英国历史文化概况UNIT 1 Origin and History

OriginandHistoryUnit1CONTENTSTeachingAimsTextATextBSupplementaryReadingTEACHINGAIMS:Afterstudyingthisunit,youarerequiredto:HaveageneralideaoforiginandhistoryoftheUK.2.Understandtheoriginandhistory.3.Masterthedifficultwordsandexpressions.TextA

TheOriginandHistoryoftheUKTextAPreview:TextAReadingComprehension:Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.1.JuliusCaesaroftheRomanRepubliconceattemptedtoinvadein55BC;althoughlargelyunsuccessful,hemanagedtosetupaclientking.()2.Christianitywasfirstintroducedaround43ADbytheRomans.()3.TheNormanconquestofEnglandaccomplishedbyanarmyledbyDukeWilliamofNormandyoccurredin1066,whichhadaprofoundandpermanenteffectontheEnglishlanguage.()TextAReadingComprehension:4.TheBlackDeathepidemichitEngland,startingin1348,iteventuallykilleduptotwothirdsofEngland'sinhabitants.()5.Overissuesrelatingtodivorce,HenryVIIIbrokefromcommunionwiththeCatholicChurchproclaimedhimselftheheadoftheChurchofEngland.()6.DuringtheElizabethanperiod,anEnglishfleetdefeatedaninvadingDutchArmada.()7.ItwasnowconstitutionallyestablishedthatKingandParliamentshouldruletogether,andKinghavetherealpower.()TextAReadingComprehension:8.IndustrialRevolutionwasaperiodofprofoundchangeinthesocioeconomicandculturalconditionsofEngland.()9.AlthoughNapoleonplannedtoinvadeEngland,itfailedandfosteredaconceptofaunitednationalBritishpeople,sharedwiththeScotsandWelsh.()10.IntheWorldWarI,theUnitedKingdomwasaspartoftheAllies,whileinWorldWarII,itwasnot.()TextANotes:1.TheNormanconquestofEnglandbeganon28September1066withtheinvasionofEnglandbyWilliam,DukeofNormandy,whobecameknownasWilliamtheConquerorafterhisvictoryattheBattleofHastingson14October1066,defeatingthekingHaroldIIofEngland.TheNormanconquestwasapivotaleventinEnglishhistory.Itlargelyremovedthenativerulingclass,replacingitwithaforeign,French-speakingmonarchy,aristocracy,andclericalhierarchy.This,inturn,broughtaboutatransformationoftheEnglishlanguageandthecultureofEnglandinaneweraoftenreferredtoasNormanEngland.TextANotes:2.TheHouseofPlantagenetwasaroyalhousefoundedbyGeoffreyVofAnjou,fatherofHenryIIofEngland.PlantagenetkingsfirstruledtheKingdomofEnglandinthe12thcentury.TheirpaternalancestorsoriginatedintheFrenchprovinceofGâtinaisandgainedtheCountyofAnjouthroughmarriageduringthe11thcentury.Thedynastyaccumulatedseveralotherholdings,buildingtheAngevinEmpirewhichatitspeakstretchedfromthePyreneestoIrelandandtheborderwithScotland.TextANotes:3.TheHundredYears’Warwasaseriesofwarswagedfrom1337to1453bytheHouseofValoisandtheHouseofPlantagenet,alsoknownastheHouseofAnjou,fortheFrenchthrone,whichhadbecomevacantupontheextinctionoftheseniorCapetianlineofFrenchkings.TheHouseofValoisclaimedthetitleofKingofFrance,whilethePlantagenetsclaimedthethronesofbothFranceandEngland.ThePlantagenetkingswerethe12th-centuryrulersofthekingdomofEngland,andhadtheirrootsintheFrenchregionsofAnjouandNormandy.TextANotes:4.TheWarsoftheRoseswereaseriesofdynasticcivilwarsforthethroneofEnglandfoughtbetweensupportersoftworivalbranchesoftheroyalHouseofPlantagenet:thehousesofLancasterandYork(the"red"andthe"white"rose,respectively).Theywerefoughtinseveralsporadicepisodesbetween1455and1485,althoughtherewasrelatedfightingbothbeforeandafterthisperiod.ThefinalvictorywenttoarelativelyremoteLancastrianclaimant,HenryTudor,whodefeatedthelastYorkistkingRichardIIIandmarriedEdwardIV’sdaughterElizabethofYorktounitethetwohouses.TheHouseofTudorsubsequentlyruledEnglandandWalesfor117years.TextANotes:5.OliverCromwell(克伦威尔)(25April1599–3September1658)wasanEnglishmilitaryandpoliticalleaderwhooverthrewtheEnglishmonarchyandtemporarilyturnedEnglandintoarepublicanCommonwealth,andruledEngland,Scotlandand

