考研英语考研辅导强化班英语写作讲义

第一讲GeneralIntroduction（总记）

I.GeneralIntroduction（总论）

1.TheRoleofWriting（写作的地位）

2.RequirementsforWritingintheExam（考试对写作的要求）

II.UseofLanguage（语言的使用）

1.Theuseofwords（选取最恰当的词使表达生动鲜明、充实而有效）

1）简易常用词和拼读复杂词

由于历史的缘故，英语和北欧语、希腊语、意大利语和法语有着密切的联系，由此出现许多

外来词。而这些外来词在英语本语中往往可以找到同义或近义词。一般来说，外来词较长，

拼写与记忆较难，多用于正式文体，如政府文件、学术性著作、法律文书等，属于拼读复杂

词；本语词拼写较短，多用于日常写作及会话，属于简易常用词。从应试的角度来说，由于

本语词较短、易识别且使用频率高，我们提倡多使用，这样可以提高表达效率，使文章清楚

明了，又可减少错误率。

Examples:

ask（本语）question（法语）interrogate（拉丁语）

2）一般词和具体词

一般词具有概括和抽象的特点，适于在段落之首提出主题思想和末尾总结概括。而具体词可

以使意思表达的更准确、生动和鲜明，适于展开主题。

Examples:

Plant:tree,bush,vegetable,flower,fruit

Vegetable:cabbage,turnip,carrots,onions,garlic,potatoes,cucumber,lettuce,

cauliflower,pepperbroccoli,eggplant,mushrooms,tomatoes

Fruit:apple,peach,pear,strawberry,grapes,orange,watermelon,pineapple,mango,

bananas,kiwifruit,cherry,apricot

Walk:edge,limp,shuffle,trudge,trot,pace,stagger,toddle,stroll

Look:see,watch,observe,perceive,sight,spotscan,glancepeer,stare,gaze,

behold

Laugh:giggle,titter,chuckle,grin,guffaw

Cry:weep,sob,groan,wail,lament,whimper

第二讲写作考试中一些常用词

3）写作考试中一些常用词

*A1thoughsheisoneofmyfriends,shestronglyagainstmyopinion.

*Sheisgettingmarriedinnextmonth.

*Hisbodyishealthy.

*Childrenaredangerouswhentheyplaywithmatches.

*Inonehandweshouldstudyhard,inotherhandweshouldbeindependentbydoing

part-timejobs.

1）Suchthingsdonothappeneveryday.Thisiseverydayoccurrence.

2）Thebirdsareflyinghighinthesky.Theleaderwashighlyrespectedbypeople.

3)Thecontemptiblemanisselfishandvain.There?sacontemptuouslookonhis

face.

4)Heisarespectableoldman.Heisrespectfultowardhisteachers.

Afterthemeetingtheywentbacktotheirrespectiveprovinces.

5)Sheisdesirousofseeinghimagain.Heisthedesirablemanfortheposition.

6)Helpinghimisworthwhile.Itisworthwhilehelpinghim.

Thenovelisworthstudying.Thenovelisworthyofcarefulstudy.

Shehasledaworthylife.

7)aliveafraidalonealikeashamedasleepawakeaware

8)economiceconomicalhealthyhealthfulimaginativeimaginarybeneficial

beneficent

9)seniorjuniorsuperiorinferiorpriorposterior

10)Themajorityof,agreatnumberof,agreatmanyof

Agreatdealof,agreatamountof,abitof

Alotof,aquantityof,plentyof

11)See,lookat,watch,observe,notice,perceive,hear,1istento,feel,make,

let,bid,have

12)It'ssurprisingthatneitherthemothernorthechildrenhavepreparedsomething

fortheChristmasparty.

Maryaswellashersisterswasveryhappytovisittheirgrandparentsinthecountry.

2.Sentence(怎样写出地道流畅的句子)

1)句子成分的一致性

"Swimmingatthelake,Jim,sfootwascutbyarock.

*Whilesmokingapipe,mydogsatwithmebythecracklingfire.

*Byplantingdifferentvarietiesofcrops,thepestswereunabletoadapt.

*Seeingfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.

但，

Generallyspeaking,anativeEnglishspeakerwi11findGermaneasierthanFrench.

Totellthetruth,whatshehasdoneletusdown.

Consideringthecircumstances,hehasdoneagoodjob.

2)分句间的逻辑关系及连贯性

*Johnhadadrinkingproblemandhedroppedoutofschool,(because)

*Theemployeeisoftenlateforwork,andhewritesillogicalreports,andheis

apoormanager,andheshouldbefired.(Theemployeeshouldbefiredbecausehe

is

*Thetestwashard,andthestudentswereresentful,andtheirteacherwasirritated.

(Becausethestudentsresentedthehardtest,theirteacherwasirritated.)

*Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitdidnotseriouslyhurthim.(butwasnot

seriouslyhurt.)

*Takeyourtime,andyoushouldbecareful.(Takeyourtimeandbecareful)

*1readthepassagecarefully,andseveralmistakeswerefound.

3）写作考试中一些常用词

^Althoughsheisoneofmyfriends,shestronglyagainstmyopinion.

*Sheisgettingmarriedinnextmonth.

*Hisbodyishealthy.

*Childrenaredangerouswhentheyplaywithmatches.

*Inonehandweshouldstudyhard,inotherhandweshouldbeindependentbydoing

part-timejobs.

1)Suchthingsdonothappeneveryday.Thisiseverydayoccurrence.

2)Thebirdsareflyinghighinthesky.Theleaderwashighlyrespectedbypeople.

3)Thecontemptiblemanisselfishandvain.There?sacontemptuouslookonhis

face.

4)Heisarespectableoldman.Heisrespectfultowardhisteachers.

Afterthemeetingtheywentbacktotheirrespectiveprovinces.

5)Sheisdesirousofseeinghimagain.Heisthedesirablemanfortheposition.

6)Helpinghimisworthwhile.Itisworthwhilehelpinghim.

Thenovelisworthstudying.Thenovelisworthyofcarefulstudy.

Shehasledaworthylife.

7)aliveafraidalonealikeashamedasleepawakeaware

8)economiceconomicalhealthyhealthfulimaginativeimaginarybeneficial

beneficent

9)seniorjuniorsuperiorinferiorpriorposterior

10)Themajorityof,agreatnumberof,agreatmanyof

Agreatdealof,agreatamountof,abitof

Alotof,aquantityof,plentyof

11)See,lookat,watch,observe,notice,perceive,hear,listento,feel,make,

let,bid,have

12)It'ssurprisingthatneitherthemothernorthechildrenhavepreparedsomething

fortheChristmasparty.

Maryaswellashersisterswasveryhappytovisittheirgrandparentsinthecountry.

2.Sentence(怎样写出地道流畅的句子)

1)句子成分的一致性

*Swimmingatthelake,Jim'sfootwascutbyarock.

*Whilesmokingapipe,mydogsatwithmebythecracklingfire.

*Byplantingdifferentvarietiesofcrops,thepestswereunabletoadapt.

*Seeingfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.

但，

Generallyspeaking,anativeEnglishspeakerwillfindGermaneasierthanFrench.

Totellthetruth,whatshehasdoneletusdown.

Consideringthecircumstances,hehasdoneagoodjob.

2)分句间的逻辑关系及连贯性

*Johnhadadrinkingproblemandhedroppedoutofschool,(because)

*Theemployeeisoftenlateforwork,andhewritesillogicalreports,andheis

apoormanager,andheshouldbefired.(Theemployeeshouldbefiredbecausehe

is…)

*Thetestwashard,andthestudentswereresentful,andtheirteacherwasirritated.

（Becausethestudentsresentedthehardtest,theirteacherwasirritated.）

*Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitdidnotseriouslyhurthim.（butwasnot

seriouslyhurt.）

*Takeyourtime,andyoushouldbecareful.（Takeyourtimeandbecareful）

*1readthepassagecarefully,andseveralmistakeswerefound.

第三讲句子的完整性

3）句子的完整性

*Myfatherwhoisverykind,learnedandhelpedmealotinmylife.

