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阅读理解题型专讲专练

【细节理解题】

做细节理解题时,大多数学生易出现的问题就是阅读速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速阅读技

巧,考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时,不必通篇细看原文,而应采取

“带着问题找答案'’的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性词语,然后以此为线索,运用略读及查读

的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案。除

了运用扫读法外,还可以兼用排除法,将“无此细节''和"与此细节相反”的选项排除。要快速

地辨认和记忆事实或细节,就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法及技巧。查阅是在读者对材料有所

熟悉的情况下进行的,它的特点是带着问题去寻求答案,它往往与略读综合使用。

K第一招2

直接细节理解题答案与原文挂钩,在文中可直接找到答案,但往往与原文中的语句并非

一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词

语和句子的转换,利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息,然后利用因果、类比、时间、空

间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理,方能做出正确的判断,此类试题在高考中占

大多数。其常见命题方式有:

1、特殊疑问句形式。以what,who,when,where,which,howmuch/many等引出的问题;

2、是非题。通常以true/false,nottrue/false提问以及以accordingtothetext开头;

3、填空题。通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节;

4、就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。

K第二招U

略读材料,大概了解全文,掌握其中心或主旨。

K第三招》

按文章的体裁,如记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式和有关的信息词,

如forexample,first,second等预测应该到何处寻求自己所需要的事实。段落的组织形式常见

的有时间型段落、空间型段落、列举型段落、例证型段落、程序型段落和对比型段落等。如

时间型段落和空间型段落要凭借表达时间和空间的信息词按时间和空间的组织形式进行查

读,寻找有关细节。

K第四招》

将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上,快速通篇跳读,眼睛自左至右,自上而下呈Z型

扫读,直到找到含细节句子时,就要放慢速度,仔细核对、比较内容,直至找到答案。

K第五招?

了解细节题干扰选项的特点也能有助于提高答题的正确率。一般情况下,干扰项有以

下五个特点:①是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容;②符合常识,但不是文内容;③与原

句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动;④在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反;⑤

部分正确,部分错误。值得提的是,有时原文中的信息可能只是•个短语甚至一个单词,

因此需要我们阅读中格外仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。

【试题分析】

1、直接信息理解题细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断,只要求

从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要的细节,在必要的时候(做判断、推

论或结论的时候)能准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住关键信息,

直接得出答案。有时需要词句意的转换理解,将获得的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来。

NMET设计了许多这样的同义转换理解题,具体的要求是为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及

句型找到正确的释义。

例如:TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),foundedonJanuary1,1995,aimsto

encourageinternationaltradetoflowaspossible,makingsurethattradeagreementsarerespected

andthatanydisputescanbesettled.

Inthefiveyearssinceitsfounding,theWTOhasbecomewellknownasoneoftheworld's

mostpowerfuleconomicorganizations,takingitsplacealongsidetheWorldBankand

InternationalMoneyFund.

Thesystemofglobalrulesforinternationaltrade,however,datesbackhalfacenturyto1948

whentheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradewasformedafterWorldWarII.

Astimewentby,isbecameclearthattheGATThadtwomajordrawbacks-thelimitedareas

oftradeitcovered,andthelackofaneffectivesystemtosettledisputes.

Aftersevenyearsoftradetalksendingin1994,theso-calledUruguayRoundfinallygive

birthtotheWTO,completewithaneffectivesystemtosettledisputesandnewrulescovering

tradeinservicesandintellectualproperty.

Evenaftersevenyearsoftalksand22,500pagesofagreements,therewerestillproblems,

especiallythedifficultytodealwithareasofagricultureandservices,whichthemembernations

agreedtorevisein2000,TheWTO,withitsheadofficeinGeneva,has135memberswith30

morewaitingtojoin.

总述:本文主要介绍了世贸组织的演变过程,即由最初的关贸总协定,到后来的乌拉

圭回合谈判,到1995年1月1日成立的世贸组织,其演变经历了大半个世纪,使其成为世

界上最大的国际经济组织。

45.FromthepassageweknowthattheGATTstoppedworking.