Ireland.

CromwellwasoneofthecommandersoftheNewModelArmywhichdefeatedtheroyalistsintheEnglishCivilWar.AftertheexecutionofKingCharlesIin1649,Cromwelldominatedtheshort-livedCommonwealthofEngland,conqueredIrelandandScotland,andruledasLordProtectorfrom1653untilhisdeathin1658.TextANotes:6.TheVictorianeraoftheUnitedKingdomwastheperiodofQueenVictoria’sreignfrom20June1837untilherdeathon22January1901.ItwasalongperiodofprosperityfortheBritishpeople.Theeraisoftencharacterizedasalongperiodofpeace,knownasthePaxBritannica,andeconomic,colonial,andindustrialconsolidation,temporarilydisruptedbytheCrimeanWar,althoughBritainwasatwareveryyearduringthistime.Towardstheendofthe19thcentury,thepoliciesofNewImperialismledtoincreasingcolonialconflictsandeventuallytheAnglo-ZanzibarWarandtheBoerWar.Domestically,theagendawasincreasinglyliberalwithanumberofshiftsinthedirectionofgradualpoliticalreformandthewideningofthevotingfranchise.TextANewWordsandExpressions:JuliusCaesaroftheRomanRepublicattemptedtoinvadetwicein55BC.RomanmilitarywithdrawalsleftBritainopentoinvasionbypagan,seafaringwarriorsfromnorth-westerncontinentalEurope,chieflytheAngles,SaxonsandJuteswhohadlongraidedthecoastsoftheRomanprovinceandnowbegantosettle.TextANewWordsandExpressions:3.accession[æk'seʃən]n.增加；就职；到达

vt.登记入册OverthefollowingcenturiesthisprocessofpoliticalconsolidationcontinuedandthenativeroyaldynastywasrestoredwiththeaccessionofEdwardtheConfessorin1042.在几百年间政治整合过程一直持续，直到1042年随着忏悔者爱德华的就职外乡王朝才得以恢复。4.succession[sək'seʃən]n.连续；继位；继承权；轮栽AdisputeoverthesuccessiontoEdwardledtotheNormanconquestofEnglandin1066,accomplishedbyanarmyledbyDukeWilliamofNormandy.TextANewWordsandExpressions:5.dispossession[,dispə'zeʃən]n.剥夺；驱逐；强占不动产6.elite[ei'li:t]n.精英；精华；中坚分子7.aristocracy[,æri'stɔkrəsi]n.贵族；贵族统治；上层社会；贵族政治ThisconquestledtothealmosttotaldispossessionoftheEnglisheliteanditsreplacementbyanewFrench-speakingaristocracy,whosespeechhadaprofoundandpermanenteffectontheEnglishlanguage.此次征服导致了英语的精华几乎完全剥夺，取而代之的是一种新的讲法语的贵族统治，而这种统治对英语语言造成了深远的影响。TextANewWordsandExpressions:8.monarch['mɔnək]n.君主，帝王；最高统治者9.reign[rein]vi.统治；支配；盛行；君临n.统治；统治时期；支配Theyreignedforthreecenturies,provingnotedmonarchssuchasRichardI,EdwardI,EdwardIIIandHenryV.他们统治了三个世纪，证实了像查理一世、爱德华三世和亨利五世这些著名的君主。10.sovereign['sɔvərin]adj.至高无上的；有主权的；n.君主；独立国；最高统治者Theperiodsawchangesintradeandlegislation,includingthesigningoftheMagnaCarta,anEnglishlegalcharterusedtolimitthesovereign'spowersbylawandprotecttheprivilegesoffreemen.这一期间贸易和法律都发生了变化，包括大宪章的签署，这是一部用法律来限制君主权力和保护自由民特权的英国法律章程。TextANewWordsandExpressions:11.monasticism[mə'næstisizəm]n.修道院生活；禁欲主义；出家；隐修制度12.patronage['pætrənidʒ]n.赞助；光临；任免权Catholicmonasticismflourished,providingphilosophersandtheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridgewerefoundedwithroyalpatronage.天主教修道蓬勃开展，为哲学家以及牛津剑桥大学的建立提供了皇家赞助。TextANewWordsandExpressions:13.fief[fi:f]n.封地，采邑thePrincipalityofWalesbecameaPlantagenetfiefduringthe13thcenturyandtheLordshipofIrelandwasgiftedtotheEnglishmonarchybythePope.在13世纪威尔士公国成为了金雀花封地，爱尔兰的统治权也被教皇赋予了英国君主立宪制。14.epidemic[,epi'demik]adj.流行的；传染性的n.传染病；流行病；风气等的流行TheBlackDeathepidemichitEngland,startingin1348,iteventuallykilleduptohalfofEngland'sinhabitants.黑死病于1348年盛行英格兰，最终害死了一半的英国居民。TextANewWordsandExpressions:15.assert[ə'sə:t]vt.维护，坚持；断言；主张；声称16.supremacy[sju'preməsi]n.霸权；至高无上；主权；最高地位TheformerbroughtthecountrybacktoCatholicism,whilethelaterbrokefromitagain,moreforcefullyassertingthesupremacyofAnglicanism.前者让国家重新归于天主教，而后者那么再一次突破，更加强有力地维护着英国国教的至高至上。TextANewWordsandExpressions:17.respectively[ri'spektivli]adv.分别地；各自地，单独地18.dub[dʌb]vt.配音；轻点；打击；授予称号n.笨蛋；鼓声ForinstanceatManchesterandBirmingham,dubbed"WarehouseCity"and"WorkshopoftheWorld"respectively.例如，曼彻斯特和伯明翰就分别被授予了“仓库城〞和“世界工厂〞的称号。19.restoration[,restə'reiʃən]n.恢复；复位；王政复辟；归还AfterCromwell'sdeath,andhissonRichard'sresignationasLordProtector,CharlesIIwasinvitedtoreturnasmonarchin1660withtheRestoration.在克伦威尔去世以及作为君主护卫者的其子理查德的放弃之后，查理二世应邀于1660年以君主的身份复位。TextANewWordsandExpressions:20.suspend[sə'spend]vt.延缓，推迟；使暂停；使悬浮vi.悬浮；[体]禁赛AmongthestatutessetdownwerethatthelawcouldonlybemadebyParliamentandcouldnotbesuspendedbytheKing,andtheKingcouldnotimposetaxesorraiseanarmywithoutpriorapprovalbyParliament.21.gut[ɡʌt]n.内脏；肠子；剧情；胆量；海峡vt.取出内脏adj.简单的；本质的，根本的TheGreatFireofLondonin1666guttedtheCityofLondonbutitwasrebuiltshortlyafterwards.TextANewWordsandExpressions:22.initiative[i'niʃiətiv]n.主动权；首创精神adj.主动的；自发的；起始的AspartoftheUnitedKingdom,theareajoinedacommonmarketinitiativecalledtheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywhichbecametheEuropeanUnion.作为英国的一局部，该地区参加了一个起初称为欧洲经济共同体，后来成为了欧盟的共同市场。23.innovation[,inəu'veiʃən]n.创新，革新；新方法UnderthenewlyformedKingdomofGreatBritain,outputfromtheRoyalSocietyandotherEnglishinitiativescombinedwiththeScottishEnlightenmenttocreateinnovationsinscienceandengineering.在新成立的大不列颠王国下，皇家学会和其他举措也苏格兰启蒙运动相结合，创造了在科学和工程方面的革新。TextANewWordsandExpressions:24.metropolitan[,metrə'pɔlitən]adj.大都市的；宗主国的；大主教辖区的25.prestigious[pre'stidʒəs]adj.有名望的；享有声望的LondonbecamethelargestandmostpopulousmetropolitanareaintheworldduringtheVictorianera,andtradewithintheBritishEmpire—aswellasthestandingoftheBritishmilitaryandnavy—wasprestigious.26.decolonization[di:,kələnai'zeiʃən]n.非殖民地化，