*TheyenjoyreadingclassicChineseliterature.SuchasthepoetrybyLiBaiand

DuFu.

4）分句的连接

"Readingbooksisoneofthegreatestpleasuresofourlives,throughreadingbooks

wecanaddtoourknowledgeandbroadenourview.

但，

Toerrishuman,toforgiveisdivine.

Outofsight,outofmind.

练习1：选用恰当的词完成句子。

thushowevermeanwhilelikewiseaccordinglyfurthermorethenthereforeotherwise

moreoverbesidesthenhencealsoconsequently

1）RoanmovedtoNewYork;,hermotherstayedinBoston.（对比）

2）Youhavedisregardedmyadvice;,Iwillnothelpyouagain.（原因）

3）Theleaderssettledtheargument;,therewouldhavebeenwar.（对比）

4）Harrisoniskind;,heisgenerous.（递进）

5）Mr.Carrwasaninvalidallhislife;,hehadanactivecareer.（对比）

6）Televisionisentertaining;,itissometimesinstructive.（递进）

7）Wemustmeetthedeadline;,adecisionisneedednow（结果）

8）Iwillstudymedicineforsixyears;Iwillbeadoctor.（时f司）

9）Ilivetoofarawaytovisityouoften;,youareneverhome.（递进）

10）Herequestedanopportunitytomakeuptheworkhehadmissed;,histeacher

gavehimspecialhelp.（结果）

11）Theroadwaswetandslippery;,thereweremanyaccidents.（结果）

12）AllofMrs.Jackson'sancestorswereactiveandlong-lived;,sheisveryhealthy

atage75.（比较）

13）Iheldthedog;,myfriedwashedit.（时间）

14）Heputoutthefirequickly;,agreatdisasterwasavoided.（结果）

5）句子的简洁性

1）Blackwasoneofthosepeoplewhomtherearefewintheworldlikehim.

2）Thewatchisgoldenincolorandcosts$50inprice.

3)Hedidn,thaveenoughexperience,whichisthereasonwhyhedidn,tdothework

well.

4)ThemoviethatIwenttolastnight,whichwasfairlyinteresting,Imustsay,

wasenjoyedbymeandmygirlfriend.

5)Themeaningofhisstatementisthatheisoftheopinionthatthedeathpenalty

shouldbeallowed.

6)Withoutdoubt,theonlythingyoucanrelyordependonwouldbethesurefact

thatdeathcomestoeveryone.

7)Shewasanoldwomanwhowasverykindinnatureandamiableinmanner.

8)Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.

9)Hewasnotwillingtoadmitthefactthathehadnotsucceeded.

练习2：改写下列句子，使之更加简洁。

1.Helookedatherandwassurprised,fHelookedatherinsurprise.

2.Themeetingendedandeveryonefeltbitter.

3.Shehaddiedandhewasgrieved.

4.Weweregreetedbyyoungmenwhoworeblackuniforms.

5.Herefusedtotalktothem.Sohehadarousedsuspicion.

6.Shesmokedalotandherfingerswerebrownwithnicotine.

7.Thelittlefellowlookedaround.Hishandswereinhispockets.

8.Thetraitor,sfacewasbeamingwithsmileandhepocketedthewadofbanknotes

andhewasnotawareoftheriskhewastaking.

9.Shehadbeenconfinedtobedforalongtime.Thishadimpairedthefunctionof

herankles.

10.IfyoustudyMarscarefullythroughatelescope,youwillseeanumberofdark,

blue-greenmarkings.

