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Modals情态动词Anyvisittothesouthwesternstatesshouldinclude
atriptoseetheamazingRockArtoftheprehistoricNativeAmericans.Thetermrockartreferstotwotypesofartforms-petroglyphs,whicharecarvedintotherock,andpictographs,whicharepaintedontherock.InsomeNationalParks,youdon’thavetolookfartofindmagnificentpetroglyphsbecausetheyseemtobeonalmosteveryrockorcliffface.Inotherareas,youhavetohikeuptocavesorintocanyonstoseetherockart,butitiswellworththeeffort.Regardlessofwhereyougo,yououghttobringacameratorecordthesehauntinglybeautifulimages.Usehavetotoexpressnecessity.*Inotherareas,youhaveto
hikeuptocavesorintocanyonstoseetherockart.Canyouseetherockartfromyourcar?NOWhatisnecessarytoseetherockart?Youhavetoleavethecarandhikeuptocavesorintocanyons.*Mustmorecommonlyexpressesnecessityinrules,instructions,andlegaldocuments.Usedon’thavetowhentalkingaboutlackofnecessity.Youdon’thavetolookfartofindmagnificentpetroglyphsbecausetheyseemtobeonjustabouteveryrockorcliffface.Isitnecessarytolookfar?NO.Youdon’thavetolookfar.Shouldandoughttoareusedtoexpressadvisability.YoushouldseetherockartinNewMexico.YououghttoseetherockartinNewMexico.Samemeaning?YESShouldandoughttoareusedtoexpressadvisability.YoushouldseetherockartinNewMexico.YououghttoseetherockartinNewMexico.Bothmeanit’sagoodideatoseetherockart.Practice1Writeasentenceforeachofthemodals.1.Namesomethingapersonmustdoaccordingtothelaw.2.Whatdoyouhavetodoeveryweek?3.Whatdon’tyouhavetodotonight?4.Finishthissentence:Parentsoughtto____________________5.Finishthissentence:Childrenshould_____________________RockartspansthousandsofyearsandalmostallareasoftheUnitedStatesandMexicohavesome.However,thesouthwesternstatescontainanunusuallyhighnumberofimages,ofteninoldsettlements.Asyouwalkthroughtheseareas,youmayfindfiguresofpeople,animals,orplantscarvedintotherock.Youcanalsoseeuniquegeometricpatterns.Whatwerethesepatternssupposedtorepresent?Wemayneverknow.Theartistscouldhavebeenillustratingrainorlightning.Ortheymayhavebeentryingtoshow
emotionssuchasjoyorsadness.Whateverthemeaning,itiseasytoseetheuniquenessofthisart.Usewas/weresupposedtowhentalkingaboutunknownorunfulfilledplansorexpectationsinthepast.Whatwerethesepatternssupposedtorepresent?Perhapstherockart
wassupposedto
tell
astory.Wehavenoideaofthepurposeoftheartist,sowecanonlyguess.Progressiveformofmodalsexpressapossibilityaboutsomethinginprogress,eithernoworinthepast.Theartistcouldhavebeenillustratingrain.Whendidtheartistlive?Whatweretheydoing?inthepasthavebeen
illustratingrainmodal++-ingArewecertain?No.Perhapstheywere.Practice2-Completethesentenceswiththegivenverbsandanappropriatemodal.Morethanonemodalmaybepossible.Scientists(learn)________________alotbyanalyzingrockartfromdifferentareas.Look!Thosestudentsaretakingsamplesfromtherocks.They(study)___________________therockart.Theparkranger(give)______________________atouroftherockarttoday,butit’sbeencancelled.Astheycarvedtherock,theprehistoricartists(show)______________________anemotionsuchashappiness.canlearnwassupposedtogivemustbestudyingmighthavebeenshowingThereasonwhytheseprehistoricpeoplescreatedtherockartremainsamystery.Manyscientistsbelievetheartistsmusthavecreateditforceremonies.Othersthinktheymayhavecreateditasaformoflanguageortomarkpropertyclaims.Somepeoplehaveevenspeculatedtherockartcoulddepictvisitsfromaliensorpeoplefromouterspace,butmostscientistsdon’tthinkthisistrue.Amuchsimplerexplanationisthattherockartcould
justbetheinnocentdrawingsofancientpeoples.Whateverthereason,wemayneverknow.Artistscreatedtherockartoveralongperiodoftimeandavastgeographicarea.DegreesofCertainty:presenttenseTherockartcoulddepictvisitsfromaliens.Therockartmusttellastory.
must 95%sure
may
might 50%sureorless
couldWhichoneismorecertain?DegreesofCertainty:pasttenseTheartistsmusthavecreateditforceremonialpurposes.Othersthinktheymayhavecreateditasaformoflanguage.modal+have
+pastparticipleWhichoneismorecertain?Negative:Inbothpresentandpast,thedegreesofcertaintyformodalschange(exceptformust).Therockartcouldn’tdepictvisitsfromaliens.Therockartmaynottellastory.
couldn’t 99%sure
can’t
mustnot 95%sure
maynot 50%sure
mightnot orlessWhichoneismorecertain?PRESENTNegative:Inbothpresentandpast,thedegreesofcertaintyformodalschange(exceptformust).Theartistscouldn’thavedepictedvisitsfromaliens.Theartistsmaynothavewantedtotellastory.
couldn’thave 99%sure
can’thave
mustnothave 95%sure
maynothave 50%sure
mightnothave or
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