殖民地自治化Followingthewar,theBritishEmpireexperiencedrapiddecolonization,andtherewasaspeedingupoftechnologicalinnovations.TextANewWordsandExpressions:27.subcontinent[,sʌb'kɔntinənt]n.次大陆Sincethe20thcenturytherehasbeensignificantpopulationmovementtoEngland,mostlyfromotherpartsoftheBritishIsles,butalsofromtheCommonwealth,particularlytheIndiansubcontinent.20世纪以来就出现了显著的前往英国的人口运动，其中大局部是来自英伦三岛的其他部位，但也有英联邦国家的，尤其是印度次大陆的。28.jurisdiction[,dʒuəris'dikʃən]n.司法权，审判权，管辖权；

权限，权力EnglandandWalescontinuedtoexistasajurisdictionwithintheUnitedKingdom.英格兰和威尔士作为联合王国系统内的权限继续存在。TextANewWordsandExpressions:29.patriotism['pætriətizəm]n.爱国主义；爱国心，爱国精神DevolutionhasstimulatedagreateremphasisonamoreEnglish-specificidentityandpatriotism.权力下放更加刺激了人们对英语具体身份以及爱国主义的注重。30.referendum[,refə'rendəm]n.公民投票权；外交官请示书ThereisnodevolvedEnglishgovernment,butanattempttocreateasimilarsystemonasub-regionalbasiswasrejectedbyreferendum.英国政府没有下放权力，但其企图在次区域的根底上建立一个类似系统的想法通过公民投票被否决了。TEXTAAssignment:FinishtherestofexercisesofTextAPreviewTextBTextB