A.soonafterWorldWarIIendedB.alittlemorethan50yearsafterWorldWarII

C.justintheyear1994D.sevenyearsbeforetheUruguayRoundtalk

46.ComparedwiththeGATT,theWTO.

A.didn'tpayenoughattentiontoservicesandintellectualproperty

B.gotitsmemberstosigntheagreementsmoreeasily

C.hasgottomanyareasofinternationaltradetodealwithtoworkeffectively

D.candobettertosettledisputesinmoreareasofinternationaltrade

47.InthenewcenturytheWTOwill.

A.taketheplaceoftheWorldBankandInternationalMonetaryFund

B.havemoremembersandsettlemoreproblems

C.makecompletenewrulesineveryareaofinternationaltrade

D.havenewrulescoveringtradeinservicesandintellectualproperty

【猜测词义题】

K第一招H利用上下文语境线索

上下文线索猜测闻义

任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。

利用上下文提供的情景和线索,进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义,是阅读过程中的一大

关键,也是高考的热点。

如:

Ifhethinkshecaninvitemeout,heisallwet.Idon9tliketobewithhim.

A.drunkB.sweatingC.happyD.mistaken

练习:

(1)Adeafanddumpguywentintoahardwarestoretoaskforsomenails.

(2)TheclimateofthewestcoastisthemostmoderateinCanada,summersarecooland

fairlydryandwintersaremild,cloudyandwet.Eveninmid-winter,thetemperatureisusually

abovefreezing.

(3)AllthehousesinthecitycoHa—sedduringtheearthquake.

(4)Forpeoplewholivewithinastone'sthrowfromtheofficetobelatetoworkis

unforgivable.

(5)Theconflagrationwassofiercethatwithjustafewsecondonecouldseetowering

flameswherethehousehadstoodandthesmokewhichfilledtheskycouldbeseenformilesand

miles.

(6).Charlotte'stalewasinspiredbythegirls'coincollection."We'vecollectedforeign

coinsforyears-sinceourfamilieswentonholidaytoTenerifb,“sheexplains."Thatwasbeforethe

Euro,soweputpesetasin.”

Theunderlinedwore“pesetas“inParagraph2isakindof.

A.storyB.collectionC.inspirationD.foreigncoin

(7).In1963aschoolboycalledAndrewWilesreadinginhisschoollibrarycameacrossthe

world'sgreatestmathematical17thcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinest

mathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworking

outtheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcole

Polytechnique.

Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle“asitisusedinthe

text?

A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.

B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.

C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.

D.Tolimitpeople'simagination.

(8).Todaywhenmanytendtoworrymoreabouttheirownhappiness,Houng'sdeedsremind

usofwhatweusuallyneglect:loveandcareforothers.Withoutthese,noneofuscouldsurvive.

Houngturneddowndonationsfromothers.Hesaidhefeltencouragedbykindoffers,buthecould

dependonhisownwork.

42.Theunderlinedword“donation"inParagraph3probablymeans.

A.invitationtogiveaspeechB.something,especiallygiventohelpothers

C.questionsaskedbyinterviewersD.chancestobeahero

K第二招1利用定义和解释性线索

根据定义或解释猜测词义

阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词,往往在其后有对该词

进行解释说明性的短语或句子,如tobe,thatis,mean,standfor,namely,toreferto,tomean,in

otherwords等,有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现,或用破折号、括号来表示。

1.直接定义:如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。

如:Inslangthetermjamconstitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfin

adifficultsituation.

根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。定义句的谓语

动词多为:be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,

represent等。

2.同位语:构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、

引号和括号等。需要注意的是:同位语前还常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,

namely,orother,say,i.e.等副词或短语出现。

3.定语从句:定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用,据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。

如:Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.

