综合商务英语（第3册）（第二版）课件 U1 International Organization

综合商务英语（第3册）Unit1

（第二版）InternationalOrganization目录CONTENTS1Lead-inThreeQuestions2TextA

UnderstandingtheWTO3ExercisesReferenceKeys4TextB5BRICSBuildingaFairerWorldCaseStudyLead-in第一单元1Lead-inThreequestions1.WhatisyourunderstandingoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)?2.HowdoestheWTOwork?3.WhatdoyouknowabouttheUruguayRound?Open-mindedTextAUnderstandingtheWTO第一单元2QuestionsonTextA(1)WhataretheprinciplesoftheWTOagreementsthatmakethefoundationforthe

multilateraltradingsystem?(2)WhatwastheoriginalpurposeoftheWTO?(3)Howdoestheprincipleofnon-discriminationembodyintheWTOagreements?(4)Listthetypesoftradebarriersinthetext.(5)WhydiddevelopingcountriesplayanactiveroleintheUruguayRoundNegotiations?QuestionsonTextAWhataretheprinciplesoftheWTOagreementsthatmakethefoundationforthemultilateraltradingsystem?--TheprinciplesoftheWTOagreements,suchastradewithoutdiscrimination,freetradethroughnegotiation,faircompetition,developmentencouragementandeconomicreform,makethefoundationforthemultilateraltradingsystem.QuestionsonTextA(2)WhatwastheoriginalpurposeoftheWTO?--TheoriginalpurposeoftheWTOwastoassistits164membersinprotectingandmanagingtheirimportandexportbusinesses,alongwithhelpingproducersofgoodsandservicesthriveacrosstheworld.QuestionsonTextA(3)Howdoestheprincipleofnon-discriminationembodyintheWTOagreements?--Theprincipleofnon-discriminationembodiestwoaspectsintheWTOagreements:most-favored-nation(MFN)andnationaltreatment.QuestionsonTextA(4)Listthetypesoftradebarriersinthetext.--Tariffbarriersonimportbansandquotasandnon-tariffbarriersongoods,servicesandintellectualproperty.QuestionsonTextA(5)WhydiddevelopingcountriesplayanactiveroleintheUruguayRoundnegotiations?--ThedevelopingcountriesintheUruguayRoundnegotiationsledtothetransformationofGATTintotheWTOtohelpregulateandliberalizeinternationaltrade.U1:TextAUnderstandingtheWTO1

TheWorldTradeOrganization,commonlyknownastheWTO,isaninternationalplatformwherememberedcountriesnegotiateandarbitratetradeagreements.Foundedin1995,theprimarypurposeofthisorganizationistoassistits164membersinprotectingandmanagingtheirimportandexportbusinesses,alongwithhelpingproducersofgoods.andservicesthriveontheglobalscale.ButtheWTOisnotonlyaboutliberalizingtrade,asinsomecircumstances,itsruleshavesupportedtradebarrierstoprotectcustomers,localworkers,andcommunitiesfrombeingexploitedbymajorinternationalcompanies,aswellastopreventthespreadofdiseasesandenvironmentprotection.2

WTOagreementsarelengthyandcomplexduetothelegallanguagecoveringawiderangeofactivities,suchasagriculture,textilesandclothing,banking,telecommunications,governmentpurchases,industrialstandardsandproductsafety,foodsanitationregulations,intellectualproperty,andmuchmore.Butanumberofsimple,fundamentalprinciplesrunthroughoutallofthesedocuments.Theseprinciplesarethefoundationofthemultilateraltradingsystem.