ElizabethIofEnglandTextBPreview:TextBReadingComprehension:Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.1.ElizabethwasthefifthandlastmonarchoftheTudordynasty.()2.ItwasexpectedthatElizabethwouldmarry,butdespiteseveralpetitionsfromparliamentandnumerouscourtships,sheeverdid.()3.ItwastheheightoftheEnglishRenaissanceandsawthefloweringofEnglishpoetry,musicandliterature.()TextBReadingComprehension:4.AnattemptbyPhilipIIofSpaintoinvadeEnglandwiththeSpanishArmadain1688wasfamouslydefeated.()5.SomehistoriansdepictElizabethasabad-temperedruler,whoenjoyedmorethanhergreatdecision.()6.TheElizabethanAgeisviewedsohighlybecauseofthe7.periodsneitherbeforenorafter.7.Francewasembroiledinitsownreligiousbattlesthatwouldonlybesettledin1598withtheEdictofNantes.()TextBReadingComprehension:8.Elizabeth’sreignisfamousforthedefeatoftheArmada,andforsuccessfulraidsagainsttheSpanish.()9.UnderElizabeth,thenationgainedanewself-confidenceandsenseofsovereignty,asChristendomfragmented.()10.Althoughsomehistorianshavecalledherlucky,ElizabethIdidnotbelievethatGodwasalwaysprotectingher.()TextBNotes:1.TheTudordynastyorHouseofTudorwasaEuropeanroyalhouseofWelshoriginthatruledtheKingdomofEnglandanditsrealms,includingtheLordshipofIreland,latertheKingdomofIreland,from1485until1603.ItsfirstmonarchwasHenryTudor,adescendantthroughhismotherofalegitimizedbranchoftheEnglishroyalHouseofLancaster.TheTudorfamilyrosetopowerinthewakeoftheWarsoftheRoses,whichlefttheHouseofLancaster,towhichtheTudorswerealigned,extirpated.TextBNotes:2.TheSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEnglandisatitleheldbytheBritishmonarchswhichsignifiestheirtitularleadershipovertheChurchofEngland.Eventhoughthemonarch’sauthorityovertheChurchofEnglandisnotstrong,thepositionisstillveryrelevanttothechurchandismostlyobservedinasymboliccapacity.TheSupremeGovernorformallyappointshigh-rankingmembersofthechurchontheadviceofthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom,whoisinturnadvisedbychurchleaders.TextBNotes:3.TheChurchofEnglandistheofficiallyestablishedChristianchurchinEnglandandtheMotherChurchoftheworldwideAnglicanCommunion.ThechurchconsidersitselfwithinthetraditionofWesternChristianityinEnglandanddatesitsformalhistoryfromStAugustineofCanterbury’smissionin597.TextBNotes:4.WilliamShakespeare(莎士比亚)(baptized26April1564;died23April1616)wasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld’spre-eminentdramatist.HeisoftencalledEngland’snationalpoetandthe“BardofAvon〞.Hissurvivingworks,includingsomecollaboration,consistofabout38plays,154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoems,andseveralotherpoems.HisplayshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguageandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywrightTextBNotes:5.ChristopherMarlowe(马洛)(baptized26February1564;died30May1593)wasanEnglishdramatist,poetandtranslatoroftheElizabethanera.AstheforemostElizabethantragedian,nexttoWilliamShakespeare,heisknownforhisblankverse,hisoverreachingprotagonists,andhismysteriousdeath.TextBNotes:6.FrancisBacon(培根)(22January1561–9April1626)wasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,authorandpioneerofthescientificmethod.HeservedbothasAttorneyGeneralandLordChancellorofEngland.Althoughhispoliticalcareerendedindisgrace,heremainedextremelyinfluentialthroughhisworks,especiallyasphilosophicaladvocateandpractitionerofthescientificmethodduringthescientificrevolution.TextBNewWordsandExpressions:1.regnant['reɡnənt]adj.统治的；占优势的；

流行的，广泛的ElizabethIwasqueenregnantofEnglandandIrelandfrom17November1558untilherdeath.伊丽莎白一世于1558年11月17直至去世，任英格兰和爱尔兰女王2.bequeath[bi'kwi:ð]vt.遗赠；把…遗赠给；把…传下去Herhalf-brother,EdwardVI,bequeathedthecrowntoLadyJaneGrey,cuttinghishalf-sistersoutofthesuccession.Hiswillwassetaside.她同父异母的兄弟爱德华六世切断了其妹的继承权而把王冠遗赠予简格雷夫人。而他的遗嘱被驳回。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:3.execute['eksikju:t]vt.实行；执行；处死LadyJaneGreywasexecuted,andin1558ElizabethsucceededtheCatholicMaryI,duringwhosereignshehadbeenimprisonedfornearlyayearonsuspicionofsupportingProtestantrebels.4.motto['mɔtəu]n.座右铭，格言；箴言Oneofhermottoeswas“videoettaceo“(〞Isee,andsaynothing〞).她的座右铭是“明察无言〞〔直译：“我观看，但我沉默〞〕。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:5.reign[rein]vi.统治；支配；盛行；君临，n.统治；统治时期；支配TheElizabethanerawasatimeassociatedwithQueenElizabethI’sreignandisoftenconsideredtobethegoldenageinEnglishhistory.7.realm[relm]n.领域，范围；王国Myreignhathbeenpeaceable,andmyrealmareceptacletothyafflictedChurch.我的统治已是和平安定的，我的王国是你受难教徒的避难所。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:8.petition[pi'tiʃən]n.请愿；祈求；[法]诉状，vi.请愿；请求，