定语从句中looksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的词义为"牧羊人

(2010年四川师大附中高三模拟题)

Youshouldneverputacottonswaborotherobjectintotheearcanal.Butyoucanuseaswab

orclothtocleantheouterpartoftheear.Theexpertsagreewiththeoldsayingthatyoushould

neverputanythingsmallerthanyourelbowinyourear.

()Whatdoesa“swab"mostlyprobablymean?

A.somethingsoft,smallandusedinclinics

B.somethinghard,longandusedathome

C.somethingthin,wetandlikeanelbow

D.somethingsafe,bigandlikeatoy

如:

Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoal,oilandmilitarysupplies(军用物资),whileotherscarried

onlypassengers.

练习

(1)Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchasshoplifter,who

alwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingfbrthem.

(2)Thebestfootball,basketballandtennisplayerscanbecomeprofessionalthatmeanstheywill

haveacareerinsportsandwillgetmoneywhentheyplay.

(3)Kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal.

(4)Theword“lefty“meansapersonwhouseshisorherlefthandfbrwriting,eatingandother

jobs.

(5)Doctorsrecommendedthateveryoneexerciseeveryday,particularthosewhospendmany

hoursdoingsedentaryactivitieslikereading,typingorsewing.

(6)ApersonwhohastheSARS(非典型肺炎)mayhavesymptomslikecoughingandahigh

temperature.

(7)(201H湖南卷C篇)

...ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephant

andtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesfbrseveralmillionyears.The

divergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsand

woollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.

67.Theunderlinedword“divergence“inparagraph4means"

A.evolutionB.exhibitionC.separationD.examination

(7)1.TheelderlearntomastertheInternetandtoovercomewhatLansdalecallsthemaladies

oftheinstitutionalized:loneliness,helplessness,boredom,andloseofmemory.

(8).Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoal,oilandmilitarysupplies(军用物资),while

otherscarriedonlypassengers.

(9).Scientistsgrowlargequantitiesofcommonmould(霉菌)sothattheycangetpenicillin

fromitinordertomakeantibiotics,thatis,substancesthatkillgerms.

(10).Marinebiology、thestudyofoceanicplantsandanimalsandtheirrelation,has

furtheredtheefficientdevelopmentoffisheries.

(11).—Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchas

shoplifter,whoalwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingfbrthem.

K第三招』利用因果关系

在句子或段落中,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推

知生词词义。如:Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisions

withoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.

根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。

因果关系的语境,通常由because,sotherefore,sothat,so/such...that...等连词体现。

1.Answerthefollowingquestionsbyusingtheinformationtakenfromadictionarypage.

jazz:1.n.atypeofmusicthatoriginatedinNewOrleansandischaracterizedbyrhythmic

beats.2.n.populardancemusicinfluencedbyjazz.3.n.slang.Emptytalk.4.adj.oforlikejazz;

ajazzband,jazzrecords.

Whatdoestheword'jazz"meaninthefollowingsentence?

Don'tgivemethatjazz,forIamapracticalperson.

A.Rhythmicbeats.B.Atypeofmusic.C.Akindofdance.D.Meaninglesstalk.

2.Thebiggestpowerfailurehappenedyesterday.Allofouricecreamandfrozenfoods

melted.

3.Herandownstairsthroughthesmoke-filledhousetopushandpullatKarenandTodd

untiltheysatup.Thenhehelpedeachotheroutofthehousetothesafetyofthegarden.There,his

sisterandbrother,takingshortandquickbreathsandcoughing,collapsedonthelawn.

K第四招』利用反义词或反义关系

有的文章作者为了增强表达效果,会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点,形成鲜明的对比,这

时只要把握其中的一词,就不难推出另一词的含义,这种句子多见unlike,although,but,yet,

while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,foronething,fbranother,inteadof,ratherthan等信息

词。如:AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquite

humbleandmodest.

该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语incontrast(相对照

的,相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面词组humbleandmodest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。

分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的,傲慢的”。

再如:

Oneideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethe

reverse,businesspolite,lifeitselfisgameswhichwemustnonnallyplaywithveryimperfect

infbnnation.