A.TradeWithoutDiscrimination

1.Most-Favored-Nation(MFN)3TreatingothersequallyundertheWTOagreements,countriesshallnotdiscriminatebetweentheirtradingpartners.Ifacountrygrantsanothernationwithspecialfavors,suchasloweringcustomdutyratesforoneoftheirproducts,theofferingcountryhastodothesameforallotherWTOmembers.Thisprinciple,knownasthemost-favored-nation(MFN)treatment,ispivotalforallparticipantsinvolvedintogoverntradeproperly.AppearingasthefirstarticleoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT),MFNisalsoapriorityintheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS)andtheAgreementonTradeRelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS).Together,thesethreeagreementscoverthemainareasoftradehandledbytheWTO.4

Thereare,however,somescenarioswherethepurposeofimplementingthemost-favored-nationpolicyarenotupheld.Forexample,countriescansetupafreetradeagreementthatappliesonlytogoodstradedwithinWTOmembers—discriminatingagainstgoodsfromoutside.Ortheycangivedevelopingcountriesspecialaccesstotheirmarkets.Oracountrycanraisebarriersagainstproductsthatareconsideredtobetradedunfairlyfromspecificcountries.Moreover,somecountriesdiscriminateinservices,whichareallowedbutinlimitedcircumstances.Ingeneral,MFNmeansthateverytimeacountrylowersatradebarrieroropensupamarket,ithastodosoforthesamegoodsorservicesforallitstradingpartners—whetherrichorpoor,weakorstrong.

2.NationalTreatment:TreatingForeignersandLocalsEqually5Importedandlocallyproducedgoodsshouldbetreatedequallyaftertheforeigngoodshaveenteredthemarket.Thesameshouldapplytoforeignanddomesticservices,andtoforeignandlocaltrademarks,copyrightsandpatents.Thisprincipleof“nationaltreatment”(givingothersthesametreatmentasone’sownnationals)isalsofoundinWTOagreements.

6Nationaltreatmentonlyapplieswhenaproduct,serviceoritemofintellectualpropertyhasenteredthemarket.Therefore,chargingcustomsdutyonanimportisnotaviolation

ofnationaltreatmenteveniflocally-producedproductsarenotchargedanequivalenttax.

B.EnablingBetterFreeTradeThroughNegotiation7Loweringtradebarriersisoneofthemostobviousmeansofencouragingtrade.Thebarriersconcernedincludecustomsdutiesortariffsandmeasures,suchasimportbansorquotasthatrestrictquantitiesselectively.Fromtimetotime,otherissuessuchasredtapeandexchangeratepolicieshavealsobeendiscussed.SincecreatingtheGATTin1947,therehavebeennineroundsoftradenegotiations.Theyfocusedonloweringtariffsonimportedgoods,leadingtoitsratesfallingsteadilytolessthan4%bythemid-1990s.Moreover,thesetradenegotiationsexpandedtocovernon-tariffbarriersongoods,services,andintellectual

property.

8Openingmarketscanbebeneficial,butitalsorequiresadjustment.TheWTOagreementsallowcountriestointroducechangesgradually,throughprogressiveliberalization.Developingcountriesareusuallygivenlongertimetofulfiltheirobligations.C.PromotingFairCompetition9TheWTOissometimesdescribedasa“freetrade”institution,butthatisnotentirelyaccurate.Thesystemdoesallowtariffsand—inlimitedcircumstances—otherformsofprotection.Moreaccurately,itisasystemofrulesdedicatedtoopen,fair,andundistortedcompetition.

10Therulesonnon-discrimination—MFNandnationaltreatment—aredesignedtosecurefairconditionsoftrade,includingthoseondumping(exportingatbelowcosttogainmarketshare)andsubsidies.Theissuesarecomplex,andtherulestrytoestablishwhatisfairorunfair,andhowgovernmentscanrespond,inparticularbychargingadditionalimportdutiescalculatedtocompensatefordamagecausedbyunfairtrade.

11ManyoftheotherWTOagreementsaimtosupportfaircompetition,suchasinagriculture,intellectualproperty,andservices.Theagreementongovernmentprocurement(a“plurilateral”agreementsignedbyonlyafewWTOmembers)extendscompetitionrulestopurchasesbythousandsofgovernmententitiesinmanycountries.

