromthecostcurve(c.-$5/bbl)-oil’s
long-termanchor-wouldoutweighthepositiveimpactsfromthedemandside(c.+$1-2/bbl).
WerecentlyloweredourexpectedBrentcrudeoilpricerangeby$5/bblto$70-85/bblfrom$75-90/bblpreviously.Weakerrealizedandexpectedfundamentalswarrantedpartoftherevisionviaweakertimespreads.However,alowerback-endassumptionon
continuedimpressiveefficiencygainsinUSshalealsoplayedakeyrole.Assuch,AI
proliferationmerelyrepresentsacontinuationoftheenormousproductivityimprovementsobservedinthisindustryoverthelastfewdecades.
Long-cycleunderinvestmentremainsrelativelylow.Nevertheless,thepotential
_
unlockingofmorerecoverableresources(inUSshaleorevenelsewhere)couldfurtherdelayitspotentiallybullishconsequencesbeyondthecurrentpostponementdueto
elevatedsparecapacity.Thisfurtherreinforcesthebearishmediumtermoilprice
implicationsfromourworkon(1)2024TopProjects,(2)China’s3S’s,and(3)theLNGbearcycle.
3September20247
GoldmanSachsOilAnalyst
Exhibit12:Lowupstreamcapitalexpendituresisanecessarybutinsufficientconditionforhigherlong-runoilprices
Measuresofoilmarkettightness(percentiles)
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
20292034
AIincomeboostLowercost-curve
Brentcrudeoilpriceimpact
WethinkthelowercostcurveeffectsofAIarelikelytobemorefrontloadedthanthedemand-sideeffects
Exhibit11:OnbalancewethinkpotentialAIimpactsoncrudeoilpriceswillbenegative
PotentialAIimpactsonBrentcrudeoilprices(USD/bbl)
Source:GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch,IEA,Platts,OPEC,EIA,GGIS/IMF,WorldBank
Source:GoldmanSachsGlobalInvestmentResearch
_
3September20248
GoldmanSachsOilAnalyst
DisclosureAppendix
RegAC
I,CallumBruce,CFA,herebycertifythatalloftheviewsexpressedinthisreportaccuratelyreflectmypersonalviews,whichhavenotbeeninfluencedbyconsiderationsofthefirm’sbusinessorclientrelationships.
Unlessotherwisestated,theindividualslistedonthecoverpageofthisreportareanalystsinGoldmanSachs’GlobalInvestmentResearchdivision.
Disclosures
Regulatorydisclosures
DisclosuresrequiredbyUnitedStateslawsandregulations
Seecompany-specificregulatorydisclosuresaboveforanyofthefollowingdisclosuresrequiredastocompaniesreferredtointhisreport:managerorco-managerinapendingtransaction;1%orotherownership;compensationforcertainservices;typesofclientrelationships;managed/co-managedpublicofferingsinpriorperiods;directorships;forequitysecurities,marketmakingand/orspecialistrole.GoldmanSachstradesormaytradeasa
principalindebtsecurities(orinrelatedderivatives)ofissuersdiscussedinthisreport.
Thefollowingareadditionalrequireddisclosures:Ownershipandmaterialconflictsofinterest:GoldmanSachspolicyprohibitsitsanalysts,professionalsreportingtoanalystsandmembersoftheirhouseholdsfromowningsecuritiesofanycompanyintheanalyst’sareaofcoverage.
Analystcompensation:AnalystsarepaidinpartbasedontheprofitabilityofGoldmanSachs,whichincludesinvestmentbankingrevenues.Analyst
asofficerordirector:GoldmanSachspolicygenerallyprohibitsitsanalysts,personsreportingtoanalystsormembersoftheirhouseholdsfromservingasanofficer,directororadvisorofanycompanyintheanalyst’sareaofcoverage.Non-U.S.Analysts:Non-U.S.analystsmaynotbe
associatedpersonsofGoldmanSachs&Co.LLCandthereforemaynotbesubjecttoFINRARule2241orFINRARule2242restrictionsoncommunicationswithsubjectcompany,publicappearancesandtradingsecuritiesheldbytheanalysts.
AdditionaldisclosuresrequiredunderthelawsandregulationsofjurisdictionsotherthantheUnitedStates
Thefollowingdisclosuresarethoserequiredbythejurisdictionindicated,excepttotheextentalreadymadeabovepursuanttoUnitedStateslawsandregulations.Australia:GoldmanSachsAustraliaPtyLtdanditsaffiliatesarenotauthoriseddeposit-takinginstitutions(asthattermisdefinedinthe
BankingAct1959(Cth))inAustraliaanddonotprovidebankingservices,norcarryonabankingbusiness,inAustralia.Thisresearch,andanyaccesstoit,isintendedonlyfor“wholesaleclients”withinthemeaningoftheAustralianCorporationsAct,unlessotherwiseagreedbyGoldmanSachs.In
producingresearchreports,membersofGlobalInvestmentResearchofGoldmanSachsAustraliamayattendsitevisitsandothermeetingshostedbythecompaniesandotherentitieswhicharethesubjectofitsresearchreports.InsomeinstancesthecostsofsuchsitevisitsormeetingsmaybemetinpartorinwholebytheissuersconcernedifGoldmanSachsAustraliaconsidersitisappropriateandreasonableinthespecificcircumstancesrelatingtothesitevisitormeeting.Totheextentthatthecontentsofthisdocumentcontainsanyfinancialproductadvice,itisgeneraladviceonlyandhas
beenpreparedbyGoldmanSachswithouttakingintoaccountaclient’sobjectives,financialsituationorneeds.Aclientshould,beforeactingonany
suchadvice,considertheappropriatenessoftheadvicehavingregardtotheclient’sownobjectives,financialsituationandneeds.Acopyofcertain
GoldmanSachsAustraliaandNewZealanddisclosureofinterestsandacopyofGoldmanSachs’AustralianSell-SideResearchIndependencePolicy
Statementareavailableat:
/disclosures/australia-new-zealand/index.html
.Brazil:DisclosureinformationinrelationtoCVMResolutionn.20isavailableat
/worldwide/brazil/area/gir/index.html
.Whereapplicable,theBrazil-registeredanalystprimarilyresponsibleforthecontentofthisresearchreport,asdefinedinArticle20ofCVMResolutionn.20,isthefirstauthornamedatthebeginningofthisreport,unlessindicatedotherwiseattheendofthetext.Canada:Thisinformationisbeingprovidedtoyouforinformationpurposesonlyandisnot,andundernocircumstancesshouldbeconstruedas,anadvertisement,offeringorsolicitationbyGoldmanSachs&Co.LLCforpurchasersof
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