A.Quiteright.B.Timeenough.C.Mostunlike.D.Justtheopposite.

1.Mostofusagreed;however,Garydissented.

2.Heishomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.

3.“UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscan'tbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbe

carefullycultivated.”

Theunderlinedword“cultivated”(Paragraph1)roughlymeans.

A.encouragedB.comparedC.examinedD.developed

4.Oneideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quite

thereverse,businesspolite,lifeitselfisgameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfect

information.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedinplaceof“quitethereverse”?

A.Quiteright.B.Timeenough.C.MostunlikelyD.Justtheopposite.

5.Thousandsofpeoplegotstuckinlifts.Butnoonepanicked,Wepassedthetimetelling

stories.

6.UnliketheUniteStateswheremanydifferentnationalitiesmakeupthepopulation,

Japan?spopulationisquitehomogeneous.

K第五招D利用同义线索和同等关系

同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语

有similarly,like,justas,also,aswell等。如:Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarly

loquacious.

该句中副词similarly表明短语lovestotalk与生词loquacious之间为类比关系。以此可以推

断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分,

而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语,即可确定同等关系中生

词的词性,作用和大概意思。在句子或段落中,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推

断生词词义。如:Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoney

fromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwantto

jeopardizehisfuture.

作者为避免重复使用endanger•词用其同义词jeopardize来替代它,由此推知

jeopardize词义为“使...陷入危险,危及、危害”。

1.我们可以根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子,对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境

的推测。我们也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳,猜测生词的词义。例如:You

cantakeanyoftheperiodicals:_TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachinginSchools,or

EnglishLearning.

根据下文举出的英语杂志名称可知,periodicals是“期刊”之意。

根据上下文及生活常识猜测词义

2.有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识

确定词义。例如:Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.

根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识,我们可以推断出slither的词义为“爬行二

(2010年湖南省六校联考)

...ButsometimesIjustfeelloathtotalktothesepeople.Sometimes,Ijustwanttobealone,

quietly,withoutbeingforcedtolistentotheirgossiporotheruselesswords.

()Theunderlinedword“loath“inthisparagraphhastheclosestmeaningto.

A.unwillingB.eagerC.pleasedD.hurt

练习

1.MillionsofanimalsdieeachyearonUSroads,theFederalHighwayadministration

reports.Infact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcatexistintheUStoday.Themain

reason?Roadkill.

2.mansion,church,battlesite,theatreandotherpublichallscanbepreserved.

3.Weshould,therefore,learntochooseourwordscarefullyandusethemaccurately,ofthey

willmakeourspeechsillyandvulgar.

K第六招』利用例证性线索

某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子,使词汇具体易懂。Suchas,like,forexample,for

instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。

1.Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachingin

School,ofEnglishlearning.

2.ManyUnitednationsemployeesarepolyglots:Mr.Simpson,fbrexample,speaksfive

languagesfluently.

K第七招H根据构词法

阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词,可利用构词法知识来推测其意思、。

《教学大纲》已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中,因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认

定为生词。英语单词的构成方法主要有三种,即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是

由词根、词头(前缀)、词尾(后缀)所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分,表达单词的基本含义。

在词根前头或后头加上前缀或后缀,可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种

词根、词头、词尾的基本含义,那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。中学英语

中常见的前缀和后缀有:

根据构词法来猜测词义

super.(超),inter-(在之间),-able(能的),mini-(极少的,微型的),micro.(极微小的),

e(再,反复),sub•(分支的,底下),co.(共同),post.(后),pre・(前),trans.(超越;转换),

under.(在之下;低于;不足),・hood(状态;性质;时期),・ish(如的;有点儿

的);-proof(防的;不能穿透的),-scope(景),-ship(身份;资格;权力;性质),・some(易

于的),-wards(向),mis・(误;恶),un・(不;非),in-(不;非),im・(不;非),dis-(不),non-(不;

非),-less(不;无),anti-(反;防),sino■(中国)。如:Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,

semiconscious,_forafewminutes.