D.EncouragingDevelopmentandEconomicReform12AstheWTOcontributestoeconomicdevelopment,developingcountriesneedadditionalflexibilityinthetimetheytaketoimplementthisplatform’sagreementsduetolackofeconomicstrengthorresources.Thus,theagreementsthemselvesinherittheearlierprovisionsofGATTthatallowforspecialassistanceandtradeconcessionsfordevelopingcountries.13OverthreequartersofWTO’s164membersaredevelopingcountriesandcountriesintransitiontomarketeconomies.Duringtheeighthroundofmultilateraltradenegotiationsspanningfrom1986to1994,knownastheUruguayRound,over60ofthesecountriesimplementedtradeliberalizationprogramsautonomously.Concurrently,developingcountriesandtransitioneconomiesweremuchmoreactiveandinfluentialintheUruguayRoundNegotiationsthaninanypreviousroundofnegotiations,leadingtothetransformationofGATTintotheWTOtohelpregulateandliberalizeinternationaltradethatweseetoday.arbitrate/'ɑːbɪtreɪt/v.tomakeajudgementinanagreementattherequestofbothsides仲裁；公断（TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.仲裁协议包括合同中的仲裁条款或者其他书面仲裁协议。—Anarbitrationagreementincludesanarbitrationclauseinacontractoranyotherwrittenagreementtoarbitrate.sanitation/ˌsænɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n/n.theuseofequipmentandsystemtoprotectpublichealth,especiallybytheremovingofwaste公共设施体系(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.确保食品和安全饮用水的供应以及努力恢复良好的卫生设施是至关重要的。—Ensuringsupplyoffoodandsafedrinkingwaterandtryingtorestoregoodsanitationarecritical.discriminate/dɪ'skrɪmɪneɪt/v.totreatpersonsorgroupsunfairly歧视；区别对待(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.歧视其他种族的人是不公平的。—Itisunjusttodiscriminateagainstpeopleofotherraces.pivotal/'pɪvət(ə)l/adj.ofthegreatimportancebecauseotherthingsdependonit关键性的；核心的(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.中国在促进世界和平与发展方面发挥着关键的作用。—Chinaplaysapivotalroleinpromotingworldpeaceanddevelopment.scenario/sə'nɑːrɪəʊ/n.adescriptionofhowthingsmighthappeninthefuture设想；方案(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.我们需要简单的解决方案，而不是复杂的方案。—Weneedsimplesolutionsratherthancomplexscenarios.trademark/'treɪdmɑːk/n.aname,symbolordesignusedlegallybyacompanyforitsproducts商标(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.解放桥有着悠久的历史，是天津的象征之一，可以说是这座城市的标志性桥梁。—Withitsrichhistory,theLiberationBridgeisoneofthesymbolsofTianjinandmaybeknownasthecity’strademarkbridge.copyright/'kɒpɪraɪt/n.therightinlawtobetheonlyproducerorsellerofabook,play,filmorrecordforafixedperiodoftime版权；著作权(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.像小说家、画家和音乐家一样，版权将某些专有权扩展到软件程序的创建者。—Asitdoesforanovelist,painterandmusician,copyrightextendscertainexclusiverightstothecreatorofasoftwareprogram.patent/'pæt(ə)nt/n.adocumentfromagovernmenttoproveaperson’srighttomakeorsellanewinvention专利证书(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.爱因斯坦在瑞士专利局当职员时提出了相对论。—EinsteinworkedouthistheoryofrelativitywhileservingasaclerkinaSwisspatentoffice.violation/ˌvaɪə'leɪʃ(ə)n/n.anactionthatisinoppositiontoalaw,agreementprinciple,etc.违反；侵犯(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.法官称这一决定“公然违反了国际法”。—Thejudgecalledthedecision“aflagrantviolationofinternationallaw.”dumping/'dʌmpɪŋ/n.theactorpracticetosellgoodsatalowerpriceabroadthanathome倾销(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.WTO周五表示，上诉机构维持了此前的裁决，即欧盟的部分倾销规则与WTO规则不符。—TheWTOonFridaysaidtheAppellateBodyupheldearlierfindingsthatpartoftheEU’sdumpingruleswereinconsistentwithWTOrules.subsidy/'sʌbsədi/n.moneythatispaidbyagovernmentoranorganizationtomakeproductsorservicescheapertobuy补贴；津贴(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.根据WTO规则，贸易补贴只有在对特定案件事实进行调查后才能确定。—UnderWTOrules,atradesubsidycanonlybedeterminedafteraninvestigationofthefactsinaparticularcase.compensate/'kɒmpenseɪt/v.toprovidewithasuitablepaymentforsomeloss,damage,inconvenience,etc.补偿；赔偿(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.国内销售的激增弥补了出口销售的下滑。—Asurgeindomesticsaleshelpedcompensateforafall-offinexportsales.procurement/prə'kjʊəmənt/n.theactoforderingandbuyingtheequipment,supplies,andservicesneededbyacompanyorotherorganizations采购(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.可口可乐公司的采购主管表示，限量供应推高了金属成本。—ProcurementofficeratCocaColahassaidthelimitedreleasesaredrivingmetalcostshigher.provision/prə'vɪʒ(ə)n/n.apartoflaw,contract,agreementthatrelatestoaparticularsubject条款；规定(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.据知情人士透露，这一条款是上周被纳入救助法案的。—Theprovisionwasinsertedintotherescuelegislationlastweek,accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththematter.concurrently/kən'kʌrəntli/adv.existingorhappeningatthesametime同时发生地(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.执行董事可以兼任公司总经理。—Theexecutivedirectormayserveconcurrentlyasthegeneralmanagerofthecompany.StructureofTextAIntroductionWTO:aninternationalplatformwherememberedcountriesnegotiateandarbitratetradeagreements.