6)不同结构的句子对写作表达效果的影响

Sample1

Acareerisnoteasytochoose.Itisoneofthemostimportantdecisionsyouwill

makeinyourlife.Findtherightcareer,andyouwillbehappyandsuccessful.Find

thewrongcareer,andyoumaybeunhappyandunsuccessful.Youshouldexploreyour

choiceofoccupationfromeveryangle.Youshouldcollectasmuchinformationas

youcan.Youshouldtrydifferentkindsofworkbeforemakingupyourmind.Youshould

evaluateyourself.Youshouldmakesureofyourinterestsandtalents.(句式单一,

主次不明，逻辑性差)

Sample2

Formostpeople,choosingacareerisnoteasy.Yetitisoneofthemostimportant

decisionsyouhavetomakeinyourlife.Ifyoucanfindtherightcareer,youare

morelikelytoliveahappyandsuccessfullife;ifnot,youwillprobablyfacea

lotoftrouble.Itpays,therefore,toexploreyourchoiceofoccupationfromevery

angle,collectasmuchinformationaspossible,andeventrydifferentkindsofwork

beforemakingupyourmind.Aboveall,evaluateyourself.Besurethatyouknowyour

owninterestsandtai6nts.(因果、主次关系明确，层次清楚，逻辑性强，表达明了，易

于理解)

Sample3

Atmydeskintheoffice,Iopenedthemorningmail.1wassurprisedtofindabill

abillfromtheElectricityCompany.Ihadalreadypaidit.Ishoutedatthecompany

manageronthephone.Heapologized.Heofferedtosendme$100forthemistake.

At10:00Ifrankacupofcoffee.Ihadthreecakes.Myheadcalledat10:30.We

metleisurelyfortwohours.ItoldhimthatIdisagreedwithhisofficeworking

methods.Hewasnotagoodadministrator.Heletthatdepartmentfallintodisorders.

Hedidn,tknowhowtohandlehishands.Hethankedmeformyhonesty.Hegaveme

a$50-a-weekraise.（缺少必要的关系连接词显示句与句之间的逻辑关系，句式单一，结

构松散，影响意思表达）

Sample4

Atmydeskintheoffice,Iopenedthemorningmailandwassurprisedtofindabill

abillfromtheElectricityCompany,whichIhadalreadypaid.WhenIshoutedat

thecompanymanageronthephone,heapologizedandofferedtosendme$100forthe

mistake.At10:00Idrankacupofcoffeeandhadthreecakes.Thenmyheadcalled

at10:30.Wemetleisurelyfortwohours,duringwhichItoldhimthatIdisagreed

withhisofficeworkingmethods.Isaidhewasnotagoodadministratorandletthat

departmentfallintodisorders.Moreover,hedidn,tknowhowtohandlehishands.

Hethankedmeformyhonestyandgavemea$50-a-weekraise.

（连接词运用恰当，表达出了先后顺序，意思清楚明了，读起来轻松流畅）

III.TheDevelopmentofaTopic,OpeningandEnding（展开主题的基本方法,文章的

开头和结尾）

1.列举法

1）EverydayIhavetokeeponrunningbetweendifferentplaces.Inthemorning,

IhavetosendmylittleSistertothekindergartenbeforeIhurrytomyschool.

Atnoon,Ishouldgobackhomeandpreparelunchformymotherandmyself.Inthe

eveningafterclasses,Ihavetoruntothekindergartentotakemylittlesister

back.Thenaftersupper,Iwillgotoworkatthestoreandgobackhomeat23:30.

2）Doingpart-timejobsbenefitsstudentinmainlythreeaspects.First,doing

part-timejobshelpscultivateindependenceamongstudents.Second,doingpart-time

jobshelpsculti-vateagoodhabitofthriftamongstudents.Third,andthemost

important,doingpart-timejobsisoneofthebestwaystomakestudentsknowmore

aboutthesociety.

3）Theimportanceoflibraries

Librariesareamonghumanbeing'smostimportantinstitutionsforseveralreasons.

Inthefirstplace,mostofhumanbeing'scollectiveknowledgeisstoredinlibraries.

Librariesprotectandpreservethisknowledge.Theyalsoclassifyorgroupthe

materialsintologicalandeasilyavailabledivisions.

Furthermore,librariesmakethematerialsavailabletoeveryoneandevenprovide

librarianstohelpusfindwhatweneed.Finally,librariesareourlinktothepast

andourgifttothefuture.