根触词根conscious(清醒的,有意识的),结合前缀semi(半,部分的,不完全的),我

们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的,半昏迷的”。

(2010年广东华南师大附中高三综合测试)

Sharksareamongthefewanimalsintheworldthatalmostnevergetcancerandeyecataracts.

Understandingwhycanhelpusimprovehumanhealth.Chemicalsextractedfromsharkcartilage

havekilledcanceroustumorsinlaboratoryanimals,aresearchthatsomedaycouldhelpprolong

yourlife.

()Theunderlinedword“prolong"intheparagraphmeans.

A.saveB.protectC.lengthenD.improve

代词that/it/they/them所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句),或者前几个句子

中,找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上,看看这句话是否合理,与前面的内容是

否一致,然后再判断它是否为正确答案。

判断代词的确指对象

1.Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbittenbyoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80

mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.

2.AlthoughsimplifiedChinesecharacterswereacceptedforusemanyyearsago,itseems

thatmoreandmorepeoplelikeChinesecharactersinthecomplexform.

K第八招H注意熟词生义

英语中大量的词汇具有多义性,其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思,具体

的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得

多。原因有三:其一,高考对生词的数量有量的规定,不得超过3%;其二,熟悉词生义很

容易引起考生的误解;其三,熟悉词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现

得多,那就更难理解了。

下题中划线的词可换为:

1.NewYork,10November,5:27p.m.,yesterday.Biggestpowerfailureinthecity'shistory.

A.enoughB.notpassingC.lackofD.lack

2.AbiketourandracewillbeheldinAugust26and27.At5:30a.m.,theriderswillleave

Tian'anMensquareandridethefirst35kilometersasatrainingIge.Thenthenext55kilometers

fromYanjiaotoJixian,willbethefirstcompetitivepartforthetour.

A.raceB.practiceC.partofthetrainingD.partofthetour

K第九招』根据常识或经验猜测词义

在阅读中碰到生词时,我们有时可以运用逻辑推理能力、自身的生活经验及生活常识去

推断生词的含义。当然也要结合语境。

1.RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantfbrmoD—ingupCO2fromtheatmosphereand

helpingtoslowglobalwarming.

Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup“inthesecondparagraphmeans.

A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingup

2.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookamop.Shepushedpastthedesk

andasthenurselookedup.Mumnoddedandsaid,“Verydirtyfloor.

K第十招』利用词性转化

1.Themostimportantreasonfbrsuchavisitistorealizehowourancestorsbattlednature

withthebasictoolstheyhad.

2.TheagingofthepopulationwillaffectAmericansocietyinmanyways-education,

medicine,andbusiness.

Theunderlinedwork“aging“means.

A.countingthenumberofyearssomeonelivesB.thenumbersofyearssomeonelives

C.becomingolderD.makingsomeonelookingolder

【主旨大意】

这类题主要是测试学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章

主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有:

1)Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainpointofthepassage?

2)Whatisthewritertryingtotellus?

3)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

4)Thepurposeofthepassageis.

5)Themain(general)ideaofthepassageis.

6)Thepassageismainlyabout.

7)Whatismainlydiscussedinthepassage?

这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开,一些文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想,第一段常常

是内容的梗概,同时又表达了中心思想,也有一些文章的中心思想贯穿全文,并没有用一句

话明确表达出来,这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句

构成,它们在句中的位置不同,有时在开头,首先点明本段大意;有时在结尾,总结本段大

,怎O

做这类题,首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句,也就明确了文章要讲什么,

再通过速读全文,就可以把握文章的中心思想了。

主题句在整个语段中起着通领全段的作用,其它句子都是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展

主题句所表达的主题思想的,其位置•般位于段首,也见于段尾或段中。

另外在许多文段中,设有可以概括全段意义的主题句,必须根据文章中所提供的事实细

节,进行全面分析,然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时

过于宽泛,要恰如其分。这就需要进一步加工概括了。

K第一招》

在许多情况下,尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时,根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文