•tradewithoutdiscriminationWTOAgreementsFoundedtimePrimarypurposeTradebarriers•enablingbetterfreetradethroughnegotiation•promotingfaircompetition•encouragingdevelopmentandeconomicreformExercises第一单元32.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(1)Foundedin1995,theprimarypurposeofthisorganizationistoassistits164membersinprotectingandmanagingtheirimportandexportbusinesses,alongwithhelpingproducersofgoodsandservicesthriveontheglobalscale.thrive:boom;flourishEstablishedin1995,thefundamentalobjectiveofthisorganizationistohelpits164membersprotectandmanagetheirimportandexportbusinessesandmakemanufacturersofgoodsandservicesboomingglobally.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(2)Thisprinciple,knownasthemost-favored-nation(MFN)treatment,ispivotalforallparticipantsinvolvedintogoverntradeproperly.pivotal:essential;important;crucialAsaprinciple,themost-favored-nation(MFN)treatmentplaysanimportantroletomakeparticipantsmanagetheirtradeappropriately.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(3)Therefore,chargingcustomsdutyonanimportisnotaviolationofnationaltreatmenteveniflocally-producedproductsarenotchargedanequivalenttax.chargeon:collect;imposeThus,collectingimporttariffdoesn’tviolatethenationaltreatment,althoughlocally-producedproductsarenottaxedatthesamerate.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(4)Fromtimetotime,otherissuessuchasredtapeandexchangeratepolicieshavealsobeendiscussed.redtape:bureaucracyFrequently,otherissuessuchasbureaucracyandexchangeratepolicieshavealsobeendiscussed.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(5)Moreaccurately,itisasystemofrulesdedicatedtoopen,fair,andundistortedcompetition.dedicatedto:devotedto;contributedtoMoreexactly,itisasystemofrulesdevotedtoopen,fair,andundistortedcompetition.3.