vt.请愿；请求；恳求9.courtship['kɔ:tʃip]n.求爱；求婚；求爱期ItwasexpectedthatElizabethwouldmarry,butdespiteseveral

petitionsfromparliamentandnumerouscourtships,she

neverdid.据估计伊丽莎白会结婚的，但尽管有几次来自议会和众多的求爱请愿，她从没有过。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:Asshegrewolder,Elizabethbecamefamousforhervirginity,andacultgrewuparoundher,whichwascelebratedintheportraits,pageants,andliteratureoftheday.随着年纪的增长，伊丽莎白以其童真著名，一种颂扬于肖像、历史剧以及文学作品的崇拜围绕她形成了。12.sibling['sibliŋ]n.兄弟姊妹；民族成员Ingovernment,Elizabethwasmoremoderatethanherfatherandsiblings.在治理方面，伊丽莎白比其父亲和兄弟姐妹们更为温和稳健。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:13.expedition[,ekspi'diʃən]n.远征；探险队；迅速AnattemptbyPhilipIIofSpaintoinvadeEnglandwiththeSpanishArmadain1588wasfamouslydefeated,butthetideofwarturnedagainstEnglandwithanunsuccessfulexpeditiontoPortugalandtheAzores,theDrake-NorrisExpeditionof1589.14.assessment[ə'sesmənt]n.评定；估价Somehistoriansaremorereservedintheirassessment.一些历史学家对其评估有所保存。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:15.depict[di'pikt]vt.描述；描画TheydepictElizabethasashort-tempered,sometimesindecisiveruler,whoenjoyedmorethanhershareofluck.他们将伊丽莎白描绘成一个脾气暴躁、有时优柔寡断，更多时候享有其好运的统治者。16.rebellion[ri'beljən]n.叛乱；对抗；谋反；不服从ThereafterSpainprovidedsomesupportforIrishCatholicsinadebilitatingrebellionagainstEnglishrule,andSpanishnavalandlandforcesinflictedaseriesofreversalsagainstEnglishoffensives.此后西班牙在爱尔兰天主教徒对英格兰统治进行衰弱叛乱的时候为其提供了一些支持，于是西班牙海军和陆军部队对英国的进攻造成了一系列的形势逆转。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:17.charismatic[,kæriz'mætik]adj.超凡魅力的；神赐能力的18.dogged['dɔgid]adj.顽强的；顽固的，vt.跟踪；尾随19.ramshackle['ræm,ʃækl]adj.摇晃的；放纵的20.jeopardize['dʒepədaiz]vt.危害；使陷危地；使受危困Elizabethisacknowledgedasacharismaticperformerandadoggedsurvivor,inanagewhengovernmentwasramshackleandlimitedandwhenmonarchsinneighboringcountriesfacedinternalproblemsthatjeopardizedtheirthrones.在政府能力有限摇摇欲坠，在邻国君主面临危及自己王位的内部问题的这样一时代，伊丽莎白是被公认的一位有着超凡魅力的执行者，是一位坚强顽固的幸存者。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:21.engulf[in'ɡʌlf]vt.吞没；吞食，狼吞虎咽ItwasabriefperiodoflargelyinternalpeacebetweentheEnglishReformationandthebattlesbetweenProtestantsandCatholicsandthebattlesbetweenparliamentandthemonarchythatengulfedtheseventeenthcentury.22.embroil[im'brɔil]vt.使卷入；使混乱Francewasembroiledinitsownreligiousbattlesthatwouldonlybesettledin1598withtheEdictofNantes.TextBNewWordsandExpressions:23.mistress['mistris]n.