的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况:开头、中间、结尾

(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是

关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法。浏览时,一般不需逐句浏览,只需选读文章的首段、

尾段,或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。

有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼,,出现在文章的最后,此类文章往往以列举事实开头,通

过论证,最后阐述核心观点,或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点,以此归纳文章的主旨大

意,所以有时要找出这样的信息,从中提炼标题或归纳大意。

例如:河北唐山市高三第二次模拟考试题E篇:

Inrecentyearsmanycountriesoftheworldhavebeenfacedwiththeproblemofhowto

maketheirworkersmoreproductive.Someexpertsclaimtheansweristomakejobsmorevaried.

Butdomorevariedjobsleadtogreaterproductivity?Thereisevidencetosuggestthatwhile

varietycertainlymakestheworkers'lifemoreenjoyable,itdoesn'tactuallymakehimworkharder.

Asfarasincreasingproductivityisconcerned,thevarietyisnotanimportantfactor.

Otherexpertsfeelthatgivingtheworkerfreedomtodohisjobinhisownwayisimportant

andthereisnodoubtthatthisistrue.Theproblemwasthatthiskindoffreedomcannoteasilybe

giveninfixedway.Thusfreedomofchoicemaybeimportant,thereisusuallyverylittlethatcan

bedonetocreateit.

Anotherimportantconsiderationishowmucheachworkercontributedtotheproductheis

making.Inmostfactoriestheworkerseesonlyonesmallpartoftheproduct.Somecarfactories

arenowexperimentingwithhavingmanysmallproductionlinesratherthanonelargeone,sothat

eachworkercontributesmoretotheproductionofthecarsonhisline.Itwouldseemthatnotonly

isthedegreeofworkers'contributionanimportantfactor,therefore,butitisalsoonewedo

somethingabout.

Towhatextentmoremoneyledtogreaterproductivity?Theworkersthemselvescertainly

thinkthisisimportant.Butperhapstheywantmoremoneyonlybecausetheworktheydoisso

boring.Moneyjustletsthemenjoytheirsparetimemore.Asimilarargumentmayexplain

demandsforshorterworkinghours.Perhapsifwesucceedinmakingtheirjobsmoreinteresting,

theywillneitherwantmoremoney,norwillshorterworkinghoursbesoimportanttothem.

59.Inthispassage,theauthormainlytalksabout.

A.howtomaketheworkerscontributemore

B.possiblewaysleadingtogreaterproductivity

C.towhatextentmoremoneyleadstogreaterproductivity

D.howtomakeworkers,jobsmoreinteresting

K第二招』抓住文章段落大意,概括中心思想

寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归

纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中,考生们不能只依据只言片语,或光看文章的某一些

段落,而应该观察全文的结构安排,理解文章的重点,考虑文章中材料及支撑性细节是服务

于什么的,分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心来安排的。最后用简明扼要的文字将文章

的中心思想表达出来。即不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时过于宽泛,要恰如其分。

例如:

Manypeoplethinkatelephoneisessential.ButIthinkit'sapestandatimewaster.Very

oftenyoufinditimpossibletoescapefromsomeidleorcuriouschatterbox,orfromsomebody

whowantssomethingfornothing.Ifyouhaveatelephoneinyourownhouse,youwilladmitthat

ittendstoringwhenyouareasleep,ofinthemiddleofamealoraconversation,orwhenyouare

justgoingout,orwhenyouaretakingyourbath.Areyoustrong-mindedenoughtoignoreit,to

saytoyourself"Ah,well,itwillallbethesameinahundredyear'stime?”Youarenot.Youthink

therearemaybesomeimportantnewsormessagesforyou.Icanassureyouthatifamessageis

reallyimportantitwillreachyousoonerorlater.Haven'tyoueverrusheddrippingfromthebath,

orchewingfromthetable,ordazedfromthebed,onlytobetoldthatyouareawrongnumber?