Vocabulary:

CompletethefollowingsentencesabouttheWTOwiththewordsinthebox,andchangetheformifnecessary.YoucantalkaboutthefunctionoftheWTOandotherinternationalorganizationsonthebasisofthewordsinthebox.multilateral b.implement c.procedure d.regularlye.contribution f.adopt g.intensive h.commitment(1)TheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)putsignificantemphasisontherolethattradeplaysinpromotingsustainabledevelopmentandrecognizethe

thattheWTOcanmaketothe2030Agenda.(2)TheWTOAgreementonFisheriesSubsidies,

atthe12thMinisterialConferenceon17June2022,marksamajorstepforwardforoceansustainabilitybyprohibitingharmfulfisheriessubsidies.

g

fmultilateral b.implement c.procedure d.regularlye.contribution f.adopt g.intensive h.commitment(3)Twenty-threecountriessignedtheFinalActoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)on30October1947afteraperiodof

negotiations.(4)MembercountriesshouldnotifytheWTOwhentheyintroducenewimportlicensing

orchangeexistingprocedures.

c

bmultilateral b.implement c.procedure d.regularlye.contribution f.adopt g.intensive h.commitment(5)Rulesoforiginarethecriteriausedtodefinewhereaproductwasmadeandareimportantfor

othertradepolicymeasures,includingtradepreferences,quotas,anti-dumpingmeasuresandcountervailingduties.(6)Oneresultof

theUruguayRoundwascountries’

to

cut

tariffs

and

to

bind

theircustomsdutyratestolevelswhicharedifficulttoraise.hmultilateral b.implement c.procedure d.regularlye.contribution f.adopt g.intensive h.commitment(7)TheWTOAgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights

(TRIPS)

is

themostcomprehensive

agreementonintellectual

property.a(8)TheGeneralCouncilistheWTO’shighest-leveldecision-makingbodyinGeneva,meeting

tocarryoutthefunctionsoftheWTO.d4.Cloze:Decidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.[A]regional

[B]dedicated[C]presented

[D]assist[E]oversees[F]detailed[G]evaluate[H]inparticular[I]contribution

[J]sustainable[K]respondsto

[L]coordinated[M]priority[N]determine[O]provisionTechnicalassistanceactivitiesaimtohelpdevelopingcountriestakefulladvantageofthemultilateraltradingsystem.WithintheWTOSecretariat,theseactivitiesare(1)

bytheInstituteforTrainingandTechnicalCooperation(ITTC),basedontechnicalassistanceandtrainingplans.TheCommitteeonTradeandDevelopmentregularly(2)

allTrade-RelatedTechnicalAssistanceactivities.

LETheWTO’stechnicalassistanceandtrainingplanscontaindetailedinformationonalloftheWTOSecretariat’sTechnicalAssistance“products”aswellasonindividualactivities.TheWTO(3)

specificnationaland(4)

needsinlinewithitsProgressiveLearningStrategy,whichprovidesgraduatedlevelsoftrainingtocourseparticipants.Aresults-basedmanagementapproachisusedtomonitorand(5)

theseactivitiesandtofurtherdeveloptheassistanceprovided.

K

G[A]regional

[B]dedicated[C]presented

[D]assist[E]oversees[F]detailed[G]evaluate[H]inparticular[I]contribution

[J]sustainable[K]respondsto

[L]coordinated[M]priority[N]determine[O]provision

AThechangingneedsofWTOmemberscontinueto(6)

thetypeofassistanceprovided.Theseneedsareexpressed,forexample,throughmembers’nationalactivityrequests.GlobaltradedevelopmentsalsoguideTechnicalAssistanceactivitiesdeliveredataregionalorgloballevel.Ensuringthattechnicalassistancerespondstomembers’needsisthemain(7)

oftheSecretariat.