2.举例法

1）

Don,tHesitatetoSay'No'

Tohelpothersisavirtue,butwhenweareaskedtohelpinthefollowingthree

casesweshouldsayNo”.Firstly,weshouldsay“No"whenwearcaskedtodo

some-thingillegalorimmoral.Forexample,ifoneofyourfriendsasksyoutohelp

himinamurder,youshouldrefusehim.Secondly,weshouldsay"No"whenfulfilling

hisorherwillisaviolationofourprinciple.Thirdly,weshouldsay"No”when

whatweareaskedtodoisbeyondourability.

2)

Somepeoplewilldothestrangestthingstogainfame.Forexample,therearethose

whogoinforvariouskindsofmarathons,dancingorblowingbubblegumfordays

atatime,togettheirnamesinthepaperorinrecordbooksofsomekind.Then

therearepeoplewhositonflagpolesforaweekormore,apparentlyenjoyingthe

attentiontheyreceivefromthecrowdbelow.Therearepeoplewhohopetoimpress

peoplebecausetheyatethemostcreampiesorbecausetheycollectedthemostbottle

tops.Andthereareevenpeoplewhoseekpublicnoticebywayofsettingarecord

forthenumberofarticlesofclothingtheycanputonatonetimeorthenumber

theycantakeoff.Ofcourse,thereareafewmentallytwistedindividualswhoseek

fameattheexpenseofotherpeople,spropertyorevenlives,butfortunatelythe

greatmajorityofpeoplesatisfytheirurgetoberememberedinwaysthatproduce

littlemoredamagethanabadcaseofindigestion.

练习3：选择适当的词填空。

Illustrationforexampleacaseinpointanexampleforinstancesuchas

WhatIsLanguage?

Alanguageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds,andwhich

isusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposesofcommunication.

Letuslookatthisdefinitioninmoredetailbecauseitislanguage,morethan

anythingelse,thatdistinguishesmanfromtherestoftheanimalworld.

Otheranimals,itistrue,communicatewithoneanotherbymeansofcries:,many

birdsutterwarningcallsattheapproachofdanger;apesutterdifferentcries,

________expressionsofanger,fearandpleasure.Butthesevariousmeansof

communicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.,animals,criesare

notarticulate.Thismeans,basically,thattheylackstructure.Theylack,,the

kindofstructuregivenbythecontrastbetweenvowelsandconsonants.Theyalso

lackthekindofstructurethatenablesustodivideahumanutteranceintowords.

Wecanchangeanutterancebyreplacingonewordinitbyanother:agoodofthis

isasoldierwhocansay,“tanksapproachingfromthenorth”,orhecanchange

onewordandsayaaircraftapproachingfromthenorthor“tanksapproachingfrom

thewest”;butabirdhasasinglealarmcry,whichmeans“danger!”

Thisiswhythenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thefamous

gorilla,theGreatTitis;ithasabouttwentydifferentcalls,whereasinhuman

languagethenumberofpossibleutterancesisinfinite.Italsoexplainswhyanimal

criesareverygeneralinmeaning.

3.比较和对比法

1)ThereisadegreeofresemblanceamongHeming-way,DosPassosandFaulkner.The

threewriterswhoaremostoftenreferredtoas“thelostgeneration“areallhighly

individualartistsandarevastlydifferentfromtheirforebearsinsubjectmatter,

attitudeandstyle.Theywereallaffectedbytheclimateofthepostwaryears,

althoughtheirwarexperienceshaddifferedgreatly.And,theywereallmajor

influencesformanyotherwriters.Theyaf-fectedthedevelopmentoftwentieth

centurywritingnotonlyintheUnitedStatesbutalsoinEngland,Franceandmany

otherpartsofEurope.

2)Catsmakebetterpetsthandogs.Dogsaremessyanddonotcleanupafterthemselves.

Theyeattoomuchfood,andrequiretoomuchcare.Besides,dogsjumpuponpeople,

andknockoverfurniture.Cats,ontheotherhand,arecleanandtidy.Theyeat

sparingly,andtakecareofthemselves.Catsareusuallywell-manneredpets.

3)Mary'sbedroomisquitedifferentfromherbrother'sroom.Herroomisclean,

butherbrother?sroomisfullofdirt.Herroomisalwayskeptinorder,while

inherbrotherJsroomyoucanoftenseepilesofdirtyclothes.Herroomsmells

ofperfumewhileherbrother'sroomsmellsofsweat.