Butyouwillsay,youneednothaveyournameprintedinthetelephonedirectory,andyou

canhaveatelephonewhichisonlyunableforoutgoingcalls.Besidesyouwillsay,isn'tit

importanttohaveatelephoneincaseofemergency-i11ness,anaccident,orfire?Ofcourseyouare

right,buthereinathicklypopulatedcountrylikeEngland,oneisseldomfarfromatelephonein

caseofdreadfulnecessity.

IthinkperhapsIhadbettertrytojustifymyselfbytryingtoprovethatwhatIlikeisgood.I

admitthatindifferentcircumstances-IfyouwereabusinessVIP,forinstance,orabedridden

person-Imightfindatelephoneessential.ButthenifIwereataxidriver,Ishouldfindacar

essential.

Letmeputitanotherway:therearetwothingsforwhichtheEnglishseemtoshowparticular

talent.Oneismechanicalinvention,theotherisliterature.Myownbusinesshappenstobewith

theuseofwordsbutIseeImustnowstopusingthem.ForIhavejustbeenhandedaslipofpaper

tosaythatsomebodyiswaitingtospeaktomeonthetelephone.IthinkIhadbetteranswer

it.Afterall,oneneverknows,itmaybesomethingimportant.

41.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.thatweshouldbestrongenoughtoignoreaphonecall

B.thatimportantmessagewillreachyousoonerorlater

C.whetherit'snecessarytoansweralltelephonecalls

D.whetheritisnecessarytohaveatelephone

K第三招U抓住文章主线和关键词语,归纳文章中心

要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句,有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章,就需

要自己根据文章的细节来分析,概括出段落的主题,从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是:

先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成

主题。如:

TomBrennanwasworkinginaPhiladelphiaofficebuildingwhenhenoticedablackbag.

Thebagcontainedabook.

Thischancediscoveryendeda12-daysearchbytheLibraryCompanyofPhiladelphiafora

historicaltreasurea120diarydept190yearsagebyDeborahLogan,“awomanwhoknew

everybodyinherday,“JamesGreen,thelibrariantoldthemagazineAmericanLibraries.

MostofthediaryisarecordofbigeventsinPhiladelphia.Italsoincludesadescriptionof

BritishsoldiersburningWashington.D.Cinthewarof1812.ShedescribesPresidentJames

Madisononhorsebackas"perfectlyshakingwithfeaf,duringthetroubleddays.George

Washington,shewrites,mistookherforthewifeofaFrenchmanandpraisedherexcellent

English.

TheadventureofthelostbookbeganonSeptember4whenCoryLuxmoorearrivedfrom

EnglandtodeliverthediaryofhisancestortotheLibraryCompany,whichheandhiswife

consideredtobethebesthomefbrthediary.

GreentoldAmericanLibrarieshehadthediaryinhispossession“aboutfiveminutes”when

Luxmooretookitbackbecausehehadpromisedtoshowittooneotherperson.Onreturningto

hishotelaftershowingthepreciousbooktoGreen,Luxmoorewasshockedtorealizethathehad

leftitinthetaxi.

Withoutanydelay,Greenbegancallingeverytaxicompanyinthecity,withnoluck,"I've

feltsicksincethen^^Luxmooretoldreporters.

AccordingtoGreenononehasyetlearnedhowthediarycametotheofficebuilding.

TomBrennanreceivedarewardof1,000,Philadelphiagainedanothertreasureforitshistory,

andLuxmooretoldreporters,"It'swonderfulnews.Fmonhigh.^^

51.Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof"

A.AlostdiaryB.DeborahC.CoryLuxmooreD.TheLibraryCompany

分析:解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序:

1.DeborahLogankepta120diary190yearsago.

2.CoryLuxmooredeliveredthediarytothelibraryCompany.

3.JamesGreen,thelibrarian,hadthediaryinhispossessionab

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