N[A]regional

[B]dedicated[C]presented

[D]assist[E]oversees[F]detailed[G]evaluate[H]inparticular[I]contribution

[J]sustainable[K]respondsto

[L]coordinated[M]priority[N]determine[O]provision

MIntheMinisterialDeclarationissuedattheendoftheWTO’sMinisterialConferenceinDecember2015,ministerssaid:“WenotethesubstantialprogressinWTO’stechnicalassistanceandcapacitybuilding,whichfocusontheneedsandprioritiesofbeneficiarymembers.Werecognizethat(8)

facilitiessuchastheStandardsandTradeDevelopmentFacilityandtheTradeFacilitationAgreementFacilityaremakinganimportant(9)

towardsassistingdevelopingcountrymembersandLDCstoimplementrelevantWTOagreements.Wealsoreiteratetheimportanceoftargetedandsustainablefinancial,technical,andcapacitybuildingassistanceprogramstosupportthedevelopingcountrymembers,inparticularLDCs,toimplementtheiragreements,toadjusttothereformprocess,andtobenefitfromopportunities(10)

.”

B[A]regional

[B]dedicated[C]presented

[D]assist[E]oversees[F]detailed[G]evaluate[H]inparticular[I]contribution

[J]sustainable[K]respondsto

[L]coordinated[M]priority[N]determine[O]provision

I

C5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(1)TreatingothersequallyundertheWTOagreements,countriesshallnotdiscriminatebetweentheirtradingpartners.根据世贸组织协定“平等对待他国”原则，各国不得歧视其贸易伙伴。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(2)Nationaltreatmentonlyapplieswhenaproduct,serviceoritemofintellectualpropertyhasenteredthemarket.国民待遇只适用于产品、服务或者知识产权项目已进入该市场之后。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(3)SincecreatingtheGATTin1947,therehavebeennineroundsoftradenegotiations.自1947年关贸总协定制定以来，已经进行了九轮贸易谈判。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(4)Thebarriersconcernedincludecustomsdutiesortariffsandmeasures,suchasimportbansorquotasthatrestrictquantitiesselectively.有关的壁垒包括关税和措施，如进口禁令或有选择地限制数量的配额。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(5)OverthreequartersofWTO’s164membersaredevelopingcountriesandcountriesintransitiontomarketeconomies.世贸组织164个成员国中有四分之三以上是发展中国家和向市场经济转型的国家。6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(1)世界贸易组织于2020年11月19日举行了一系列讨论以纪念该组织成立25周年。(commemorate)TheWTOhostedon19November2020aseriesofdiscussionstocommemorateits25thanniversary.(2)在《建立世界贸易组织协定》确立的治理结构下，部长级会议是世界贸易组织的最高机构。(topmostbody)TheMinisterialConferenceisthetopmostbodyoftheWTOunderthegovernancestructuresetupbythe“AgreementEstablishingtheWTO.”6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(3)世界贸易组织讲席计划旨在支持和促进发展中国家和最不发达国家的大学和科研机构开展与贸易有关的学术活动。(aimto)TheWTOChairsProgramaimstosupportandpromotetrade-relatedacademicactivitiesbyuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsindevelopingandleast-developedcountries.6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(4)公共论坛是世界贸易组织最大的年度扩大会议，为与会者提供了一个讨论世界贸易最新发展和提出加强多边贸易体制方法的平台。(enhance)ThePublicForumistheWTO’slargestannualoutreachsession,whichprovidesaplatformforparticipantstodiscussthelatestdevelopmentsinworldtradeandtoproposewaysofenhancingthemultilateraltradingsystem.6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(5)世界贸易组织和非政府组织定期对话的目的是加强合作，提高非政府组织对世界贸易组织活动和基于规则的多边贸易体制作用的认识。