常用衔接词：比较：inalikemanner,equally,inasimilarmanner,likewise,also,

inthesameway,similarly;

对,比：notwithstanding,afterall,incontrast,onthecontrary,althoughthismay

betrue,incontrastto,ontheotherhand,atthesametime,inspiteof,still,

butitmustbeconferred,yet,again

练习4：试用对比法展开下列主题。

ReadingisabetterwayofrecreationthanwatchingTV.

第四讲课后习题讲解

课后习题讲解：

练习1

thushowevermeanwhilelikewiseaccordinglyfurthermorethenthereforeotherwise

moreoverbesidesthenhencealsoconsequently

1)RoanmovedtoNewYork;however,hermotherstayedinBoston.

2)Youhavedisregardedmyadvice;therefore,Iwillnothelpyouagain.

3)Theleaderssettledtheargument;otherwise,therewouldhavebeenwar.

4)Harrisoniskind;moreover,heisgenerous.

5)Mr.Carrwasaninvalidallhislife;nevertheless,hehadanactivecareer.

6)Televisionisentertaining;furthermore,itissometimesinstructive.

7)Wemustmeetthedeadline;hence,adecisionisneedednow

8)Iwillstudymedicineforsixyears;thenIwillbeadoctor.

9)Ilivetoofarawaytovisityouoften;besides,youareneverhome.

10)Herequestedanopportunitytomakeuptheworkhehadmissed;accordingly,his

teachergavehimspecialhelp.

11)Theroadwaswetandslippery;consequently,thereweremanyaccidents.

12)AllofMrs.Jackson'sancestorswereactiveandlong-lived;likewise,sheis

veryhealthyatage75.

13)Iheldthedog;meanwhile,myfriedwashedit.

14)Heputoutthefirequickly;thus,agreatdisasterwasavoided.

练习2

1)Helookedatherandwassurprised.Helookedatherinsurprise.

2)Themeetingendedandeveryonefeltbitter.—Themeetingendedinbitterness.

3)Shehaddiedandhewasgrieved.-*Hewasingriefoverherdeath.

4)Weweregreetedbyyoungmenwhoworeblackuniforms.—Wewere…inblack

uniforms.

5)Herefusedtotalktothem.Sohehadarousedsuspicion.—Hehadaroused…

byrefusingto・・・

6)Shesmokedalotandherfingerswerebrownwithnicotine,fShe•••,herfingers

brown,,,

7)Thelittlefellowlookedaround.Hishandswereinhispockets.—Thelittle…，

hishandsin***

8)ThetraitorJsfacewasbeamingwithsmileandhepocketedthewadofbanknotes

andhewasnotawareoftheriskhewastaking.—­Hisfacebeamingwithsmile,the

traitorpocketedthewadofbanknotes,unawareof

9)Shehadbeenconfinedtobedforalongtime.Thishadimpairedthefunctionof

herankles.

fLongconfinementtobedhadimpairedthefunctionofherankles.

10)IfyoustudyMarscarefullythroughatelescope,youwillseanumberofdark,

blue-greenmarkings.-*AcarefullystudyofMarsthroughatelescopewillreveal

anumberofdark,blue-greenmarkings.

练习3

Illustrationforexampleacaseinpointanexampleforinstancesuchas

WhatIsLanguage?

Alanguageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds,andwhich

isusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposesofcommunication.

Letuslookatthisdefinitioninmoredetailbecauseitislanguage,morethan

anythingelse,thatdistinguishesmanfromtherestoftheanimalworld.

Otheranimals,itistrue,communicatewithoneanotherbymeansofcries:forexample,

manybirdsutterwarningcallsattheapproachofdanger;apesutterdifferentcries,

suchasexpressionsofanger,fearandpleasure.Butthesevariousmeansof

communicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.Forinstance,animalsy

criesarenotarticulate.Thismeans,basically,thattheylackstructure.Theylack,

forexample,thekindofstructuregivenbythecontrastbetweenvowelsand

consonants.Theyalsolackthekindofstructurethatenablesustodivideahuman

utteranceintowords.