(awarenessof)TheregulardialoguesbetweentheWTOandnon-governmentalorganization(NGO)aimstoenhancecooperationandincreaseNGO’sawarenessofWTOactivitiesandtheroleoftherule-basedmultilateraltradingsystem.Role-playResearchwork:SearchonlinewithyourclassmatesfortheanswerstothefollowingquestionsabouttheWTO.1.WhatisthefullnameoftheWTO?2.Whenwasitestablished?Andwhatwasitspredecessor?3.Howmanymemberstatesdoesithave?4.Whereisitsheadquarters?5.Whatisitsmajorfunction?6.Whatarethemajorprinciplesitupholds?7.HowarethedisputesbetweenmembersoftheWTOusuallysolved?(1)TheWTOistheabbreviationfortheWorldTradeOrganization.(2)Theorganizationwasofficiallyestablishedon1January1995,replacingitspredecessortheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).(3)Todayithas164memberstates.(4)ItsheadquartersisinGeneva.(5)ThemajorfunctionoftheWTOistoregulateinternationaltrade.(6)Indoingsoitupholdsanumberofprinciplessuchasnon-discrimination,reciprocity,bindingandenforceablecommitments,transparency,safetyvalues.(7)WithintheWTO,memberstatesareencouragedtosolvetheirdisputesthroughconsultations;andifthatdoesnotwork,thecasemaybebroughttoanumberofpanelsappointedbytheWTO,whichmakeafinalrulingonit.ReferenceKeytoRole-playTextBBRICSBuildingaFairerWorld第一单元4QuestionsonTextB1.WhatroledoestheBRICSplayintheglobalgovernancesystem?2.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenthegoaloftheG20andtheBRICS?3.WhyaredevelopingcountriesinterestedinjoiningtheBRICS?4.WhatshouldtheBRICSdotosustainamoreprosperousfuture?5.WhatchallengeswilltheBRICSencounterontheroadofpromotingtheworldeconomicdevelopment?QuestionsonTextBWhatroledoestheBRICSplayintheglobalgovernancesystem?--TheBRICSaddsmorediversifiedvoicestotheglobalgovernancesystemwithacombinedGDPofmorethan25percentoftheworld’stotalintheyearof2021.BRICScountrieshavebecomethemainenginesofglobaleconomicgrowth,contributingover40percentofglobalgrowthonaveragefrom2009to2019.BRICScountrieswouldbetheprimarydriversofglobaleconomicgrowthwiththevaryinggrowthprospects.QuestionsonTextB2.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenthegoaloftheG20andtheBRICS?--G20’sshort-termgoalistocopewiththeimpactoftheglobalcrisis,whiletheBRICS’slong-termgoalistobuildafair,sustainable,equitableanddemocraticglobalgovernancesystem.QuestionsonTextB3.WhyaredevelopingcountriesinterestedinjoiningtheBRICS?--DevelopingcountriesareinterestedinjoiningtheBRICSbecausetheyhaverecognizedthesignificanceoftheBRICScooperationmechanism,thatisfromaunipolarsystemtoamoreequitableandimpartialmultipolarsystem.QuestionsonTextB4.WhatshouldtheBRICSdotosustainamoreprosperousfuture?--TheBRICSshouldstrikeabalanceinthefollowingthreeareasifitwishestosustainamoreprosperousfuture:tobettercoordinatethedifferenteconomicperformancesandcooperationpreferences,toconducttheflexibilityandinstitutionalbuildingappropriately,tokeepthebalancebetweentheuniversalityoftheBRICScooperationagendaandtheeffectivenessofgovernance.QuestionsonTextB5.WhatchallengeswilltheBRICSencounterontheroadofpromotingtheworldeconomicdevelopment?--TheBRICSmechanismhasundergone10years’development,duringwhichtheacronymhasgrownfromaconceptinventedbyaneconomistfromGoldmanSachsintoamultilateralcooperativemechanism,exertingagreatinfluenceonworldpolitics,economicsandsecurityaffairs.Inrecentyears,influencedbymanyfactorsathomeandabroad,theBRICShastofacesomechallenges.Astherepresentativesofemergingeconomiesandtheleadingdevelopingcountries,theBRIC