Wecanchangeanutterancebyreplacingonewordinitbyanother:agoodillustration

ofthisisasoldierwhocansay,“tanksapproachingfromthenorth”,orhecan

changeonewordandsay^aircraftapproachingfromthenorthortanksapproaching

fromthewest”;butabirdhasasinglealarmcry,whichmeans“danger!”

Thisiswhythenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thefamous

gorilla,theGreatTitisacaseinpoint;ithasabouttwentydifferentcalls,

whereasinhumanlanguagethenumberofpossibleutterancesisinfinite.Italso

explainswhyanimalcriesareverygeneralinmeaning.

4.描述法

1)时间顺序

Togetthemostoutofhistextbooks,astudentshouldfollowseveralstepsvery

carefully.First,heshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneral

ideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,heshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingand

formulatequestionsashereads.Next,heshouldmakenotesofthemajorpointsof

eachchapter.Afterthatheshouldtesthimselftobesurethathecananswer

questionslikelytoberaisedinclassandinexaminations.Finally,heshouldreview

hisnotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartohim.

常用的连接词：

起始：first,firstly,atfirst,firstofall,inthefirstplace,tobeginwith

中间：second,secondly,inthesecondplace,next,afterwards,afterthat,then,

later,another,third,thirdly,stillanother,inaddition,besides,furthermore

最后：lastly,atlast,finally,eventually,intheend

2)空间顺序

A.MyclassmateJoeiseasytolocateinacrowdofpeople.Hehasathin,oblong

face.Underhislightbrownhair,whichisthickandstraight,hisforeheadissmooth,

tanned,andslightlysunburned.Hisheavyeyebrowsaredarkerthanhishair.His

eyesareapalesky-blue,fringedwithshortbrowneyelashes.Oneeyelooksalittle

smallerthantheother.Hislong,straightnoseissunburned.Thereisanoticeable

scaronhisupperlipjustunderhisnose.Hehasaclear-shavenchin.Hismouth

isfairlywide,buthislipsarethin,andtheysmilelightly,eveninsleep.

常用衔接词和短语：besituated/locatedat,besurroundedby,nextto,totheeast/west

of,closeto,from・-to…，over,under,below,between,across,from,opposite,

adjacent,farbehind,atthetop,here,straightahead,attheright,inthecenter,

inthedistance,beyond,farbehind,nearby

5.因果法

1)Withcomingoftheindustrialageandthegreatincreaseinworldpopulation,

ourabilitytopollutetheairbegantoovertakenature'sabilitytopurifyit.

Consequently,theeffectswerefirstfeltinareasofheavyindustry.Asaresult,

peopleinthoseareassufferedfromlungandheartailments.Sincethen,theproblem

hasnotonlyincreasedbuthasalsospreadthroughouttheworld.Forthesereasons,

itisimportanttogiveattentiontocontrollingairpollution.

2)Workisanimportantpartofone'slife.Wecanderivesomepleasureand

satisfactionfromthecompletionofwork.Whenweseetheresultofourwork,we

willfeelhappy.Ontheotherhandasocietywouldnotkeepgoingifpeopledidn,

tworkanddidn'tproducewealth.Weneedtoworkandweneedtogetapay,with

whichwecansupportourselvesandourfamilyaswell.

常用动词和动词短语：cause,leadto,giveriseto,resultin,bringabout,bedue

to,becausedby,resultfrom,betheresultof,betheeffectof,accordingly

课堂练习：运用学到的展开方法分析下面三篇短文。

1)FoodandOurWeight

Foodisthesourceofenergyforthebody.Foodandtheenergyitproducesare

important.Indeed,weneedthisenergyjusttokeepalive.Naturally,energyis

requiredjusttodigestthefoodneededtoproduceenergyinthefirstplace.Moreover,

energyisessentialforallcontinuousbodyprocessessuchasbreathing,thebeating

oftheheart,andthemaintenanceofmuscleandbone.Also,childrenandyouthneed

energyforgrowth.Inbr